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    3-4. SST3005. Rocks and Minerals. KHMY

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    FARAH HIDAYAH
    This document discusses rocks and minerals in soil science. It begins by introducing the topics of rocks and soil minerals. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and structures. Primary minerals form during rock formation while secondary minerals form from weathering of primary minerals. The document classifies minerals based on properties like composition and crystallinity.

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    3-4. SST3005. Rocks and Minerals. KHMY

    Uploaded by

    FARAH HIDAYAH
    57 views40 pages
    This document discusses rocks and minerals in soil science. It begins by introducing the topics of rocks and soil minerals. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and structures. Primary minerals form during rock formation while secondary minerals form from weathering of primary minerals. The document classifies minerals based on properties like composition and crystallinity.

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    This document discusses rocks and minerals in soil science. It begins by introducing the topics of rocks and soil minerals. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and structures. Primary minerals form during rock formation while secondary minerals form from weathering of primary minerals. The document classifies minerals based on properties like composition and crystallinity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    57 views40 pages

    3-4. SST3005. Rocks and Minerals. KHMY

    Uploaded by

    FARAH HIDAYAH
    This document discusses rocks and minerals in soil science. It begins by introducing the topics of rocks and soil minerals. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and structures. Primary minerals form during rock formation while secondary minerals form from weathering of primary minerals. The document classifies minerals based on properties like composition and crystallinity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 40

    Fundamentals

    of Soil Science
    (SST 3005)
    Rocks and
    Minerals
    Fundamentals of Soil
    Science
    (SST 3005)

    Rocks and Minerals

    Dr. Khairul Hafiz Mohd Yusoff


    Pedology/soil science
    Email: [email protected]
    Phone number: 013-2500 598
    Topics

    • Rocks
    • Soil minerals
    Introduction
    • Rocks are a composed of one or more minerals. A
    rock can be made up of only one mineral or can be
    made up of a number of different minerals.
    • Elements often are stacked together with other
    elements to form minerals. Minerals are simply a
    collection of one or more elements that are stacked
    neatly together in a form called a crystal structure.
    Rocks
    • All rocks are formed in the Earth’s
    (lithosphere), which includes the
    Earth’s crust and the top part of its
    mantle.
    • There are three distinct divisions of
    rocks:
    1. Igneous rocks
    2. Sedimentary rocks
    3. Metamorphic rocks
    1. Igneous rocks
    • Formed from consolidation of molten
    magma at the earth’s crust.
    If solidified on the earth’s surface (volcanic)
    called effusive/extrusive rock. Etc - basalt,
    rhyolite, andesite, and obsidian.

    If solidified in the moderate depth called


    intrusive/dike rock.

    If solidified in the magma called plutonic


    rock
    ROCKS –Igneous - CLASSES
    Can class the igneous rocks by:

    • Mineral grain size (Rock Texture)


    • Dark / Light mineral content
    ROCK –Igneous -class
    Increase plant nutrients
    Increase in weathering

    PRIMARY MINERAL

    Light mineral Dark Mineral (hornblend,


    ROCK (Feldspar, Muskovit) Augite, biotite
    TEXTURE QUARTZ

    ROCKS

    PERIDOTITE/
    COARSE GRANITE DIORITE GABRO
    Increase in weathering

    HORBLENTITE

    MEDIUM RYOLITE ANDESITE


    BASALT

    FINE FELSITE/OBSIDIAN BASALT


    GLASS
    ROCK –Igneous -class

    • Granite-diorite: coarse grain mineral & light colored


    mineral (quartz, feldspar)

    • Gabro-Peridote: coarse grain mineral & dark


    colored mineral (hornblend, augite, biotite)
    GABRO

    GRANITE
    Minerals in rocks (thin section)
    ROCK –Igneous -class
    • Ryolite - Andesite : medium grain mineral
    & light colored mineral

    • Basalt : medium grain mineral & dark


    colored mineral

    • Acidic Rock: high quartz and low Ca or


    K/Na silicates, clear. ie. granite

    • Basic Rock: low quartz and high Ca or


    K/Na silicates, dark ie. basalt
    2. Sedimentary rocks
    • From the weathering of igneous or
    metamorphic rock and formed after
    deposited by air and/or water.
    • Covers 75-80% or the earth’s surface
    • Three main groups:
    • 2.1 Clastic
    • 2.2 Chemical
    • 2.3 Biogenic/biochemical
    2. Sedimentary rocks
    2.1 Clastic
    • Rock broken down into smaller
    fragments due to physical weathering
    • Fragments, sand, silt and clay sizes
    Examples:
    a. Fragments size - Conglomerate,
    Breccia
    b. Sand size - Sandstone
    c. Clay size - Shale
    2. Sedimentary rocks
    2.2 Chemical
    • Rocks broken down by chemical
    weathering
    • Diluted sediments (chemical form)
    undergo sedimentation or
    flocculation to form new rock
    • Chemical form of sediments are
    normally limestone (CaCO3) or silica
    (SiO2)
    2. Sedimentary rocks
    2.3 Biogenic/Biochemical
    • Formed when living organism of the
    sea or lake died, settled and
    hardened into new rock

    • Example: Shell limestone, coal


    Rock – Sedimentary

    Sandstone

    Shale
    19
    Fundamentals of Soil Science (SST
    3005)
    3. Metamorphic rocks
    • Igneous or sedimentary rock
    subjected to high heat or pressure
    changes to metamorphic rocks.
    - Marble from limestone or dolomite
    - Gneiss from granite or sandstone
    - Schist from shale
    3. Metamorphic rocks
    Rock –Metamorphic Type
    TEXTURE FOLIATION COMPOSITION TYPE PARENT ROCK ROCK NAME

    slaty mica Regional Mudstone Slate


    quartz, mica,
    phyllitic chlorite
    Regional Mudstone Phyllite

    Foliated schistose mica, quartz Regional Slate Schist


    amphibole, Basalt or
    schistose plagioclase
    Regional Gabbro
    Amphibolite

    gneissic feldspar, mica,


    banding quartz Regional Schist Gneiss
    Contact or Bituminous
    carbon Regional Coal
    Anthracite Coal

    quartz, rock Contact or


    Conglomerate Metaconglomerate
    Non- fragments Regional
    Foliated calcite
    Contact or
    Limestone Marble
    Regional
    Contact or
    quartz Regional
    Sandstone Quartzite
    Rocks cycle
    Minerals
    • Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic
    nature, having a definite molecular structure or system of
    crystallization and well-defined physical properties, constitutes
    a mineral species. (Brush & Penfield, 1898).
    • A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous
    solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered
    atomic arrangement. (Mason, et al, 1968).
    • Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a
    definite and predictable chemical composition and physical
    properties. (O' Donoghue, 1990).
    • A mineral is an element of chemical compound that is normally
    crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological
    processes. (Nickel, E. H., 1995).
    • Minerals are natural inorganic compounds with definite
    physical, chemical, and crystalline properties.
    Mineral classification
    • Primary minerals
    • Secondary minerals

    • Heavy minerals
    • Light minerals

    • Non-silicates
    • Silicates
    Mineral classification
    Primary mineral
    • In an igneous rock, any mineral that formed during the
    original solidification (crystallization) of the rock.
    • Primary minerals have not been substantially altered
    chemically since deposition or crystallization from
    molten lava and are usually found in the sand and
    coarse silt fractions.
    Secondary minerals
    • form as a result of the weathering of primary minerals
    and are found in the clay and fine silt fractions.
    Primary mineral
    Primary
    Chemical formula Importance
    minerals

    Quartz SiO2 Abundant in sand and silt

    (Na,K)AlO2[SiO2]3 Abundant in soil that is not


    Feldspar leached
    CaAl2O4[SiO2]2

    Biotite K2Al2O5[Si2O5]3Al4(OH)4 Source of K in most


    Mica temperate zones
    Muscovite K2Al2O5[Si2O5]3(Mg,Fe)6(OH)4

    Easily weathered to clay


    Amphiboles (Ca,Na,K)2,3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(OH)2[Si,Al4O11]2
    minerals

    Pyroxenes (Ca,Mg,Fe,Ti,Al)(Si,Al)O3 Easily weathered

    Olivines (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 Easily weathered


    Primary mineral
    muscovite quartz

    olivine galena
    biotite

    Augite / pyroxene
    feldspar
    hornblende
    Secondary mineral
    Mineral Formula Weatherability
    GOETITE FeOOH Highly resistant
    HEMATITE Fe2O3
    GIBSITE Al2O3.3H2O
    CLAY MINERALS Layer Silicates

    DOLOMITE CaMgCO3
    CALCITE CaCO3
    GYPSUM CaSO4 Highly weatherable
    Secondary mineral

    Goethite
    Gypsum
    Hematite

    CALCITE
    Gibbsite dolomite

    clay 30
    Mineral classification
    Heavy minerals
    • any rock-forming mineral that has a specific gravity
    greater than 2.8.

    Light minerals
    • any rock-forming mineral that has a specific gravity of
    less than 2.8.
    Mineral classification
    Non-silicates
    • Contains oxides, hydroxides, sulphates, chlorides,
    carbonates and phosphates.
    • All have relatively simple structures but vary widely in
    their solubility and resistance to decomposition.
    Silicates
    • Have very complex structures in which the
    fundamental unit is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.
    • Composed of a central silicon ion surrounded by four
    oxygen ion.
    Silicates

    Digrammatic representation of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron A: verical; B: plan


    Parent Materials
    • Earth’s material at surface become raw
    material for soil formation
    • Either :
    • Sedentary parent materials : form in-situ
    (Known rocks)
    • Transported parent materials : by various agents
    (Unknown rocks)
    Parent Materials
    • Sedentary : called residuals
    • May be igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic
    rocks

    • Transported by agent

    • By Gravity : Colluvium
    • By Air (Wind) : Eolian/Loess
    • By Ices : Drift
    • By Water : sea …... Marine
    • By Water : lakes .. … Lacustrine
    • By Water : rivers …. Alluvium

    35
    Parent Materials - Transported
    • Gravity : Colluvium

    Collovium materials
    36
    Fundamentals of Soil Science (SST
    3005)
    Parent Materials - Transported
    • Air (Wind) : eolian/loess

    SAND DUNES
    Parent Materials - Transported
    • Ice : by glaciers
    Parent Materials - Transported
    • Water movement : Sea ….. Marine materials
    • Marine alluvium

    Marine sand
    Parent Materials - Transported
    • By Water : River … Alluvium

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