FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT
COURSE CODE BNP 20103

EXPERIMENT CODE & TITLE MKSA - 02 - THE FORCE ON A SLUICE GATE

EXPERIMENT DATE 15 NOV 2021

SECTION/GROUP NO. SECTION 2/GROUP 6

1. CHONG JIN PHANG （AN200217）

2. MUHAMMAD HILMAN MUSYRIF BIN ABD
RAHIM (AN200052)
GROUP MEMBERS 3. MUHAMMAD NORASHID HAKIMMI BIN
RASHIDI (CN200010)
4. SITI NUR ASYIQIN BINTI AHMAD
SAHLAN (AN200148)

LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR (1) DR. NUR AINI MOHD ARISH @ ARSHAD

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

COMMENTS

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)
CLO3: Display technically the given hydraulics and hydrology problems through laboratory tasks/project effectively (P4, PLO4)

Subattribute Level 1 (Very Weak) 2 (Weak) 3 (Fair) 4 (Good) 5 (Very Good) Weight Score

Generation of P1 Not able to select Able to evaluate Able to evaluate Able to evaluate Able to evaluate 1  
Solutions appropriate alternative several solutions but several solutions and several solutions and several solutions and
solution. not able to select an able to select a clearly and accurately able to clearly and
appropriate solution solution that partially select alternative accurately select
with maximum solves a problem with solutions without alternative solutions
assistance. minimum assistance. assistance. in detail.

Problem P2 Not able to explain a Able to partially Able to explain a Independently able to Able to provide 2  
Identification problem, even with explain a problem problem with explain a problem explanation of
assistance. with maximum minimum assistance. clearly without problem very clearly
assistance. assistance. and accurately.

Application P3 Not able to apply any Limited ability to Able to apply new Able to apply new Able to apply new 3  
new idea or apply new idea or idea or knowledge to idea or knowledge idea or knowledge
knowledge to a given knowledge. a given problem with to a given problem to a given problem
problem. assistance from independently. and able to propose
lecturer or student. alternative
applications.

Analysis P4 Not able to organise Finds difficulty in Able to organise Able to organise and Able to organise and 4  
and analyse gathered organizing and and analyse gathered analyse gathered analyse gathered
information or data analysing gathered information or data information or data, information or data,
and fails to define the information or data but does clearly describe some clearly describe the
factors that contribute and finds difficulty not clearly describe factors that contribute factors that
to the problem/issue or in explaining the the factors that to the problem/issue contribute to the
explain the root of the factors that neither contribute to or explain the possible problem/issue or
problem. contribute to the the problem/issue roots of the problem. explain the root of
problem/issue nor or clearly explain the problem.
explains the root of the root of the
the problem. problem.
 Faculty: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Section: 2

Programme: BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Group No: 6

WITH HONOURS

Course/Code: HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY / Group Members: 1. CHONG JIN PHANG （AN200217）
BNP20103 2. MUHAMMAD HILMAN MUSYRIF BIN ABD
RAHIM (AN200052)
Experiment Title: BASIC HYDROLOGY 3. MUHAMMAD NORASHID HAKIMMI BIN
RASHIDI (CN200010)
4. SITI NUR ASYIQIN BINTI AHMAD
SAHLAN (AN200148)

CLO4: Comply the ability to work in group ethically and effectively in order to solve problems given (A2, PLO5)

Subattribute Level 1 (Very Weak) 2 (Weak) 3 (Fair) 4 (Good) 5 (Very Good) Weight Score

Work A1 Does not follow the Follow the scope of Follow the scope of Follow the scope of Follow the scope of 1  
Responsibility scope of work even work with close work and meets work and exceeds work and beyond
with close supervision expectation expectation expectation
supervision

Foster good A2 No clear evidence of Able to foster Able to foster Able to foster good High ability to foster 2  
relationship ability to foster good relationship and work relationship and work relationship and work good relationship
relationships and together with other together with other together with other and work together
work together group members group members group members effectively with
effectively with other towards goal towards goal towards goal other group
group members achievement but with achievement with achievement members towards
towards goal limited effect and some effect(s) and goal achievement
achievement. require require minor
improvements improvements

Time A2 No attempt to Rarely completes Occasionally Completes work on Completes tasks 1  

Management complete work on work on time. Not completes work on time by taking ahead of schedule by
advantage of the time creating a plan and
 time. Not able to able to manage time time. Tries to manage provided and by using scheduling time to
manage time. well. time. time management complete the work.
skills.

Effort A2 No effort to complete Minimal effort to Sufficient effort to Good effort to Excellent effort to 2  
task complete task complete task complete task complete task
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BNP20103

Experiment Code MKSA - 02

THE FORCE ON A SLUICE

Experiment Title
GATE

Section 2
 STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not accept or
provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in iti is true.

1) Group Leader (Signature)

Name : Muhammad Norashid Hakimmi Bin Rashidi NorashidHakimmi

Matrix No. : CN200010

2) Group Member 1 (Signature)

Name : Muhammad Hilman Musyrif Bin Abd Rahim HilmanMusyrif

Matrix No. : AN200052

3) Group Member 2 (Signature)

Name : Chong Jin Phang JinPhang

Matrix No. : AN200217

4) Group Member 3 (Signature)

Name : Siti Nur Asyiqin Binti Ahmad Sahlan AsyiqinSahlan

Matrix No. : AN 200148

 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
PAGE NO
TECHNOLOGY

EDITION 1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO 1

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY

LABORATORY
EFFECTIVE DATE 17/08/2017

TITLE : BASIC HYDROLOGY AMENDMENT DATE

THE FORCE ON A SLUICE GATE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between upstream head and thrust on a sluice gate (undershot weir)
for water flowing under the sluice gate.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they have
learned to:
a. Understand the basic terms and concept of a sluice gate.
b. Understand on the characteristics of the force on a sluice gate

3.0 INTRODUCTION
A sluice is a water channel with a wooden or metal panel that slides into grooves in the channel's
slides. Sluice gates are often used in rivers and canals to regulate water levels and flow rates. A
sluice gate is a wooden or metal barrier that slides into grooves cut into the sides of a waterway. In
rivers and canals, sluice gates are often used to regulate water levels and flow rates. They're also
used in wastewater treatment plants, mining operations, and watermills to extract minerals.

4.0 THEORY
It can be shown that the resultant force on the gate is given by the equation,

( )
2
2 𝑦0
( 𝑦1
)
2
1 ρ𝑄
𝐹𝑔 = 2
ρ𝑔𝑏𝑦1 2 −1 − 𝑏𝑦1
1− 𝑦0
𝑦1
The gate thrust for a hydrostatic pressure distribution is given by the equation,
𝐹𝐻 =
1
2 (
ρ𝑔 𝑦0 − 𝑦𝑔 )2
Where, 𝐹𝑔 is resultant gate thrust (N), 𝐹𝐻 is resultant hydrostatic thrust (N), 𝑄 is volume flow rate
 2
(m/s), ρ is density of fluid (kg/m3), 𝑔 gravitational constant (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 ), 𝑏 is breadth of gate (m), 𝑦𝑔
is height of upstream opening (m), 𝑦0 is upstream depth of flow (m) and 𝑦1 is downstream depth of
flow (m).

5.0 EQUIPMENT
1. Self-contained Glass Sided Tilting Flume
2. Adjustable Undershot Weir
3. Instrument Carrier
4. Hook and Point Gauge

Figure 5.1: Self-contained Glass Sided Tilting Flume

Figure 5.2: Adjustable Undershot Weir

Figure 5.3: Instrument Carrier

 Figure 5.4: Hook and Point Gauge

6.0 PROCEDURE
No Procedure Picture

1 Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting

overshot weir at the bottom of its travel. Measure and
record the actual breadth 𝑏 (m) of the undershot weir.
Install the undershot weir towards the inlet end of the
flume and ensure that it is securely clamped in
position.

2 Adjust the undershot weir to set its bottom edge, 𝑦𝑔,

20 mm above the bed of the channel.

3 Introduce water into the flume. Take readings for 𝑄,

𝑦0 and 𝑦1.
 4 Repeat the procedure with a constant 𝑦𝑔, allowing
flow 𝑄 to vary. Record the values of 𝑦0 and 𝑦1.

7.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

7.1 Result
Weir breadth = 300 mm = 0.3 m

Table 7.1: The force on the sluice gate

Downstr
Upstrea Hydrosta
Weir eam Flow Gate
m Flow tic 𝐹𝑔 𝑦𝑔
Opening Flow Rate Thrust
Depth Thrust
𝑦𝑔 Depth Q 𝐹𝑔 𝐹𝐻 𝑦0
𝑦0 3 𝐹𝐻
(m) 𝑦1 (𝑚 /𝑠) (N)
(m) (N)
(m)

0.02 0.200 0.0194 0.0084 47.36 158.92 0.298 0.100

0.02 0.156 0.0186 0.0075 26.42 90.72 0.291 0.128

0.02 0.139 0.0185 0.0068 20.70 69.46 0.298 0.144

0.02 0.117 0.0175 0.0061 13.67 46.15 0.296 0.171

0.02 0.850 0.0170 0.0052 1057.54 3379.05 0.313 0.024

0.02 0.610 0.0165 0.0043 543.51 1707.43 0.318 0.033

7.2 Calculations

( )
2
2 𝑦0
( 𝑦1
)
2
1 ρ𝑄
𝐹𝑔 = 2
ρ𝑔𝑏𝑦1 2 −1 − 𝑏𝑦1
1− 𝑦0
𝑦1

( )
2 2
𝐹𝑔 =
1
2
(1000)(9. 81)(0. 3)(0. 0194)
2 (0.200)
(0.0194)
2 −1 −
(1000)(0.0084)
(0.3)(0.0194) (1 − 0.0194
0.200 )
𝐹𝑔 = 47. 36 𝑁

𝐹𝐻 =
1
2 (
ρ𝑔 𝑦0 − 𝑦𝑔 )2
1 2
𝐹𝐻 = 2
(1000)(9. 81)(0. 200 − 0. 020)
𝐹𝐻 = 158. 92 𝑁

8.0 QUESTIONS
𝐹𝑔 𝑦𝑔
1. Plot a graph of the ratio against the ratio .
𝐹𝐻 𝑦0
 𝐹𝑔 𝑦𝑔
Graph 8.1: A graph of the ratio against the ratio
𝐹𝐻 𝑦0

2. Comment on the graph obtained.

𝑦𝑔
From graph 3.1, the pattern of graph shown that a value of
𝑦0
, 0.100 to 0.171 is unstable
because the result decreased at first and increased and next, the result decreased again.
𝑦𝑔
While when the value 0.171 to 0.033, the graph shows that the value kept increasing
𝑦0
until the end.

3. Compare your calculated values for 𝐹𝑔 and 𝐹𝐻 and comment on any differences.
The value of 𝐹𝐻 is more larger than 𝐹𝑔. This is because the smaller value of 𝐹𝑔 is due to the
resultant force of the flow is opposite direction of water flow on the gate, or its has opposite
direction of gravity. While, the value of the 𝐹𝐻 is greater, it is because the resultant force is
following the direction on water flow and toward the gravitational force.

4. What is the effect of flowrate on the results obtained?

The effect of flowrate is obtained by the height of the water level. When the water level
decreased, the reading of the flow rate also decreased because they are directly
proportional. From the beginning of the experiment, it already shows that when the water
level increased, the flow rate also increased and we can approved that the relationship
between water level and flow rate is directly proportional for this experiment.

9.0 DISCUSSION ABOUT RESULTS

From the result that we obtained it is found that when the upstream flow depth (𝑦0) decreases, so
the flow rate (Q) also will decreases. This is because the principle of pressure where the water
depth decreases, the water flow rate decreases. From the data generated at 𝑦0, 0.200 to 0.117
readings on the flowrate are declining evenly due to the declining upstream flow depth.

In this experiment, we are using the sluice gate. In applications ranging from drainage pipes to
effluent ponds to distributor boxes, sluice gates are the true end of line valves, designed to hold
back water minimal leakage. If the main channel combines with a sluice gate the main channel can
be utilized as a long storage or long reservoir. Thus, we know that sluice gates are so important to
control flow in the main channel

10.0 CONCLUSION
Finally, the experiment may be used to determine the relationship between upstream head and
force on a sluice gate (undershot weir) for water going through. We can observe that as the
upstream head rises, so does the pressure on the sluice gate. Aside from a constant weir opening,
when the upstream flow depth drops, the water flow rate in the flume will decrease. Due to
fluctuations in flow depth over a short distance, the flow beneath a sluice gate accelerates from
subcritical to critical to supercritical, then leaps back to subcritical flow, resulting in a hydraulic jump.
In actuality, the hydraulic leap may be used to remove air from water and sewage systems to avoid
air locking. Additionally, it lowers scouring on the dam's downstream side. We can also apply our
knowledge and skills based on this experiment to design a downstream hydraulic structure such as
spillways, drain and dam.

11.0 REFERENCES
1. Roberson, John, Clayton Crowe. Sluice Gate Experiment Open Channel Flow. Retrieved
from https://www.csus.edu/indiv/h/hollandm/ce135/viewgrph/sgoutlin.htm
2. Experiment No.1 Flow through a sluice gate. Retrieved from
https://studylib.net/doc/6796552/experiment-no.1-flow-through-a-sluice-gate
3. Force On Sluice Gate. (29 September 2016). Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/document/325825047/Force-on-Sluice-Gate
4. Harun, N. (2020, November 23). You Tube. Retrieved from The Force on a Sluice Gate.
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66KEHl691Yg&feature=youtu.be
5. Jamil, A. (2020). Lab Hydraulic Sluice Gate.docx. Scribd Inc.
6. Maizansofia. (n.d.). Discussion Conclusion Open Channel part B.docx.Tun Hussein Onn
University of Malaysia

Approved by: Prof Madya Dr Nor Haslina

Prepared by: Nur Aini Mohd Arish
Hashim

Signature:
Signature:
Date: 26 August 2018
Date: 26 August 2018