Lecture 8

ECE 101
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis (cont.)
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Educational Material in References
❑Textbook [1]: James Nilsson, Susan Reidel, Electric Circuits,
Pearson, 11th Edition, Global Edition.
▪ Chapter 9: sections 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, and 9.9.
▪ Appendix B: Complex numbers.
▪ Appendix F: An abbreviated table of trigonometric identities.
In this course, it is always important to refer to and read the textbooks.
* Most Proofs provided on smart board are available in textbook [1].

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** Most materials (figures, equations, etc.) are from textbook [1].
Kirchhoff’s Laws In The Frequency Domain
KVL
❑ Assume that v1, v2, . . ., vn represent voltages around a closed path in a circuit.
❑ Assume that the circuit is operating in a sinusoidal steady state.
❑ Thus, Kirchhoff’s voltage law requires that:
Prove this equation?
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Kirchhoff’s Laws In The Frequency Domain
KCL
❑ Assume that i1, i2, . . ., in represent currents at a node in a circuit.
❑ Assume that the circuit is operating in a sinusoidal steady state.
❑ Thus, Kirchhoff’s current law requires that:
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Series and Parallel Connections
Combining impedances in Series
❑ Impedances in series can be combined into a single equivalent impedance whose
value is the sum of the individual impedances.
❑ When impedances are in series, they carry the same phasor current I.
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Combining impedances in Series
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Combining impedances in Parallel
❑ Impedances in parallel can be combined into a single equivalent impedance.
❑ When impedances are in parallel, they have the same phasor voltage I across their
terminals.
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Combining impedances in Parallel
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❑ Impedance Z is a complex number.
▪ Reactance is the imaginary part of the

impedance.
❑ Admittance Y is a complex number and is

the reciprocal of impedance.
▪ Its real part is called conductance G.

▪ Its imaginary part is called susceptance B.
▪ It is measured is siemens. 9
Delta-to-Wye Transformations
Same as the method used in Chapter 4,
except for some modifications:
• Substitute impedance (Z) for resistance R. From ∆ - to - Y
From Y – to - ∆
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Source Transformations
Same as the method used in Chapter 4, except for some modifications:
▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate

frequency domain.
• Substitute impedance (Z) for resistance R.
• Transform all currents and voltages to phasor form.
▪ Follow same steps as Method 4.9.
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Thevenin & Norton Equivalent Circuits

frequency domain.
• Substitute impedance (Z) for resistance R.
• Transform all currents and voltages to phasor form.
▪ Follow same steps as Method 4.10.
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The Node-Voltage Method

frequency domain.
• Transform known voltages and currents to phasors
• Replace unknown voltages and currents with phasor symbols
• Replace the component values for resistors, inductors, and capacitors with their
impedance values.
▪ Follow the steps in Analysis Method 4.3 to find the values of the unknown voltage
and current phasors of interest.
▪ Apply the inverse phasor transform to the voltage and current phasors to find the
steady-state values of the corresponding voltages and currents in the time domain.
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The Mesh-Current Method

frequency domain.
• Transform known voltages and currents to phasors
• Replace unknown voltages and currents with phasor symbols
• Replace the component values for resistors, inductors, and capacitors with their
impedance values.
▪ Follow the steps in Analysis Method 4.6 to find the values of the unknown voltage
and current phasors of interest.
▪ Apply the inverse phasor transform to the voltage and current phasors to find the
steady-state values of the corresponding voltages and currents in the time domain.
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Summary
❑ Train your brain and solve problems
❑ Note that reading solutions is useless
❑ Follow the steps
❑ Never take shortcuts
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ECE 101

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis (cont.)

* Most Proofs provided on smart board are available in textbook [1].

Prove this equation?

Prove this equation?

Prove this equation?

Prove this equation?

Prove this equation?

Prove this equation?

❑ Impedance Z is a complex number.

▪ Reactance is the imaginary part of the

❑ Admittance Y is a complex number and is

▪ Its real part is called conductance G.

▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate

▪ Follow same steps as Method 4.9.

▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate

▪ Follow same steps as Method 4.10.

▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate

▪ If the circuit is in the time domain, it must be transformed to the appropriate

❑ Train your brain and solve problems

❑ Note that reading solutions is useless

❑ Follow the steps

❑ Never take shortcuts

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