Master of Education

MCC 102 Research Methodology

Assignment No. : 01

M. Ramaneetharan
Reg. No.: EU/PGS/2020/M.Ed/25
Index No. : EU/PGS/M.Ed/355

Faculty of Arts & Culture

Eastern University of Sri Lanka
Vantharumoolai
 MCC 102 Research Methodology

Assignment No: 1

1. ckJ Mrpupanjhopypy;; Kf;fpakhff;fUJk; Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidnahd;iw

(Problems of the Study - Variable) ,dq;fz;L tpguzk; nra;f. (2-3 gf;fk;).

2. tpguzk; nra;ag;gl;l gpur;rpidia Ma;Tf;$w;whf (Statement of the

Problems) vLj;Jiuf;f. (3 – 5 tupfs;).

3. General Objective / Specific Objectives/ Research questions (1 gf;fk;).

4. Ma;tpd; gpd;dzpapid (Background of the Study) RUf;fkhf tpgupf;f. (2-3

gf;fk;).

5. Ma;tpw;fhd epahak; (Rationale of the Study) mjhtJ ,e;j Ma;T Vd;

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vLj;Jiuf;f. (2 gf;fk;)

6. ,e;j Ma;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij (Importance of the Study) tpsf;Ff. (2-3

gf;fk;)

7. ,g;gpur;rpid gw;wpa KOikahd mwpitg;ngw ePu; Nkw;nfhz;l ,yf;fpa

kPsha;tpid (Review of Literature) jUf.

8. List of Bibliography.

Fwpg;G:

 Closing date: 20.06.2022 - Midnight 12.00

 ,d;ndhUtupd; xg;gilia gpujp nra;jhy; ,ij nra;gtUf;Fk;

mijf;nfhLg;gtUf;Fk; juq;fs; toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ.

 KbTj;jpfjpf;F gpd;du; mDg;gg;gLk; ve;jnthU xg;gilf;Fk; Gs;spfs;

toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gij jaTnra;J ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;.
01. Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid

,yq;ifapy; ghlrhiyfspy; cau;fy;tpia Kbj;j ,isQu; Atjpfspy; 14

tPjj;jpw;Fk; FiwthNdhNu cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fy;tpiag; ngwf;$ba
tha;g;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kpFkp 80 tPjj;jpdu; ,ileLtpy; iftplg;gl;ltu;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fisj; njhopy; uPjpahd gapw;rpfspy; <LgLj;jp
njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;fshf khw;Wk; gzpapid njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rpfis toq;Fk;
epwtdq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. (,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if 2005)

,yq;ifapy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj; njhopy; nghd;wtw;wpid

toq;Ftjpy; mur epWtdq;fSk;> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSk; <lgl;L tUfpd;wd.
,e;j tifapy; Mz;LNjhWk; $LjyhNdhu; gapw;rpfisg; ngw;Wj; njhopw;
re;ijf;Fs; GFtjw;Fj; jahu; nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.

jw;NghJ njhopyhsu; re;ijapy; Nghl;b epiyik fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf>

,isQu; Atjpfs; jq;fs; jpwikf;Nfw;g njhopiyg; ngw tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. NkYk;
jw;NghJ mur Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g;ig ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ fbdkhf ,Ug;gjd;
fhuzkhf jdpahu; JiwfspYk;> ntspehLfspYk; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ,isQu; Atjpfs; rpwe;j tho;f;ifj; njhopy; gapw;rpfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sNtz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

etPd rthy;fSf;F <LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy; Gjpa r%fk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk;

Nehf;fpy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpahdJ Kf;fpakhdjhfTs;sJ. ,d;iwa cyfpd;
tpaw;jF khw;wq;fSf;F njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpNa fhuzkhfTs;sJ. jw;NghJ
cyfkakhjy; vz;zf;fUit mbnahw;wp midtUk; Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijapy; nry;y
njhopy;El;g uPjpahd mwpT Njit vd;w czu;T ,d;W midtuplj;jpYk; Vw;gl;Lf;
nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.

,d;iwa etPd Afj;jpd; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpnad;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jnjhd;whff; fhzg;glfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifapd; Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijapy;
nry;tjw;F njhopy;El;guPjpahd mwpT ngupJk; Ntz;lg;gLk; xd;whff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tsu;r;rpaile;j ehLfs; midj;Jk; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpapy; $ba
ftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wikiaf; fhzf;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ.

nghJf; fy;tp> gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp vd;gd typAWj;jg;gl;L njhopy;El;g kw;Wk;

njhopw; gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lik fhuzkhf Nju;r;rpngw;w
kdpj tYtpd; epuk;gy; Fiwthdjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e; epiyik gbj;j ,isQu;
AtjpfspilNa njhopypd;ikf;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ. ifj;njhopy;fis mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjidAk;> Nju;r;rpfis Kd;Ndw;WtijAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifapy;
,j;Jiwapy; $ba <LghL fhl;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapd; r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;> nropikahd njhopy; tha;g;Gf;Fk;

toptFf;Fk; cau; jukhd tho;f;ifj; njhopy;> njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
vd;gdtw;iw kf;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sr; nra;Ak; gue;j Nehf;Fld; njhopy;El;gf;
fy;Yhupfs; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. fle;j fhyq;fspy; “njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpAk;
gapw;rpAk;” vd;w epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; gy tifahd> mjd; fhy vy;iyfSk;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;L rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;gl;L te;jd. jw;NghJ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpapy;
njhopy; jpwikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLk; etPd Kiwfs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (Performance – 2006, Ministry of Vocational & Technical
Training)

ghlrhiyia tpl;Nlhu; njhopw; gapw;rp vLg;gjw;F Kd;du; rupahd gapw;rpnewpapidj;

njhupT nra;tjw;F rpukg;gLfpd;wdu;. mNjNeuk; ngw;NwhuhYk; jq;fspd;
gps;isfSf;Fr; rupahd Ntiy tha;g;igNah my;yJ nghUj;jkhd gapw;rpiaNah
njupT nra;tjw;F ,ayhky; cs;sJ. cz;ikapy; njhopw; re;ijapy; ,J xU
rKjhag; gpur;rpidahf cUntLj;J tUfpd;wJ vd;gij ahuhYk; kWf;fKbahJ.

njhopw;fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpapid toq;Fk; epWtdq;fshd

njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfspy; ,Ue;J ntwpNaWk; KONeuf; fw;if newpapidg;
g+u;j;jpnra;Ak; khztu;fspd; njhopy;tha;g;G epiy njhlu;gpy; gpur;rpidfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.

nghJthd kw;Wk; kuGuPjpahd gapw;rpnewpfis ,e; epWtdq;fs; elhj;jtjhYk;>

fhyj;jpw;Fj; jFe;j njhopy;El;g uPjpapyhd njhopw;fy;tpapid Nghjpf;fj;
jtWfpd;wikahYk; khztu;fs; cldbj; njhopy;tha;g;igg; ngw ,lu;gLfpd;wdu;.
NkYk; khztu;fs; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; kw;W Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w
ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjhy; Neubahd Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fis vspjpy; ngwj;
jtWfpd;wdu;.
02. Ma;Tf; $w;W

njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfspy; KONeu njhopy; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpf;

fw;ifnewpfisg; G+u;j;jpnra;J ntspNaWk; khztu;fspd; njhopy;tha;g;G epiy.
(2015 – 2020)

(mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rk;khe;Jiw njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ma;T)
03.1 nghJ Nehf;fk;
njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfspy; njhopw;fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpj; Jiwfspy;
KONeuf; fw;ifnewpfisg; G+u;j;jpnra;J ntspNawpa khztu;fspd; njhopy;tha;g;G
epiyiaf; fz;lwpjy;.

03.2 tpNrl Nehf;fq;fs;

1. njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapy; ngWk; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpf;F Vw;w

Ntiytha;g;gpid khztu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
2. njhopw;fy;tpiag; ngw;W ntspNaWk; khztu;fs; nghUj;jkhd
Ntiytha;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapd;
gq;fspg;gpid mjpfupj;jy;.
3. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,yFthf Ntiytha;g;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
njhopw;fy;tpia khztu;fSf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f toptiffisr;
nra;tjw;fhd rpghu;Rfisr; nra;jy;
4. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Ntiytha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;wf;nfhs;tjw;F njhopw;fy;tp
Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij ntspf;nfhzu;jy;.
5. njhopy;El;g cyfpw;F Vw;g cyfshtpa uPjpahd njhopy;El;gf;
fw;ifnewpfis cUthf;fNtz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij epahag;gLj;jy;.

03.3. Ma;T tpdhf;fs;

,t; Ma;Tf;fhd fUJNfhs;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpdhf;fis cUthf;fp mt;

tpdhf;fSf;F rupahd tpilfisj; Njbg; ngWfpd;wNghJ ,t;tha;T ntw;wpngWk;.
,t; Ma;tpy; gpd;tUk; Ma;T tpdhf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapy; KONeuf; fw;if newpfis g+u;j;jp nra;Ak;

midtUk; Ntiytha;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wduh?
2. KONeuf; fw;if newpfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;J ntspNaWk; khztu;fs;
Ntiytha;g;gigg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapd;
xj;Jiog;Gf; fpilf;fpd;wjh?
3. KONeuf; fw;if newpfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;jtu;fs; jw;NghJ nra;Ak;
Ntiyf;Fk;> mtu;fs; ngw;w njhopw; fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;G cs;sjh?
4. KONeuf; fw;if newpfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;Njhu; Ntiytha;g;igg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F njhopy; topfhl;ly; epiyaj;jpDhlhd gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wjh?
5. njhopy;El;g cyfpw;F Vw;g cyfshtpa uPjpahd njhopy;El;gf;
fw;ifnewpfis cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wjh?
04. Ma;tpd; gpd;dzp

Xt;nthU Mz;Lk; rk;khe;Jiw njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapy; njhopw;fy;tp kw;Wk;

njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpnewpfspy; KONeuf; fw;iffisg; g+u;j;jp nra;J ntspNaWk;
khztu;fspd; Ntiytha;g;G epiyapid mwpe;J nfhs;tJld; mjid mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhs;tJk; MFk;.

rk;khe;Jiw njhopy;El;gf; fy;YhupahdJ fhiujPT tpGyhde;jh rJf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J

09 fpNyhkPw;wu; njhiytpYk;> rk;khe;Jiw efupd; Nkw;Nf 04 fpNyhkPw;wu; fhiujPT
- mk;ghiu gpujhd tPjpapy; mike;Js;sJ. rk;khe;Jiw njhopy;El;gf;
fy;YhupahdJ fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; cs;s jkpo; K];ypk; r%fq;fSf;fhd Xu;
cau;fy;tp epWtdk; xd;wpd; mtrpak; fUjp> Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;
nfhst. vk;.V. mg;Jy; k[Pl; mtu;fspd; Nfhupf;ifapd; gpufhuk; 1974k; Mz;L
Vg;uy; khjk; 25k; jpfjpad;W ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; ngz; gpujk ke;jpupahftpUe;j
nfsut. rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;fh mtu;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;> fy;tp
cau;fy;tp mikr;ruhftpUe;j fyhepjp. gjpAjPd; Kfkl; mtu;fspdhy;
jpwe;Jitf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f; fy;YhupahdJ ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ jkpo;nkhop
%ykhd njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupahf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,j; njhopy;El;gf; fy;YhupahdJ KONeu kw;Wk; gFjpNeu ghltpjhdq;fs;

mlq;fyhf nkhj;jkhf 30 ghlnewpfis elhj;jpf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;wJ. Rkhu; 933
(fy;tpahz;L 2020) gapYdu; khztu;fisf; nfhz;Lk;> gpujhdkhd %d;W ngUk;
gpupTfshd tzpfj;Jiw (Commerce Section – 07 courses)> nghwpapay;Jiw
(Engineering Section – 07 Courses) kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw (Trade Section – 08 Courses)
,Dhlhf ,g; ghltpjhdq;fs; elhj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mjpfsthf gapYdu;
khztu;fs; fy;tp gapYtNjhLk; mNjNtis ghlnewpfisg; jpUg;jpfukhfg;
g+u;j;jpnra;Ak; gapYdu; khztu;fspy; mjpf rjtPjj;jpdu; rpj;jpngw;Wr;
rhd;wpjOld; ntspNaWtJk; ,j; njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapd; MNuhf;fpakhd
fy;tpr; #oiy cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w njhopy;El;gtpay; fy;Yhupfspd; tpguk;.

,y. fy;Yhupfs; tpyhrk; njh. ,

1 Maradana P.O.Box:557 Olcott Mawatha, Colombo 10 011-2440352
2 Galle Kaluwella, Galle. 091-2234051
3 Rathnapura Parm Gardens, Colombo Road,Ratnapura. 045-2232390
4 Kandy Aruppola, Kandy. 081-2224063
5 Badulla Green Land Drive, Badulla. 055-2222413
6 Ampara Inginiyagala Road, Ampara. 063-2223465
7 Kurunegala Puttalum Road, Kurunegala. 037-2223264
8 Anuradhapura New Town, Anuradhapura. 025-2222690
9 Jaffna Browns Road, Jaffna. 021-2222358

Source: MIS, DTET, 2020 (www.dtet.gov.lk)

,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfspd; tpguk;.

,y fy;Yhupfs; tpyhrk; njh. ,

1 Kegalle Kachcheri Road, Kegalle. 035-2222441
2 Ratmalana Galle Road, Ratmalana. 011-2632778
3 Kalutara Kalamulla, Kalutara. 034-2221265
4 Warakapola Ambagala Road, Warakapola. 035-2267651
5 Kuliyapitiya Pannala Road, Kuliyapitiya. 037-2281181
6 Homagama Godagama, Homagama. 011-2855315
7 Wariyapola Chilaw Road, Wariyapola. 037-2267256
8 Gampaha Werellawatta, Yakkala. 033-2222132
9 Embilipitiya Nonagama Road, Embilipitiya. 047-2261037
Gamuda Bhumiya, Tammennagama,
10 Anamaduwa 032-2263288
Anamaduwa
11 Matara Meddawatta, Matara. 041-2222565
12 Balapitiya Wandaduwa, Station Road, Balapitiya. 091-2258096
13 Beliatta Puwakdandawa, Beliatta 047-2243229
St. Thomas Road, Wewatenna,
14 Bandarawela 057-2222754
Bandarawela
15 Moneragala Potuvil Road, Sirigala, Moneragala. 055-2276167
16 Dehiattakandiya Mahawanawela, Dehiattakandiya. 027-2250117
17 Weerawila New Town, Weerawila. 047-2237064
18 Medagama Medagama, Bibila. 055-2265113
19 Pathadumbara Navayalatenna, Katugastota. 081-2499782
20 Nuwara Eliya Jayathilaka Mawatha, Nuwara Eliya. 052-2222658
21 Hasalaka Yodha Ela Rd, Hasalaka. 055-2257129
22 Dambulla Matale Road, Dambulla 066-2284713
23 Matale M.C. Road, Matale 066-2224196
24 Polonnaruwa Vidyapura, Polonnaruwa. 027-2224428
25 Sammanthurai Ampara Road, Sammanthurai. 067-2260086
26 Batticaloa Manchantuduwai, Batticaloa. 065-2246557
27 Trincomalee Mahindapura, Trincomalee. 026-2223034
28 Vavuniya Manner Road, Vavuniya 024-2223664
29 Akkaraipattu Main Road, Akkaraipattu 067-2279326
30 Mannar Pannai Wedduwan Junction, Madu Road 023-3238532

Source: MIS, DTET, 2020 (www.dtet.gov.lk)

Courses Details in Technical College, Sammanthurai, (Academic Year 2020)

Section: Commerce

Course No. of No. of

S.N Name of the Course
Code Applied Registered
1 Diploma in English & Education ETB 19 144 44
2 National Certificate in Professional English ESC 02 211 43
National Certificate for Accounting
3 BSC 04 96 37
Technician
Certificate for Information &
4 Communication Technology Technician ECC 12.1 223 43
(Part Time)
5 Certificate in Building Career Skills ESC 05 228 103
Certificate for Information &
6 ECC 12 431 52
Communication Technology Technician
National Certificate in Shorthand,
7 BSC 14 61 18
Typewriting and Computing – Tamil
Total 1394 340

Source: MIS, DTET, 2020 (www.dtet.gov.lk)

Section: Engineering

Course No. of No. of

S.N Name of the Course
Code Applied Registered
National Certificate in Engineering
1 ETC 05 60 20
Draughsmanship
Certificate for Quantity Survey
2 ECS 22 98 27
Assistants
Diploma in Quantity Surveying
3 ETB 17 63 23
Technology
National Certificate in Technology
4 ETC 01.1 269 90
(Civil Engineering) (Part Time)
Total 490 160

Source: MIS, DTET, 2020 (www.dtet.gov.lk)

Section: Trade

Course No. of No. of

S.N Name of the Course
Code Applied Registered
Certificate for Automobile Air
1 ECS 28 143 50
conditioning Mechanics
National Certificate in Engineering Craft
2 Practice (Refrigeration & Air Conditioning ECC 05 54 19
Mechanics)
National Certificate in Engineering
3 ECC 18 105 40
Practice (Motor Vehicle Mechanics)
Certificate for Plant Nursery
4 ECS 40 106 33
Development Assistants
5 Diploma in Automobile Technology ETB 07 92 26
Certificate for Field Assistants
6 ECS 39 188 63
(Agriculture)
7 Agriculture Production Technology ETA 19 456 126
National Certificate in Engineering Craft
8 ECC 08 45 20
Practice (Electronics)
9 Certificate in Electrical Trade ECC 22 61 26
Nation Certificate in Engineering Craft
10 ECC 14 62 15
Practice (Construction Craftsman)
11 Certificate in Plumbing ECS 31 54 15
Total 1366 433

Source: MIS, DTET, 2020 (www.dtet.gov.lk)

Summary

No. No. of
S.N Section
of Applied Registered
1 Commerce 1394 340
2 Trade 1366 433
3 Engineering 490 160
Total 3250 933

Source: MIS, DTET, 2020 (www.dtet.gov.lk)

05. Ma;Tf;fhd epahak;

rk;khe;Jiw njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapy; elhj;jg;gLk; fw;ifnewpfs;

S.N Course Name
1 Certificate for Automobile Air Condition Mechanic
2 Certificate for Construction Site Supervisor
3 Certificate for Electrician
4 Certificate for Field Assistant (Agriculture)
5 Certificate for Gas and Arc Welder
6 Certificate for Information and Communication Technology Technician
Certificate for Information and Communication Technology Technician
7
(Part Time)
8 Certificate for Mobile Phone Repair Technician
9 Certificate for Multi-skilled Construction Craftsman
10 Certificate for Plant Nursery Development Assistant
11 Certificate for Quantity Surveying Assistant
12 Certificate in Advancing Career Skills
13 Certificate in Building Career Skills
14 Certificate in Computer Networking
15 Certificate in Developing Career Skills
16 Diploma in English and Education
17 National Certificate for Accounting Technician
National Certificate in Engineering Craft Practice - Construction
18
Craftsman
19 National Certificate in Engineering Craft Practice - Industrial Electrician
National Certificate in Engineering Craft Practice - Motor Vehicle
20
Mechanic
21 National Certificate in Engineering Craft Practice - Plumber
National Certificate in Engineering Craft Practice - Refrigeration and Air
22
Conditioning Mechanic
23 National Certificate in Engineering Draftsmanship
24 National Certificate in Shorthand, Type Writing and Computing
25 National Certificate in Technology - Civil Engineering
26 National Certificate in Technology - Electrical Engineering
27 National Certificate in Technology - Mechanical Engineering
28 National Certificate in Technology - Quantity Surveying
29 National Diploma in Agriculture Production Technology
30 National Diploma in Quantity Surveying

Source: MIS, DTET, 2020 (www.dtet.gov.lk)

,f; fy;Yhupapy; ,Ue;J Mz;LNjhWk; KONeug; gapw;rpnewpfis Kbj;J
ntspNaWk; khztu;fs; nghUj;jkhd Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngWfpd;whu;fsh?
vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;Fupa tpakhFk;. ,e;j tplak; njhlu;ghf fle;j 05 Mz;Lfspy;
rk;khe;Jiw njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapy; gapw;rpfisg; ngw;W ntspNawpa
khztu;fspd; Ntiytha;g;G epiyik njhlu;ghfTk;> mjw;F ,f; fy;Yhupapy;
toq;fg;gLk; gapw;rpfs; ve;jstpw;F nghUj;jkhdjhfTs;sd vd;gijAk;> ,J
njhlu;ghf vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk; gpur;rpidfisAk; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;ba
NjitAs;s fhuzj;jpdhYk; ,e;j Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba flikg;ghL
Kjd;ikngw;Wf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
06. Ma;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

jw;NghJ njhopw; re;ijapy; Ntiyiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhd

xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e; epiyapy; rk;khe;Jiw njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapy;
KONeu gapw;rpfisj; njhlUtjw;fhf mDkjp ngw;W> gapw;rpfis Kbj;J>
guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;J ntwpNaWk; khztu;fs; Ntiy tha;g;gpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ kpfTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; xd;whFk;. vdNt fw;ifnewpfis
Kbf;Fk; midtUk; Ntiytha;g;gpidg; ngWfpd;whu;fsh? vd;gij Ma;Tf;F
cl;gLj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. kw;Wk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Kbj;j gpd;du;
xU njhopiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gld;jhd; njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupf;F
khztu;fs; tUfpd;wdu;. vdNt mtu;fs; jkJ vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fisg; g+u;j;jp
nra;Js;shu;fsh? vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; ,e;j ma;T Kf;fpakhdjhf
mikfpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupapy; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; gy;NtWgl;l fw;ifnewpfisg;

gapy;tjw;fhf mDkjpngWk; khztu;fs; jkJ fw;if newpapidg; g+u;j;jp nra;j
gpd;du; gy;NtW JiwfspYk; Ntiy tha;g;gpid ngWfpd;wdu;. njhopw;gapw;rp
ngWNthu; jkJ njhopYld; njhlu;Ggl;l Ntiyfisr; nra;Ak;NghJ $basT
Mu;tj;Jld; Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; epiy fhzg;gLk;. MfNt njhopw;gapw;rp ngWNthu;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Ntiyfs; jhk; fw;w njhopw;fy;tpAld; njhlu;Ggl;l
NtiyahfTk;> njhlu;gglhj NtiyahfTk; mikayhk;. vdNt mtu;fspd;
njhopy;fs; njhopw;fy;tpAld; ve;j tifapy; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ vd;gij mwpe;J
nfhs;sTk; ,t; Ma;T mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;gf; fy;YhupahdJ gy;NtWgl;l njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fis gapw;rp

ngWNthUf;F toq;Ffpd;wJ. njhopw;fy;tp ngw;W Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis ngw;wtu;fs;
jkJ Ntiyj; jsq;fspy; jkJ gzpfis nra;fpd;w Ntisapy; mtu;fs; ngw;w
njhopw;fy;tp mtu;fspd; Ntiyfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ve;j tifapy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wJ my;yJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;atpy;iy vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;
,t;tha;T mtrpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;gapw;rpia toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspy;

njhopw;fy;tp njhlu;ghd tpo;g;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> njhopw;fy;tpiag;
g+u;j;jp nra;NthUf;F Ntiy tha;g;gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gjw;fhfTk; njhopy;
topfhl;ly; epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rk;khe;Jiw njhopy;El;gf;
fy;Yhupapy; njhopw;fy;tpiag; ngw;W rpj;jpailAk; khztu;fs; Ntiyiag;
ngwww;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhup gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sjh? my;yJ
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;atpy;iyah? vd;gijAk; gq;fspg;ghdJ ve;j tifapy;
nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gijAk;> ,jpy; njhopy; topfhl;ly; epiyak; vt;thW nraw;gl;lJ
vd;gijAk;> epu;thfg; gFjpapdupd; nraw;ghLfis mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; ,t; Ma;T
mtrpakhFk;.

vjpu;fhyj; jpl;lkply;fSf;F> Fwpg;ghf ru;tNjr uPjpapy; njhopy;tha;g;gf;fisg; ngw

ru;tNjr juj;jpw;Fg; gapw;wg;gl;l njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;fis gapw;Wtpf;fj;
Njitahd nghwpKiw xd;iw njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfspy; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sjh vdf; fz;lha;e;J mjw;fhd mNyhrid kw;Wk;
Kd;nkhopTfis toq;fp> Njrpa uPjpahd jpl;lq;fis tFj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ij ,t; Ma;tpd;%yk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;..
07. ,yf;fpa kPsha;T

Muk;gfhy njhopw;fy;tp

R%f ,ay;ig mbnahw;wpAk;> r%f ,af;fq;fis mbnahw;wpAk; njhopy;El;g

mwpT gbkyu;r;rp nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp tuyhw;wpy; “
ngUepiyj; njhopy;El;g mwpT” Ez;ghfj; njhopy;El;g mwpT vd;w ,U epiy
tsu;r;rpfisf; fhzyhk;. mwpT tuyhw;wpy; Ez;ghfj; njhopy;El;g mwpNt Kjypy;
tsu;r;rp nfhs;syhapw;W. cw;gj;jpf;Fupa rpwpa njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfis
Mf;FjYk;> njhopw;gLj;jYk; Ez;ghfj; njhopy;El;g mwptpd; nray;
tbtq;fshapd;. (rgh. n[auhrh> 2008> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp tuyhW)

INuhg;gpau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghlhriy Kiwik ,e; ehl;Lf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l

Ntis Vl;Lf; fy;tp Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mf; fy;tpKiw ,yq;ifapd;
tho;f;if KiwNahLk; tsq;fNshLk; ,izTwhj me;epakhfpa nraw;ghlhfNt
mike;jJ. kprnwqpkhupd; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfSk; Vl;Lf;fy;tpf;Nf Kjd;ik
toq;fpd. nghJf; fy;tpf;F topaw;w ViofSf;Nf ifj;njhopy; ghlrhiyfs; vd;w
fz;Nzhl;lk; epytpaJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; 1859k; Mz;bNy tz. N[. Nj];ld;
vd;gtu; nfhOk;gpy; xU ifj;njhopy; ghlrhiyia epWtpdhu;. FbNaw;wthjk;
cUthf;fpa fy;tprhu; kNdhghtq;fs; ifj;njhopy; ghlrhiyfisj;
juf;Fiwthdit vd;w fUj;Njw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ. mjdhy; mg; ghlrhiyfs;
%lyhapw;W. njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; ghlrhiyfSf;F mur epjpAjtp
fpilf;fhikapdhy; jhk; cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUl;fis tpw;Nw mg; ghlrhiyfs;
jk;ikj; jhNk guhkupf;f Neu;e;jJ. gpd;du; epfo;e;j murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if
khw;wq;fspdhy; ifj;njhopy; ghlrhiyfs; mq;fPfupg;Gf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;ld.
,jdhy; 1870k; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; aho;g;ghzk;> fz;b> fhyp> Kjypa ,lq;fspNy
ifj;njhopy; ghlrhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. 1884 ,y; mnkupf;f kprnewpkhu;
njy;ypg;gisapy; xU ifj;njhopy; ghlrhiyia epWtpajld;> njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rp
ngWtjw;fhf mq;fpUe;j xUtiu mnkupf;fhTf;F mDg;gpdu;. ,yq;ifapy; tsu;r;rp
ngwj; njhlq;fpa Gjpa njhopy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l nra;Kiwg;
gapw;rpfis cs;slf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffs; ifj;njhopy; ghlrhiyfspNy
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mr;RNtiy> rg;ghj;J jahupg;G> jsghlk; jahupj;jy; jypad
fw;gpf;fg;glyhapd. (rfh. n[auhrh> 2008> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp tuyhW)

njhopw; ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J juj;jpYk; gapw;rpapYk; Nkk;gl;l njhopy;El;gg;

ghlrhiyfspd; Njitia Nru;.nghd;. mUdhr;ryk; Nghd;w mwpQu;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy;
typAWj;jyhapdu;. gpupj;jhdpa muRk; jkJ FbNaw;w ehLfspNy njhopy;El;gf;
fy;tpapd; Njitia czuyhapw;W. 1893k; Mz;bNy nfhOk;gpy; njhopy;El;gg;
ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. njhopy;El;gg; ghlrhiy gpd;du; njhopy;El;gf;
fy;Yhupahf kyu;r;rp nfhz;lJ. ,e; ehl;bf; mur NjitfSf;Fupa
nghwpapayhsu;fs;> kUj;Jt Ma;T$l cjtpahsu;fs;> nghJ Ntiyf;Fupa
njhopy;El;g cjtpahsu;fs; KjypNahiug; gapw;Wtpj;jNy Muk;gfhyj;J
Nehf;fq;fshf ,Ue;jd. nlhd%u; murpay; jpl;lk; ,af;fKwj; njhlq;f nfhOk;G
njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhup ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;J ve;jputpay; ntspthupg;
guPl;irf;F ,yq;if khztiu jahu;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhz;lJ. gpd;du;
1952k; Mz;by; nghwpapayhsu;fisg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; gzp ,yq;if
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. nghwpapayhsu;fSf;F Jiz
epw;ff;$ba ,ilepiy njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;fspd; Njit ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;F
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gl muR mj;JiwapYk; ftdk; nrYj;jj;
njhlq;fpaJ. Nkhwl;Lit mk;ghiw Kjypa ,lq;fspy; njhopy;El;g ghlrhiyfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld.

,NjNtis 1956 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fdp];l njhopy;l;gf;

fy;Yhupfs; fhyp> aho;g;ghzk;> fz;b> gJis> FUehfy;> mDuhjGuk;> Nffhiy
Kjypa ,lq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. kuNtiy> cNyhf Ntiy> kpd;dpay;>
Nkhl;lhu; El;gtpay;> RUf;nfOj;J> fzf;F gjptpay; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; mbg;gil
gapw;rpfs; mq;Nf toq;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpy nkhopapd; RUf;nfOj;J Kiwik
fw;wtu;fSf;F mf;fhyj;jpy; Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;ld. Njrpa
njhopfspYk; RUf;nfOj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Kaw;rp NkNyhq;f
aho;g;ghzk; rk;gj;juprpahu; fy;YhupapNy gzpGupe;j tz. ld; mbfshu; 1898k;
Mz;bNy jkpo; RUf;nfOj;J Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J cjtpdhu;.

mjw;Fg; gpd;du; rpq;fs nkhopapy; jpU. V. lgps;A. fSthuhr;rp vd;gtu; rpq;fs

Kiwapy; RUf;nfOj;J Kiwikia mwpKfk; nra;jhu;. gpd;du; Njrpa nkhopfspNy
RUf;nfOj;Jf; fy;tp gy epiyaq;fspNy tsu;r;rpngwj; njhlq;fpaJ. (rgh.
n[auhrh> 2008> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp tuyhW)

njhopw;fy;tpAk; Ntiytha;g;Gk;

khWk; njhopy; Kiwfs; gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fis tUtpf;Fk; gz;G nfhz;lit.

NkYk;> njhopy;Kiwfs; rpe;jidahf;fj;jpYk;> elj;ijapYk;> mZFKiwfspYk;
nry;thf;Ffis Vw;gLj;jpa tz;zkpUf;Fk;. kuGtopj; njhopy;fis tpl;L Gjpa
njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ gioa fy;tp KiwAk;> csg; ghq;FfSk;
fhyhtjpaile;jitahfj; Njhw;wkspf;Fk; ,ay;Gk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;glj;jf;fJ. (rgh.
n[auhrh> 2008> fy;tpr; r%ftpay;)
epiyikfs; gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L mjw;Nfw;g fiyj;jpl;lk;
jahupf;fg;gLkhdhy; khztu;fs; jkJ tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;gLj;j Kbahjitfisf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; ,Ue;J jtpu;ff
; g;gLthu;fs;. tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;
$batw;iw kl;LNk fw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fs;. vkJ fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; $Ljyhf
mwpTf;Nf Kjd;ikaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mz;LNjhWk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,Ue;J
Mapuf;fzf;fhd gl;ljhupfs; ntspNawfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; fw;w fy;tp> ehl;bd;
Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjhf mikahjjhy; gy Mz;Lfs; Ntiyaw;Ws;sdu;.
Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpy> jfty; njhopy;El;g mwpTfs; ,y;yhikNa ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

,yq;if Nghd;w mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehl;Lf;Ff; $ljyhf jpwd;fis

tsu;g;gNj mbg;gilj; NjitahfTs;sJ. nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;F
Kjd;ikaspg;gjd; %yNk mj; Njitfis epiwNtw;w KbAk;. Mdhy; nraw;ghL
rhu;e;j ghlq;fs;$l nraw;ghLfsw;W tFg;giwfspNyNa fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mjpfkhf mit xU thrpg;Gg; ghlk; Nghd;Nw epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUksT
tplaq;fs; Fwpg;ghf gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa fw;wy;> njhd;ikahd
tuyhWfs; gw;wpa fw;wy;> FbAupik njhlu;ghd fw;wy; Nghd;wit ngUksT
tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;glhjitfshfNt cs;sd. mjdhy; ghlrhiyfis tpl;L
ntspNaWk; khztu;fs; tho;f;iff;F xU njhopypd;wp murhq;fj;ijNa
njhopYf;fhf ek;Gfpd;wdu;. ngw;NwhUf;Fk;> ehl;Lf;Fk; ngUk; Rikahf cs;sdu;.

,yq;ifapy; vOj;jwpT tPjk; 94.2 rjtPjkhFk;. 179 ehLfspy; ,yq;if 78tJ

,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. 3 – 17 taJf;fpilg;gl;l 4.3 kpy;ypad; khztu;fspy; 260000
khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy. 80 tPjkhdtu;fs; f.ngh.j. rhjhuz
juj;Jld; my;yJ mjw;F Kd;du; ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyFfpd;wdu;. 49 tPjkhd
khztu;fs; f.ngh.j. rhjhuzg; guPl;irapy; njhy;tpailfpd;whu;fs;. 67 tPjkhd
khztu;fs; f.ngh.j. cau;jug; guPl;irapy; Njhy;tpailfpd;wdu;. 60 tPjkhd
khztu;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; rpj;jpailaj; jtWfpd;wdu;. 30 tPjkhd khztu;fNs
fzpjj;jpYk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpYk; rpj;jpailfpd;wdu;.

,yq;ifapd; fy;tpf;fhfr; nra;Ak; nryT ngUksT tPz;tpuakhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ ,yq;ifapy; fy;tpf;fhf Mz;nlhd;Wf;F Rkhu; 4000 Nfhb &gha;fs;
xJf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; 2.9 rjtPjk; fy;tpf;fhfr;
nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ngUksT khztu;fs; ,iltpyFfpd;wdu;. juk; xd;wpy;
ghlrhiyf;Fr; NrUk; gps;isfspy; 02 rjtPjj;jpdNu gy;fiyf;fofk; nry;fpd;wdu;.
f.ngh.j. rhjhuzjug; guPl;irapy; 20000 khztu;fs; xU ghlj;jpy;$lr;
rpj;jpailtjpy;iy. nghJthf tUle;NjhWk; f.ngh.j. juj;jpy; ruhrup 50 tPjj;jpw;F
Nky; fzpj ghlj;jpy; rpj;jpailaj; jtWfpd;wdu;. (Gz;zpa%u;j;jp> fp. 2017>
fiyj;jpl;l khjpupiffs;)
jw;NghJ ,yq;if cl;gl rfy tsu;Kf ehLfSk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; Kf;fpa fy;tpg;
gpur;rpid ghlrhiy ghl Vw;ghl;by; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Vl;Lf;fy;tp mk;rkhFk;.
,e;j ehLfspd; ifj;njhopy; kag;glhj ghuk;gupa tptrhag; nghUshjhu
Kiwikf;Fk; Vida ghuk;gupa njhopYf;Fk; Vl;Lf; fy;tp nghUj;jkw;wJ vd;Wk;>
Vl;Lf; fy;tpNa Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk;> fpuhk rKjhar; #oYf;Fk;
nghUj;jkw;w csg;ghq;Ffspd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; efu;g;Gwk; Nehf;fpa kf;fs;
Fbafy;Tf;Fk; fhuzk; vd;W thjplg;gLfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyf; fy;tp vJtpjkhd
njhopy; jpwd;fisAk; toq;Ftjpy;iy vd;gjhy; mj;jifa fy;tp
“nghUj;jkw;wJ”> “Nehf;fw;wJ”> “jtwhf ,isQu;fis topelj;JtJ” vd;W
gythW tpku;rdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. (re;jpuNrfuk;> Nrh. 2003> fy;tp – xU gd;Kf
Nehf;F)

Vl;Lf; fy;tpAld; $ba FiwghLfis ePf;Fk; tifapy; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy;

njhopw;fy;tpia mwpKfk; nra;tjpy; gy mZFKiwfis tsu;Kf ehLfs;
mwpKfk; nra;jd. gy ehlfspy; Kiwrhu;e;j Vl;Lf; fy;tpg; ghlrhiy KiwiaNa
epakkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mjpy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;ahJ mjw;Fr; rkhe;jukhd
njhopw;rhu;G ghlrhiynahd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,g; ghlrhiy mikg;gpy; njhopy;>
tptrhak;> njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;w gapw;rpnewpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. rpy
ehLfspy; ,it tptrhag; ghlrhiy Kiw vd;Wk; njhopy;El;g ghlrhiy Kiw
vd;Wk; ngau; ngw;wd. ,g; ghlrhiyfspy; Vl;Lf; fy;tpiaAk;> nray;Kiwj;
njhopy; fy;tpiaAk; ,izf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,q;F ,ilkl;l
njhopw;jpwd;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. MapDk; ePz;lfhy Nehf;fpy; Vl;Lf; fy;tpg;
ghlrhiyfNs ftu;r;rpfukhfj; njd;gl;likahy; njhopw;fy;tpg; ghlrhiy
Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wpngw Kbatpy;iy. rpy ehLfs; gy gbfs; NkNy nrd;W xU
gjpa fy;tpr; rpj;jhe;jj;ij cUthf;fp mjd;gb ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy;
mbg;gilahd rpy mikg;G khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. r%fk;> ciog;G gw;wpa
khztu;fspd; csg;ghq;Ffis khw;Wtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L ,t; mZFKiw
fhzg;gl;lJ. rPdhtpy; cly; ciog;Gk;> fy;tpAk; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;ld. fpa+ghtpy;
fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiyj; jpl;lk; eilKiwg;glj;jg;gl;lJ. jd;rhdpaj; jiytu; epauNu
Rarhu;Gf;fhd fy;tp vd;w rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fy;tp rpu;jpUj;jq;fis
mwpKfk; nra;jhu;. njhopw;fy;tp njhlu;ghd kw;WnkhU Kaw;rpahf ghl Vw;ghl;by;
xU fl;lha njhopw;ghl;L mk;rj;ij ,izg;gjhf mike;jJ. ,yq;ifapy; 1972
,y; mwpkfk; nra;ag;gl;l njhopy; Kd;epiyg; ghlKk;> 1980 ,d; gpd; mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;l njhopy;jpwd; gapw;rpnewpAk; ,k; Kaw;rpfSf;F cjhuzkhFk;.

,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J tpyfpNahUf;F Kiwrhuhf;fy;tp

Vw;ghLfspDhlhf Fiwe;j nrytpy; njhopw;fy;tp toq;Fk; Kiwia rpy ehLfs;
gpd;gw;wpd. njhlf;fj;jpy; Muk;gf; fy;tp gapd;Nwhu; etPd njhopw;Jiwfspy;
Nru;e;Jnfhs;s Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Vw;ghLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,t; Vw;ghLfs;
ngUk;ghYk; Ra njhopy;fisr; nra;aNt gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;ld. gdhkh ehl;L
cw;gj;jpg; ghlrhiyfs;> gpypg;igd;rpd; ghupNah cau;epiyg; gs;spfs;> nfd;ahtpd;
fpuhkpa gy;njhopy;El;g gs;spfs; Nghd;wd ,t; Vw;ghlfspy; mlq;Ftd. ,j;jifa
njhopw;fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; njhopw;gapw;rpiaAk;> njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fisAk;
cuthf;FtijAk; jnhopy; jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtjhfTk; mike;jd.

mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; nghUshjhu Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd kdpj tYit gapw;Wk;

my;yJ kdpj tYitj; jpl;lkpLk; mZFKiw Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wikahYk;>
,j;jifa gapw;rp ngw;NwhUf;fhd Njitfis cUthf;Fk; vdf;
fUjg;gl;likapdhYk; njhopw;gapw;rpf;F Kf;fpa ,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ. MapDk;>
nghUshjhu Kiwikfspd; gapw;rp Njitfs; Jupjkhf khwpr; nry;tjhy;
njhopw;gapw;rp epfo;rr
; pj; jpl;lq;fs; njhopy;fSf;F nghUe;Jtjhf khWk;
epiyikfSf;Nfw;g nefpo;rr
; pAlDk; tiuag;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

njhopw;fy;tp %yk; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;FtJ vd;gJ kiwrhuhf; fy;tpj;

JiwapNyNa ntw;wp ngw;wjhf Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wd. njhopw;jpwd;fis Kd;Ndw;wp
kd;du; nra;jijtpl rpf;fyhd gzpfisr; nra;Ak; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fk;
njhopw;fy;tpf;F cz;L vd;gij kWf;fKbahJ. (re;jpuNrfuk;> Nrh. 2003> fy;tp
xU gd;Kf Nehf;F)

fy;tp tpupthf;fj;ij Kd;ndLg;gjw;Fupa mbg;gilf; fl;Lkhdq;fis

Kd;Ndw;wfukhf mikg;gjpy; etPd njhopy;El;gtpay; gq;F nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tPjpaikg;G> ePu; toq;fy;> kpd;dpizg;G> njhlu;ghly;> fy;tp epiyaq;fspd;
fl;likg;G> jsghlq;fs; vd;git Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fisg; ngwj;
njhlq;fpAs;sd. (n[auh[h> rgh. 2008> fy;tpr; r%ftpay;)

,yq;ifapd; jw;fhy njhopw;fy;tp

1970 fs; njhlf;fk; gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp fLk; tpku;rdj;Jf;F cs;shapw;W.

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; toq;Fk; fy;tpapd; juhjuk; fiwe;Jtpl;lJ. gl;ljhupfshfr;
rpj;jpaile;jtu;fs; Ntiyfspy; mkUk; jFjp cilatu;fs; md;W. mtu;fs; ngWk;
fy;tpf;Fk; Ntiy cyfpYs;s njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fSf;Fk; vJtpj njhlu;Gk; ,y;iy.
vdNt gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tpia njhopy; kakhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. 1972 ,d; gpd;du; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof fiyg; gPlj;jpd;
nrhj;J rpu;thfk;> tupapLjy; Nghd;w fw;ifnewpfs; njhlq;fg;gl;L ntw;wp
ngwhikahy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,f; fw;ifnewpfs; iftplg;gl;ld.
gl;ljhupfspd; Ntiytha;g;Gg; gpur;rpid fhuzkhf gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp ngUk;
fz;ldj;jpw;F cs;shfp te;jJ. ghlrhiyfspYk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk;
nkhj;jkhf 15 my;yJ 16 tUq;fs; fy;tp fw;w gpd;du; fz;dpakhd cau;
njhopiyg; ngw;W tho;f;ifapy; nkk;ghL fhz epidj;j gl;ljhupfspd; fdTfs;
vJTk; epiwNtwtpy;iy. NkYk;> ,g; gl;ljhupfs; Ntiyapy; mku;j;Jtjw;F
jFjpaw;wtu;fs; vd;w kw;WnkhU gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;wdu;. ngUk;ghYk; rfy
fiyj;Jiwg; gl;ljhupfSk; Rankhopfspy; kl;LNk Nju;r;rpAilatu;fsha; Mq;fpy
nkhop> jfty; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gtw;wpy; Nju;r;rpaw;wtu;fsha; jdpahu; Jiwapy;
fhzg;gLk; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fSf;F nghUj;jkw;wtu;fsha; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
(re;jpuNrfud;> Nrh. 2008> rkfhy fy;tp Kiwapd; rpy gupkhzq;fs;)

etPd rthy;fSf;F <LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy; Gjpa r%fk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk;

Nehf;fpy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpahdJ Kf;fpakhdjhfTs;sJ. ,d;iwa cyfpd;
tpaj;jF khw;wq;fSf;F njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpNa Kf;fpakhdjhfTs;sJ. jw;NghJ
cyfkakhjy; vd;w vz;zf;fUit mbnahw;wp midtUk; Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijapy;
nry;y njhopy;El;g uPjpahd mwpT Njit vd;w czu;T ,d;W midtu; kj;jpapYk;
Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.

,d;iwa etPd Afj;jpy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpnad;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jnjhd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifapd; Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijapy;
nry;tjw;F njhopy;El;g uPjpahd mwpT ngupJk; Ntz;lg;gLk; xd;whff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tsu;r;rpaile;j ehLfs; midj;Jk; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpapy; $ba
ftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wikia fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.

jw;NghJ njhopyhsu; re;ijapy; Nghl;b epiyik fhzg;gltjd; fhuzkhf

,isQu;> Atjpfs; jq;fs; jpwikf;Nfw;g njhopiyg; ngw tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. NkYk;
jw;NghJ mur Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ fbdkhf ,Ug;gjd;
fhuzkhf jdpahu; JiwfspYk;> ntspehLfspYk; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ,isQu; Atjpfs; rpwe;j tho;f;ifj; njhopw; gapw;rpfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghJf;fy;tp> gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp typAWj;jg;gl;L njhopy;El;g kw;Wk;

njhopw;gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lik fhuzkhf Nju;r;rpngw;w kdpj
tYtpd; epuk;gy; Fiwthdjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e; epiyik gbj;j ,isQu;fspilNa
njhopypd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ. ifj;njhopy;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjidAk;>
Nju;r;rpfis Kd;Ndw;WtijAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifapy; ,j;Jiwapy;
$ba <LghL fhl;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Kbj;j ,isQu; Atjpfspy; 10 tPjj;jpw;Fk;
FiwthNdhNu cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fy;tpiag; ngwf;$ba tha;g;Gf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kpFjp 90 tPjj;jpdu; ,ileLtpy; iftplg;gl;ltu;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fisj; njhopy; uPjpahd gapw;rpfspy; <LgLj;jp
njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;fshf khw;Wk; gzpapid njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rpfis toq;Fk;
epWtdq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. (kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if – 2005)

jw;NghJ etPd njhopy;El;gj;jpw;F <LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia

Kbj;j ,isQu; AtjpfSf;F njhopw;fy;tp toq;Ftjpy; mur> mur rhu;gw;w
epWtdq;fSk; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wd. jw;NghJ mur Jiwapy; Ntiy tha;g;gpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ fbdkhf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzj;jhy; njhopy;rhu; re;ijapy; fLk;
Nghl;b epiyik fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhfTk;> ,isQu; Atjpfs; rpwe;j tho;f;ifj;
njhopy; gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;baJ mtrpakhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jw;nfd ,yq;ifapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s tho;f;ifj; njhopy; njhopw;gapw;rp
mikr;rpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyFk;
,isQu; Atjpfisg; gapw;Wtpj;J tUfpd;wd.

,e; epWtdq;fshtd>
1. %d;whk; epiy tho;f;if njhopw;fy;tp Mizf;FO (TVEC)
2. njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; jpizf;fsk; (DTET)
3. ,yq;if Njrpa njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp epWtfk;
4. tho;f;ifj; njhopw;gapw;rp mjpfhu rig (VTA)
5. Njrpa gapYeu; ifj;njhopy; gapw;rp mjpfhu rig (NAITA)
6. Njrpa kdpjts mgptpUj;jp kd;wk;
7. Njrpa tpahghu Kfhikj;Jt epWtdk; (NIBM)
8. ,yq;if ,d;fpupd; (INGRIN) mr;R tiufiy epWtfk;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdq;fs; 2007k; Mz;by; 60198 khztu;fis cs;thq;fp 30495

gapw;rpahsu;fSf;F njhopw;fy;tpia toq;fp ntspNaw;wpas;sd. 2006k; Mz;by;
,Ue;J tho;f;ifj; njhopy; njhopy;El;g gapw;rp mikr;R Njrpa tho;f;ifj; njhopy;
jifik (NVQ) vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,jd;gb 1 njhlf;fk; 7
tiuapthd kl;lq;fis xilaJkhd Njrpa tho;f;ifj; njhopy; jifik rl;lfj;
njhopw;ghlhdJ jw;nghOJ mur Jiwfspy; kl;Lky;yhJ jdpahu; JiwfspYk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> jw;nghOJ Njrpa uPjpapy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l nghJr;
rhd;wpjiog; ngWtjw;F gapw;rpahsu;fs; tug;gpurhjk; ngw;Ws;sJld; njhopy;
toq;Fduhy; cau; epiyapy; mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,r; rhd;wpjo;
%yk; tho;f;ifj; njhopy; fy;tpg; gl;ljhupfs; ngupJk; gadilfpd;wdu;.
Njrpa tho;f;ifj; njhopy; jifik (NVQ) kl;lq;fshd> kl;lk; 1 njhlf;fk; 4
tiu njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;gapw;rp epiyaq;fs; Clhfg;
gapw;wg;gl;l gpd;du; 5 njhlf;fk; 6 tiuahd bg;Nshkh juj;jpyhd ghlnewpfisr;
nraw;gLj;jtjw;fhf khfhzj;jpw;F xd;W vd;w tPjk; 9 njhopy;El;gtpay;
fy;YhupfspYk; rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f njhopy;El;gf; fy;YhupfspYk;> kl;lk; 7 (gl;lr;
rhd;wpjOf;Fr; rkkhd) tho;f;ifj; njhopy;rhu; njhopy;El;gtpay; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpYk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

2008 A+d; 20k; jpfjpad;W mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;l ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

,uj;kyhidapy; tho;f;ifj; njhopy;rhu; njhopy;El;gtpay; gy;fiyf;fofk; xd;W
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mLj;j tUlk; Kjy; njhopy;El;gtpay; gl;lg;gbg;G
epfo;rr
; pfis ,g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; elhj;Jtjw;Fj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jw;NghJ mur Jiwapy; Ntiy tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ fbdkhf ,Ug;gjd;
fhuzkhfTk;> njhopy;rhu; re;ijapy; fLk; Nghl;b epiyik fhzg;gLtjd;
fhuzkhfTk; ntspehl;L Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;
,isQu; atjpfs; rpwe;j tho;f;ifj; njhopw;gapw;rpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;baJ mtrpakhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (nrayhw;Wif 2008> tho;f;ifj;
njhopy; njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rp mikr;R)

njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfs;

,yq;ifapd; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfs; Kf;fpa

gq;F tfpj;J tUfpd;wd. jw;NghJ 9 njhopy;El;gtpay; kw;Wk; 30 njhopy;El;gf;
fy;Yhupfs; mlq;fyhf 39 fy;Yhupfs; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpia toq;fp tUfpd;wd.
,j; njhopy;El;gf; fy;Yhupfspy; 73 gapw;rpnewpfs; jw;NghJ elhj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.

1. ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyFk; khztu;fis cs;thq;fp gapw;rpaspj;J

ehl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd Copa tsj;jpid cUthf;Fjy;.
2. nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba tifapy; kdpj tsj;jpid
mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;
3. gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tpia ngwKbahj ,isQu; AtjpfSf;F cau;
juj;jpyhd njhopy;El;g mwpitAk; gapw;rpfisAk; toq;Fjy;.
4. njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;ff;$ba gapw;rpfis toq;Fjy;
5. Ra Kaw;rpfis cUthf;Fjy;.
6. ,isQu;fis vjpu;fhyj;jpw;F Vw;wtu;fshf khw;Wjy;
(Prospectus, 2002/2003 – Department of Technical Education & Training)
08. crhj;Jizfs;

mUs;nkhop> nr. (2008)> fy;tp Ma;T Kiwfs;> jpUkjp rj;jpah mUs;nkhop>

kl;lf;fsg;G.
n[auh[h> rgh. (2006) Ma;T Kiwapay;> Gf; yg;> aho;g;ghzk;.
rpd;dj;jk;gp> fh. (2007)> fy;tp Ma;tpay;> jpUkjp ehfk;kh rpd;dj;jk;gp> mr;RNtyp.
[auh[h> rgh. (2008)> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp tuyhW> NrkkL nghj;jfrhiy> A[p 50>
gPg;gy;]; ghu;f;> nfhOk;G.
nre;jpuNrfud;> Nrh. (2004) fy;tp – xU gd;Kf Nehf;F> ckh gjpg;gfk;> 521/1 B>
fhyp tPjp> nfhOk;G.
re;jpuNrfud;> Nrh. (2008)> rkfhy fy;tp Kiwikfspd; rpy gupkhzq;fs;> NrkkL
nghj;jfrhiy> A[p 50> gPg;gy;]; ghu;f;> nfhOk;G.
n[auh[h> rgh. (2008)> fy;tp r%ftpay;> NrkkL nghj;jfrhiy> A[p 50> gPg;gy;];
ghu;f;> nfhOk;G.
Gz;zpa%u;j;jp> fp. (2017). fiyj;jpl;l khjpupiffs;> NrkkL nghj;jfrhiy>
nfhOk;G.
kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if – 2005
nrayhw;Wif 2008> tho;f;ifj; njhopy; njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rp mikr;R