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Lecture 8

This document covers sinusoidal steady-state analysis and Kirchhoff's laws in the frequency domain. It discusses proving equations for voltage and current laws. Methods are presented for combining impedances in series and parallel, Delta-Wye transformations, source transformations, Thevenin and Norton equivalents using phasors. The node-voltage and mesh-current methods are adapted for phasor analysis. Students are instructed to refer to textbook references, follow presented steps, and not take shortcuts when solving problems.

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Mohammed Zaitoun
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43 views15 pages

Lecture 8

This document covers sinusoidal steady-state analysis and Kirchhoff's laws in the frequency domain. It discusses proving equations for voltage and current laws. Methods are presented for combining impedances in series and parallel, Delta-Wye transformations, source transformations, Thevenin and Norton equivalents using phasors. The node-voltage and mesh-current methods are adapted for phasor analysis. Students are instructed to refer to textbook references, follow presented steps, and not take shortcuts when solving problems.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Zaitoun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 101

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis (cont.)

https://github.com/topics/electric-circuits

1
Educational Material in References
❑Textbook [1]: James Nilsson, Susan Reidel, Electric Circuits,
Pearson, 11th Edition, Global Edition.
▪ Chapter 9: sections 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, and 9.9.
▪ Appendix B: Complex numbers.
▪ Appendix F: An abbreviated table of trigonometric identities.
In this course, it is always important to refer to and read the textbooks.

* Most Proofs provided on smart board are available in textbook [1].


2
** Most materials (figures, equations, etc.) are from textbook [1].
Kirchhoff’s Laws In The Frequency Domain
KVL
❑ Assume that v1, v2, . . ., vn represent voltages around a closed path in a circuit.
❑ Assume that the circuit is operating in a sinusoidal steady state.
❑ Thus, Kirchhoff’s voltage law requires that:

Prove this equation?

3
Kirchhoff’s Laws In The Frequency Domain
KCL
❑ Assume that i1, i2, . . ., in represent currents at a node in a circuit.
❑ Assume that the circuit is operating in a sinusoidal steady state.
❑ Thus, Kirchhoff’s current law requires that:

Prove this equation?

4
Series and Parallel Connections
Combining impedances in Series
❑ Impedances in series can be combined into a single equivalent impedance whose
value is the sum of the individual impedances.

❑ When impedances are in series, they carry the same phasor current I.

5
Series and Parallel Connections
Combining impedances in Series

Prove this equation?

Prove this equation?

6
Series and Parallel Connections
Combining impedances in Parallel
❑ Impedances in parallel can be combined into a single equivalent impedance.

❑ When impedances are in parallel, they have the same phasor voltage I across their
terminals.

7
Series and Parallel Connections
Combining impedances in Parallel

Prove this equation?

Prove this equation?

8
Series and Parallel Connections

❑ Impedance Z is a complex number.

▪ Reactance is the imaginary part of the


impedance.

❑ Admittance Y is a complex number and is


the reciprocal of impedance.

▪ Its real part is called conductance G.


▪ Its imaginary part is called susceptance B.
▪ It is measured is siemens. 9
Delta-to-Wye Transformations
Same as the method used in Chapter 4,
except for some modifications:
• Substitute impedance (Z) for resistance R. From ∆ - to - Y

From Y – to - ∆

10
Source Transformations
Same as the method used in Chapter 4, except for some modifications:

▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate


frequency domain.
• Substitute impedance (Z) for resistance R.
• Transform all currents and voltages to phasor form.

▪ Follow same steps as Method 4.9.

11
Thevenin & Norton Equivalent Circuits
Same as the method used in Chapter 4, except for some modifications:

▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate


frequency domain.
• Substitute impedance (Z) for resistance R.
• Transform all currents and voltages to phasor form.

▪ Follow same steps as Method 4.10.

12
The Node-Voltage Method
Same as the method used in Chapter 4, except for some modifications:

▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate


frequency domain.
• Transform known voltages and currents to phasors
• Replace unknown voltages and currents with phasor symbols
• Replace the component values for resistors, inductors, and capacitors with their
impedance values.

▪ Follow the steps in Analysis Method 4.3 to find the values of the unknown voltage
and current phasors of interest.

▪ Apply the inverse phasor transform to the voltage and current phasors to find the
steady-state values of the corresponding voltages and currents in the time domain.
13
The Mesh-Current Method
Same as the method used in Chapter 4, except for some modifications:

▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate


frequency domain.
• Transform known voltages and currents to phasors
• Replace unknown voltages and currents with phasor symbols
• Replace the component values for resistors, inductors, and capacitors with their
impedance values.

▪ Follow the steps in Analysis Method 4.6 to find the values of the unknown voltage
and current phasors of interest.

▪ Apply the inverse phasor transform to the voltage and current phasors to find the
steady-state values of the corresponding voltages and currents in the time domain.
14
Summary

❑ Train your brain and solve problems

❑ Note that reading solutions is useless

❑ Follow the steps

❑ Never take shortcuts

15

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