MED 1023

Evaluation of Educational Dimension

Assignment No. : 01

Muthulingam Ramaneetharan
Reg. No.: EU/PGS/2020/M.Ed/25
Index No. : EU/PGS/M.Ed/355

Master of Education Program

Faculty of Arts & Culture

Eastern University of Sri Lanka
Vantharumoolai
 MED 1023 - Evaluation of Educational Dimension

Assignment 1

1. tFg;giwapy; khztHfspd; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd; ,Wjp

tpistpd; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis (Behavioral Pattern) Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;
khztdpd; mwpT, khztdpd; csj;jpwd;fs;, cs ,af;fj;jpwd;fs;,
khztdpd; cs Mw;wy;fs;, vOr;rprhH elj;ij ,ay;Gfs; Mfpad
mwpif Ml;rp (Cognitive Domain), vOr;rp Ml;rp (Affective Domain),
cs - ,af;f Ml;rp (Psycho-motor Domain) ,w;$lhf vt;thW
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

2. gpd;tUk; thpg;glj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L “Constructivism” vd;Dk;

vz;zf;fUtpid tpsf;Ff.

Note:

1. Closing date: 18.10.2022

2. Send to this mail: [email protected]

3. KbTj;jpfjpf;F gpd;du; mDg;gg;gLk; ve;jnthU xg;gilf;Fk; Gs;spfs;

toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gij jaTnra;J ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;.
tFg;giwapy; khztHfspd; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd; ,Wjp tpistpd;
elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis (Behavioral Pattern) Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; khztdpd; mwpT,
khztdpd; csj;jpwd;fs;, cs ,af;fj;jpwd;fs;, khztdpd; cs Mw;wy;fs;,
vOr;rprhH elj;ij ,ay;Gfs; Mfpad mwpif Ml;rp (Cognitive Domain),
vOr;rp Ml;rp (Affective Domain), cs - ,af;f Ml;rp (Psycho-motor Domain)
,w;$lhf vt;thW Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

tFg;giwapy; MrpupaH khztHfspd; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fshfpa> (Behavioural

Pattern) khztdpd; mwpT> khztdpd; csj;jpwd;fs;> cs ,af;fj;jpwd;fs;>
khztdpd; cs Mw;wy;fs;> vOr;rprhH elj;ij ,ay;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw
mwpe;J mtw;iw ,dk; fhZtjd; %yNk MrpupaH fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba
Fwpg;gpl;l ghltplaj;jpw;Fupa Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhis (tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs;)
mikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. vdNt khztdpd; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis
MrpupaH ,dk;fhZk; jpwidg; ngw;wpUg;gjd; %yk; nghUj;jkhd ghl
tplaj;jpw;Fupa tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sKbAk;.

mikf;fg;gLk; tpN\l Fwpf;NfhshdJ khztdpd; elj;ijAld; njhlHghf

mikj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gbd; khztdpd; elj;ij khw;wj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tjd;
%yk; tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhis MrpupaH mile;Js;shu? ,y;iyah? vd;gij
mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbAk;. elj;ij khw;wk; ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy;
mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fnjhd;whf ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,jdhy; ,ij
mstPLfSf;F cl;gLj;jKbAk;. tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhis elj;ijf;Fupajhf
mikg;gjw;Fupa fhuzKk; ,JNtahFk;.

nghUj;jkhd Fwpf;Nfhspd;wpr; rpwe;j fw;gpj;jiyNah> kjpg;gPl;ilNah

Vw;gLj;jptplKbahJ vd;gJ nghJthf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf mtw;wpd;
gad;fshf> fy;tpahdJ vj;jpirapy; Kd;NdwNtz;Lk; vd;gij Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. mj;Jld; vt;tplaq;fisf; fw;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjidAk;
vt;thW jhk; ngw;w fw;wiyg; Gyg;gLj;jNtz;Lnkd;gjidAk; khztUf;Ff;
Fwpg;ghfj; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. kw;Wk; Nghjidiaj; jpl;lkply;> khztu; fw;wiy
topelhj;jy;> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfis Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gd njspTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
ghlg; Nghjidf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Neuk;> ghlg;gug;gpYs;s tplamyFfs;>
vLj;jhsg;glNtz;ba tupir xOq;F> gad;dLj;jf;$ba Jizg;nghUl;fs;>
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;> ifahsg;glNtz;ba fw;gpj;jy;
cj;jpfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fj; njspthf tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; cjTfpd;wd. ,jd;%yk; Fwpg;gpl;l xU njhFjp khztu;
milaNtz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r tpidahw;ww; juj;jpid jPu;khdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
Nghjidj; jpl;lj;jpd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;F ,J toptFf;fpd;wJ. kdpjdpd; r%f>
jdpahs; Njitfs; fhyj;NjhL khw;wk;ngWfpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;
ghlrhiyfspy; khztUf;F toq;fg;gLk; NghjidfSk; ,k;khw;wq;fSf;F
<LnfhLf;ff;$ba tifapy; mikaNtz;Lk;. vdNt Nghjidj; jpl;lj;jpy;
mtrpakhdtw;iw typAWj;jTk;> mtrpakw;wtw;iw khw;wpaikf;fTk; my;yJ
ePf;fTk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gw;wpa mwpT gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhspd; mtrpak; vd;d? mit vj;jifad? mtw;wpd;

gad;fs; ahit? vd;gd rhu;ghf ,q;F vOj;jhsg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,f; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhdJ>
fw;ww; njhopw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpf; Fwpf;Nfhis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fw;wYf;F
cl;gLk; ghlg;gug;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
mikf;fNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahTk; khztu;fspd; elj;ij
rhu;ghff; Fwpg;gpLjy; mtrpakhFk;. khztupd; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F
Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fspd; msitfNs kjpg;gPl;bw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt Mrpupau; rhu;ghfNth my;yJ fw;ww;
njhopw;ghl;bd; VNjDk; mk;rk; rhu;ghfNth $wg;gLk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
mu;j;jkw;witahFk;. khztu;fspd; elj;ijfspy; mtjhdpf;ff;$ba
khw;wq;fs; rhu;ghff; Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
RitAzu;jy;jpwd; my;yJ eaj;jy; Nghd;w ntspg;gilahf mtjhdpf;f
,ayhj cs khw;wq;fs; rhu;ghff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLkhapd;
jpUj;jkhd mstPLfisg; ngWjy; kpfTk; fbdkhd nranyd;gJld;
ngwg;gLk; mstpLfspd; ek;gfKk; jho;thfNt fhzg;gLk;.

Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdpj;jdpf; $w;Wf;fspdhy;

Fwpg;gplg;gLjy; mtrpakhFk;. cjhuzkhf> “,U Gs;spj; njhFjpf;F xNu
jhspy; tiuGfis tiue;J mg;Gs;spj; njhFjpfshw; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ghl
milTfis xg;gpLk; jpwidg; ngwy;” vd;gJ Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;W
$WtJ nghUj;jkhfhJ. Vnddpy;> ,q;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NtWgl;l khztu;
elj;ijfs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU Gs;spj; njhFjpf;F tiuAk; jpwidg;
ngWjy;> mNj tiujhspy; ,uz;lhtJ Gs;spj; njhFjpf;Fk; tiuAk; jpwidg;
ngWjy;> tiuGf;F tpsf;fkspf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; ngWjy;> ,U tiuGfisAk;
xg;gpLk; Mw;wiyg; ngWjy; vd;Dk; tifapy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l $w;wpid
jdpj;jdp khztu;fs; elj;ijfs; rhu;ghd $w;Wf;fspdhy; Fwpg;gpl KbAkhapd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis ,dq;fhZjypYk;> mtw;iwj; njspthf
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjpYk; jlq;fy; Vw;glh. Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;
$w;whdJ vt;tplj;Jk; vtUf;Fk; xNu fUj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$bathWk;
njspthd tpsf;fj;ij mspf;ff;$bathWk; nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fspdhy;
mikag;ngwNtz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhd xU kl;lj;jpy; nghJik nfhz;ljhfg;
Nghjidf; Fwpf;Nfhs; mikjy; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ. cjhuzkhf> “,Uk;G
JUg;gpbj;jy; gw;wp mwpjy;” vd;Dk; $w;iw Nehf;FNthkhapd; ,f; $w;wpy;
nghJikj;jd;ik cau;thff; fhzg;gLtjhy; vd;ndd;d tplaq;fis
khztu;fs; mwpaNtz;Lnkd;gNjh> ve;nje;j mwpT kl;lj;jpy; ,tw;wpid
mtu;fs; milaNtz;Lnkd;gNjh njspthf;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf> tsp
,Uk;gpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij ,dq;fhZjy;> ntg;g cau;T ,Uk;gpy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij ,dq;;fhZjy;> ctu;ePu; ,Uk;gpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij
,dq;fhZjy; vd;gdNghd;w $w;Wf;fshy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLkhapd;
,it xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;GFd;wpf; fhzg;gLk;. “,Uk;Gld; NrUk;NghJ
,urhazj; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; gjhu;j;jq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;”;> ,Uk;G
JUg;gpbj;jYf;fhd fhuzpfis ,dq;fhZjy;” Nghd;wthW Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLk; $w;Wf;fs; mikAkhapd; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; khztu; elj;ijfs;
njspthfg; Gyg;gLk;.

Xt;nthU khztdJk; jfikf;Nfw;g mtdplj;Nj cau; tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;

fy;tpapd; gzpahFk;. mjhtJ fy;tpapDhlhf khztuplj;Nj gyjug;gl;l
Mw;wy;fs; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLjy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjidr; ruptu elj;Jtjhapd; khztd; fw;Fk; ghlk;> milaNtz;ba Nju;r;rp
epiy vd;gd rhu;ghf Mapuf;fzf;fpy; Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis ehk;
Kd;itf;fNtz;Lk;. ,t;tsT ngUj;njhifahd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
jdpj;jdpahf Nehf;Fjy; ,ayhj nrayhFk;. xNu ghlj;ijNa ntt;NtW
Mrpupau;fs; fw;gpg;gJk; kjpg;gPL nra;tJk; fy;tp mikg;gpy; jtpu;f;fKbahj
$whf cs;sJ. vdNt Fwpf;Nfhs;fis rpy Vw;Gilf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F
mika tifg;gLj;jy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahTk; mwpif Ml;rp> vOr;rp Ml;rp> cs,af;f Ml;rp Mfpa

%d;W Ml;rpfSs; fUjg;gl;L xt;Nthu; Ml;rpf;Fk; xt;nthU xt;nthU
gFg;gpay; gw;wpAk; ,q;F tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;Ws; mwpif Ml;rpf;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; gFg;gpayhdJ mjd; njspthd jd;ik eilKiwg; gad;ghL
vd;git fhuzkhf Vida ,uz;bidAk;tplf; $Ljyhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWfpd;wJ.

Gs+k;> fpuhj;nthy; vd;Nghu;fs; cl;gl Itu; nfhz;l FOtpdJ Kaw;rpapd;

gadhf 1949 ,y; cUthfpa gFg;gpayhdJ mwpif Ml;rpapd; fy;tpf;
Fwpf;Nfhspd; gFg;gpay; vDk; ngaupy; ntspahdJ. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l FOthdJ
fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis %d;W tifahd Ml;rpf;Fs; mikj;jJ.
mitahtd> mwpif Ml;rp (Cognitive Domain)> vOr;rp Ml;rp (Affective
Domain)> cs - ,af;f Ml;rp (Psycho-motor Domain) vd;gdthFk;.

mwpif Ml;rpf; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

ngw;w mwpit epidT $u;jy;> cs Mw;wy;fisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp

nra;jy; vd;git njhlu;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,g;gFg;gpaypy; mlq;Fk;. ,g;
gFg;gpayhdJ MW gpujhd gpupTfisAk;> xt;nthU gpupTk; gy Jizg;
gpupTfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU gpupTf;F mtw;wpd; Jizg;
gpupTfSf;Fk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;L> cjhuz tpsf;fq;fshf rpy Fwpg;ghd
Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; ,g;gFg;gpaypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpid NkYk; tpsf;Fk;
tifapy; xt;nthU Jizg;gpuptpd; fPOk; gy;NtW ghlg; gug;Gfspy; ,Ue;J
gy cjhuz tpsf;fq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,g;gFg;gpaypy; gpujhd
gpupTfSk; Jizg; gpupTfSk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

mwpT kw;Wk; cs Mw;wy;fSk; jpwd;fSk;.

1. mwpT
1.1. Fwpj;jdtw;wpd; mwpT
1.1.1. fiyr; nrhw;fspd; mwpT
1.1.2. Fwpj;j tplaq;fspd; mwpT
 1.2. Fwpj;jdtw;Wld; ele;Jnfhs;Sk; topKiwfspd; mwpT
1.2.1. nghJ tpjpfspd; mwpT
1.2.2. Nghf;Ffs;> tupirf;fpukq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpT
1.2.3. epajpfspd; mwpT
1.2.4. gFg;Gf;fs; tiffs; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpT
1.2.5. nra;Kiwapd; mwpT
1.3. xUJiwapd; mfpyf; fUj;Jf;fs;> gz;Gepiyf; fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;
mwpT
1.3.1. Nfhl;ghLfs;> nghJikahf;fy;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpT
1.3.2. nfhs;iffs;> mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpT.
2. fpufpg;G
2.1. ngau;g;G
2.2. ,ilg;nghUs; nfhs;sy;
2.3. Gwg;nghUs; nfhs;sy;
3. gpuNahfk;
4. gFg;G
4.1. %yq;fspd; gFg;G
4.2. njhlu;Gfspd; gFg;G
4.3. xOq;fikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghlfspd; gFg;G
5. njhFg;G
5.1. jdpj;Jtkhd nra;jpapd; cUthf;fk;
5.2. xU jpl;lk; my;yJ csr; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbfspd; cUthf;fk;
5.3. fUj;Jepiyj; njhlu;Gfisg; ngWjy;
6. kjpg;gPL
6.1. mf Mjhuk;rhu; jPu;g;G
6.2. Gwg; gpukhzq;fs;rhu; jPu;g;G
mwpif Ml;rpapy; xU ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; khztd; gy;NtW mwpthw;wy;
tpUj;jp csj;jpwd;fis ngWfpd;whd;.

vOr;rp Ml;rpf; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; gFg;gpay;

khztdpd; kdntSr;rpapy; my;yJ xU nghUis ve;j msTf;F Vw;gJ

my;yJ epuhfupg;gJ vd;Dk; kdepiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; rhu;ghd
Fwpf;Nfhs;fNs ,q;F tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> khztdpd;
ftu;r;rpfs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;>
jdpahs; - r%fg; nghUj;jg;ghl;bd; tpUj;jp vd;git rhu;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
ahTk; ,q;F fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,j; Jiwapd; gFg;gpayhdJ ghlrhiy
kl;lj;jpy; gpugy;akilatpy;iy. ,jw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fisf; $wKbAk;.
KjyhtJ> khztupd; ftu;r;rpfs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> Fztpay;Gfspd; tpUj;jp
Mfpatw;wpid mstpLjypy; fy;tpj;Jiw fhl;Lk; jaf;fk; kw;iwaJ MSik
,ay;Gfs; vd;gd khztupilNa kpfTk; jhkjkhfTk;> MWjyhfTk;
tpUj;jpailfpd;wd vd;gjhFk;.

fpuj;Nthy; vd;gtupd; jiyikapyhd FOthdJ vOr;rp Ml;rpf;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis Ie;J gpujhd gpupTfshfTk;> xt;nthU gpupitAk; NkYk; gy
Jizg; gpupTfshfTk; tFj;Js;sdu;. mit gpd;tUkhW>

1. Vw;wy;
1.1. czu;jy;
1.2. Vw;gjw;F tpUg;G
1.3. njupTnra; ftdk;
2. Jyq;Fjy;
2.1. Jyq;Fjw;Fg; gzpj;jy;
2.2. Jyq;Fjw;F tpUg;G
2.3. Jyq;Fjypy; jpUg;jp
3. ngWkjpaspj;jy;
3.1. ngWkjpia Vw;wy;
3.2. ngWkjpiaj; njupTnra;jy;
3.3. mu;g;gzpj;jy;
4. xOq;fikj;jy;
4.1. ngWkjpiag; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUitg; ngwy;
4.2. ngWkjpj; njhFjpia xOq;fikj;jy;
5. tpOkpak; my;yJ kpOkpaj; njhlupdhy; ,ay;GgLj;jy;
5.1. nghJik cs mikg;G
5.2. ,ay;GgLj;jy;

vOr;rp Ml;rpapDhlhf khztnuhUtu; kdg;ghd;ik> ,urid> r%fg;

nghUj;jg;ghL Mfpatw;iwAk; ngWfpd;whd;.

cs ,af;f Ml;rpf; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; gFg;gpay;

,af;fr; nraw;ghL vjid ehk; mtjhdpg;gpYk; mq;F ,af;fj;jpwd;> euk;G

jirehu; Mfpatw;wpd; xd;wpizg;G ,Ug;gijf; fhzKbAk;. NkYk; cs
,af;f nraw;ghLfspd; mwpif mk;rq;fspd; nry;thf;Fk; vOr;rp mk;rq;fspd;
nry;thf;Fk; kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,j;Jiwapy; cs;s
Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis ,dq;fz;L tiuaiw nra;jYk;> tifg;gLj;jYk;
rpf;fy; epiwe;j gzpahapw;W. ,j;Jiwapy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; gFg;gpay; xd;iw
Mf;Fk; Kaw;rpahdJ ePz;l fhykhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhjpUe;jikf;F
,j;jilNa fhuzkhapw;W.

rpk;rd; vd;gtu; VO gpujhd gpupTfisf; nfhz;l xU gFg;gpaiy

Kd;itj;jhu;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J `Nwh vd;gtu; MW gpujhd gpupTfisf;
nfhz;l xU gFg;gpaiy cUthf;fpdhu;. Mwpif Ml;rp> vOr;rp Ml;rp Mfpa
Jiwfspy; cs;s Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; gFg;gpay;fs; ngw;Ws;s gpugy;aj;ijAk;>
gz;ghl;ilAk; ,g;gFg;gpay; ,Jtiu milatpy;iy vdpDk;> jpwd;fspy;
fw;wy; rhu;ghf `Nwh Kd;itj;j gFg;gpay; rpwe;j gaDilajhFk;.
,g;gFg;gpaypd; MW gpujhd gpupTfSk; tUkhW>

1. njwptpid mirTfs;
2. %yhjhu mbg;gil mirTfs;
3. Gyf;fhl;rp Mw;wy;fs;
4. cly;rhu; Mw;wy;fs;
5. jpwd;kpF mirTfs;
6. gFj;jwpTrhuh njhlu;ghly; vd;gdthFk;.

cs - ,af;f Ml;rpapDhlhf nghwpKiwfisf; ifahSk; jpwd;> vOJk;

jpwd; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; khztd; ngWfpd;whd;.
gpd;tUk; thpg;glj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L “Constructivism” vd;Dk;
vz;zf;fUtpid tpsf;Ff.

fl;Lkhdthjk; (Construtivism) vd;gJ fw;wtu;fs; jfty;fis nrayw;w

Kiwapy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tijtpl mwpit cUthf;Ffpd;whu;fs; vd;W $Wk;
Nfhl;ghlhFk;. kf;fs; cyif mDgtpj;J> me;j mDgtq;fisg;
gpujpgypf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fis cUthf;fp
Gjpa jftiy mtu;fspd; Kd;Ng ,Uf;Fk; mwptpy;
,izj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. cjhuzkhf> xU Muk;gg; ghlrhiy Mrpupau;
xU Nfhypd; ePsj;ij msf;f tFg;gpy; tpdhtpid Kd;itf;fpd;whu;.
tplaj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; gpur;rpidia Kd;itg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf
Mrpupauhdtu; khztu;fisg; gpujpgypf;fTk;> mtu;fspd; nrhe;j mstPl;L
Kiwfis cUthf;fTk; mDkjpf;fpd;whu;.

fl;LkhdthjkhdJ mw;gkhd fl;Lkhdthjk; (,J kpfTk; mbg;gilahd

kw;Wk; Neubahd Mf;fg+u;tkhd tbtq;fspy; xd;whFk;)> jPtpu fl;Lkhdthjk;>
r%ff; fl;Lkhdthjk; kw;Wk; fyhrhuf; fl;Lkhdthjk; vd ehd;F tifahfg;
gpupj;jwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

fw;wy; KbTfs; (Learning Outcomes) vd;gJ> xU gbg;ig my;yJ xU

jpl;lj;ij Kbg;gjd; tpisthf khztu;fs; vd;d njupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;>
vd;d nra;a KbAk; my;yJ kjpg;gplNtz;Lk; vd;gij Muk;gj;jpy;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; mstplf;$ba mwpf;iffs; MFk;. ,jpy; 05 tifahd fw;wy;
KbTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mwpTrhu; jpwd;fs;: ,e;j tifahd fw;wy;
tpisTfSld; fw;gtu; fUj;Jf;fs;> tpjpfs; my;yJ eilKiwfisg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;tu;. mwpthw;wy; cj;jp: ,e;j tifahd fw;wy; tpisTfspy;>
fw;gtu; rpe;jpf;fTk;> xOq;fikf;fTk;> fw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; kw;Wk;
ele;Jnfhs;sTk; jdpg;gl;l cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. tha;nkhopj;
jfty;fs;> Nkhl;lhu; jpwd;fs;> kdg;ghd;ik vd;gd VidaitahFk;.

fw;wy; eltbf;if (Learning Activity) vd;gJ> cs;slf;ff; ftdk; kw;Wk;

njhlu;G> xU mku;T my;yJ njhFjpf;fhd fw;wy; tpisTfspy; mwptpg;G
my;yJ nraw;ghl;L mwpit cs;slf;fpapUe;jhYk; mit midj;Jk;
khztu;fSf;Fj; jfty;fis toq;Ftjd;%yk; VNjDk; xU tifapy; mit
Mjupf;fg;gLk;. mjhtJ> kw;wtu;fSld; ClhLtjpy; ftdk;> tpku;rd
rpe;jid> cw;gj;jp> gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;T kw;Wk; gpujpgypg;G vd;gtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.

kjpg;gPL (Assessment) vd;gJ khztu;fspd; fw;wy; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghLgw;wpa

mDkhdq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Kiwahd mbg;gilahFk;. ,J
khztu;fspd; fw;wy; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;il mjpfupf;f jfty;fis tiuaWj;jy;>
Nju;Tnra;jy;> tbtikj;jy;> Nrfupj;jy;> gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> tpsf;Fjy;
kw;Wk; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. nghJthf Nehf;fpd;>
kjpg;gPlhdJ> ju Nkk;ghL> jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; KbntLj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; gw;wpa jfty;fspd;
Kiwahd Nrfupg;G> kjpg;gha;T kw;Wk; gad;ghL vdf; fUjyhk;.

fz;lwpjy; (Diagnostic)> cUthf;fk; (Formative)> ,ilepiy (Interim) kw;Wk;

RUf;fk; (Summative) vd ehd;F tifahd kjpg;gPl;L topfhl;bfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kjpg;gPl;bw;Fg; Gjpatu;fs; my;yJ njhlq;Fgtu;fSf;F
tpjpKiwfis tupirg;gLj;jtJ fbdkhfNth my;yJ
mwpKfkpy;yhjjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. kjpg;gplhdJ mwpTWj;jypd;
xUq;fpize;j gFjpahFk;. Vnddpy; ,J fy;tpapd; ,yf;Ffs;
milag;gLfpd;wjh? ,y;iyah? vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ. kjpg;gPl;Lj;
juq;fs;> Ntiytha;g;G> Kd;Ndw;wk;> mwpTWj;jy; Njitfs;> ghlj;jpl;lk;
kw;Wk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; epjpAjtp gw;wpa KbTfis ,it ghjpf;fpd;wJ.

kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; my;yJ jPu;thf> fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; rhjidfs;

my;yJ ghlnewp my;yJ fhyg;gFjpapy; mtu;fs; vt;tsT fw;Wf;
nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gij mstpl kjpg;gPL cjTfpd;wJ.
Mf;fg+u;tkhd rPuikg;G (Constructive Alignment) vd;gJ xU gbg;ghd fw;wy;
KbTfs; gaDs;sjhfTk;> njspthfTk;> Nehf;fkhfTk; ,Ug;gijAk;> fw;wy;
nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lg; gzpfSk; ,e;j KbTfSld; ,ize;J
cUthf;fg;gLtij cWjpnra;Ak; eilKiwahFk;. mjhtJ> fl;likg;G
rPuikg;G vd;gj fw;gpj;jYf;fhd xU tbtikg;ghFk;. ,jpy; khztu;fs; vijf;
fw;fNtz;Lk; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; jq;fs; fw;wiy vt;thW ntspg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;
vd;gJ fw;gpj;jy; eilngwKd; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mf;fg+u;tkhd rPuikg;G (Constructive Alignment) Clhf khztu;fs; fw;wy;

eltbf;iffspd; %yk; jq;fSf;fhd Gupjiy cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
fw;gpj;jy; ntWkNd fw;wYf;fhd xU Cf;fpahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd Mf;fg+u;tkhd
rPuikg;G njhlu;gpy; gpf;]; (2005) mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. khztu;fs;
tpUk;gpa KbTfis epahakhd Kiwapy; fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;why;
Mrpupaupd; mbg;gilg; gzp> khztu;fis fw;wy; eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLj;JtJjhd;. Mrpupau; vd;d nra;fpd;whu; vd;gijtpl fw;Wf;nfhz;lijj;
jPu;khdpg;gNj cz;ikapy; kf;fpakhfJ vd \_y; (1986) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

Mf;fg+u;tkhd rPuikg;gpd; %d;W $Wfshd fw;wy; KbTfs; (Learning

Outcomes)> fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy; eltbf;iffs; (Teaching & Learning
Activities) kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL (Assessment & Feedback) Mfpait fw;wypy;
khztu;fSf;fhd ntt;NtW mZFKiwfSld; vt;thW njhlu;Gilait
vd;gij fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Mf;fg+u;tkhd rPuikg;gpd; Mf;fg+u;tkhd jd;ik vd;gJ> cs;slf;fpa

jiyg;Gfspd; gl;baiyf; fhl;bYk; xU khztUf;Fj; Njitahd Gupjy;
epiyapy; mbg;gilapy; ghlj;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fspd; mwpf;ifapd; %yk; elj;ijf;
fw;gpj;jypy; ,Ue;J Mf;fg+u;tkhd epiyf;F khw;wj;ij Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
elj;Jtjw;F Mf;fg+u;tkhd rPuikg;G $Wfpd;wJ. khztu;fs; vt;thW
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gij kjpg;gPL tYthfg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. mjdhy;jhd;
mJ fy;tp kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffSld; rupahf ,izf;fg;gLtJ
Kf;fpak;. mg;NghJjhd; gaDs;s fw;wy; nray;Kiwia milaKbAk;.

fw;wy; KbTfs; (Learning Outcomes) vd;gJ xU khztu; fw;wy;

nray;Kiwia Kbj;jgpwF vd;d njupe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk; my;yJ vij
ep&gpf;f KbAk; vd;gjw;fhd mwpf;ifahFk;. fw;wy; KbTfs; cau;fy;tp
Kiwfs; kw;Wk; jFjpfSf;Fs; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikf;F ,d;wpaikahj
fl;Lkhdj; njhFjpfspy; cd;whFk; vd NghNyhf;dh (2004) mtu;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

fw;wy; KbTfs; (Learning Outcomes)> mjd; tpisTfisj; njspthf

tiuaWf;fTk;> mit milag;gLtij cWjpnra;af;$ba fw;wy; kw;Wk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisj; Nju;e;njLf;fTk;> mjd; rhjidia kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F
xU El;gq;fisj; njupT nra;aTk;> fw;wy; tpisTfisj; kjpg;gPL nra;J
mit Nehf;fj;Jld; vt;thW nghUe;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;
tpisfpd;wJ.

fw;wy; tpisthsJ fw;gtUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gJk;> fw;Wf;nfhs;gtupd;

VjhtJ nra;af;$ba jpwid typAWj;JtJk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfspd;
KbTfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L msTNfhy;fSf;fpilNa rPuikg;G ,Ug;gij cWjp
nra;aTk; nra;fpd;wJ.

khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwg; gw;wpa njspthd vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs;>

khztu;fspd; jpwikahd fw;wypd; kpf Kf;fpa gFjpahFk; vd uhk;];ld;
(2003) mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; KbTfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gpL
Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd ,e;jj; njhu;G khztu;fSf;F xl;Lmkhj;j fw;wy;
mDgtj;ij NkYk; ntspg;gilahdjhfTk;> mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk; khw;w
cjTfpd;wJ.

rPuikg;G (Assessment)> vd;gJ fw;wy; tpisTfis mila fw;wy;

eltbf;iffSf;F cjTtjpy; Mrpupau; vd;d nra;fpd;whu; vd;gijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL Mfpait fw;wy;
tpisTfis mila tbtikf;fg;gl;l fw;wy; eltbf;iffSld;
rPuikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fw;wy; tpisTfSld; kjpg;gPl;ilr; rPuikg;gJ vd;gJ
khztu;fs; jq;fs; ngWNgWfis vt;thW mstpLjy; vd;gij mwptjhFk;.
fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs; (Learning Objectives) rpy rkaq;fspy; fw;wy;
tpisTfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. (nky;ld;> 1997) mwpTWj;jypd; tpisthf
khztu;fs; vij mila vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gij njspthf tptupf;Fk;
mwpf;iffs; ,itahFk;.
khztu;fSf;F fhl;lg;gLk;NghJ> fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs; khztu;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis mikf;fpd;wd. mtu;fspd; fw;wy; nray;Kiwfis
topelj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; tutpUf;Fk; Nju;TfSf;F mtu;fspd; fw;wy;
Neuj;ij ikag;gLj;j cjTfpd;wd.

njspthd kw;Wk; mstplf;$ba fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fis vOJtjw;fhd 05 gbfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit> ,yf;if milaj; Njitahd mwptpd; msitf;
fz;lwpaTk;> xU nray;tpidiaj; Nju;e;njLf;fTk;> nrhe;j Nehf;fj;ij
cUthf;fTk;> Nehf;fj;ijr; rupghu;f;fTk;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;aTk;
gbKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

epWtd Nehf;fkhdJ (Instutional Goal) > cyfshtpa #oypy; njhopy;Kiw

kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj; Jiwfspy; ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;iff;F khztu;fisj;
jahu;gLj;Jk; fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fis toq;Fjy; nghJf; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhspd;
mbg;gil mwpitf;nfhz;L khztu;fisj; jahu;gLj;jy; MFk;.

tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;by; mwpit toq;Fk; Nehf;FlNdNa MrpupaH xU

ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;fpd;whH. mj;Jld; mg;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjd; %yk; rpy
rpwg;ghd jpwd;fisAk;> NjHr;rpfisAk; khztHfsplj;jpy; tsh;f;f
Ntz;Lnkd vjpHghHf;fpd;whH. vdNt khztHfsplk; xU tplak; njhlHghd
mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Ffis vdNt ,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfSf;F jPHTfhZk;
jifikfisg; ngwNtz;Lnkd;gNj fy;tpapd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf
mikfpd;wJ.

khztHfsplk; xU tplak; njhlHghd mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Ffis

Vw;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpNy Fwpg;gpl;l ghltplak; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L jpl;lkply;
Ntz;Lk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MrpupaHfs; tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;by;
jkJ Njitfis miltjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy; khztupilNa Vw;gLj;jNtz;ba
elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis ,dk; fhZjy; %yNk fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhis Fwpg;gpl
KbAk;.

MrpupaH tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;by; fw;gpj;jy; gw;wp rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ mwpit

toq;Fk; Nehf;FlNdNa mtH mg;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;fpd;whH. ,jd; %yk; rpy
jpwd;fis khztHfsplk; tsHf;f Ntz;LnkdTk;> rpy kdg;ghd;ikia
tpUj;jp nra;aNtz;LnkdTk; vjpHghHf;fpd;wdH. vdNt jhd; khztHfspd;
milit mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F Mfpatw;iw Vw;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ghl
myif jpl;lkply; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt khztH kjpg;gPl;il rpy El;gq;fs; %yk;
mstPL nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,t;tstPLfis Gs;sptpguuPjpapy; vt;thW
nghUSilajhf khw;wyhk; vd;gijg; gw;wpAk; rpe;jpf;f Kay Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhis tiuaiw nra;jyhdJ> Njrpa uPjpahd fy;tpapy;

,yf;F> Nehf;fk; vd;w ,U gjq;fSk; xNu nghUspNy gpuNahfpf;fg;gbDk;
ntt;Ntwhd vjpHghHg;Gfspy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghy; ghlrhiyapy;
Nehf;fk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;> tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs; xNu nghUspNy gpuNahfpf;fg;gbDk;
ntt;Ntwhd vjpHghHg;Gf;fspy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ePz;lfhyj;jpy;
milAk; vjpHghHg;Gfs; ,yf;F vdTk;> ,e;j ,yf;Ffis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L rw;W FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mila vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; vjpHghHg;Gfs;
Nehf;fq;fs; vd;Wk;> Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyapy; ,t;thW milag;gl
Ntz;ba Nehf;fq;fs; tFg;giwapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;bAs;sJ. vdNt
kpfTk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mila vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; vjpHghHg;Gfs; tFg;giw
kl;lj;jpy; tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Njrpa uPjpapy; rpy vjpHghHg;Gfs; milag;gl Ntz;Lkhapd;> me;j vjpHghHg;gpd;

mbg;gilf;$W tFg;giw kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjd; %yk; epiwT
nra;ag;gLk;. vdNt> gy tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; xd;wpiztjd; %yNk
Fwpf;Nfhs; milag;gLfpd;wJ. gy Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; milag;ggLtjd; %yNk
Nehf;fq;fs; milag;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; gy Nehf;fq;fs; milag;gLtjd;
%yNk ,yf;Ffs; milag;gLfpd;wd. vdNt Njrpa uPjpapy; fy;tpapd; ,yf;F
milag;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; tFg;giwapy; Mrpupaupdhy; tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs;
milag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

tFg;giw kl;lj;jpy; tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs; milag;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; ,f;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tiuaiw nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;. vdNt Mrpupaupd;
fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; gpujhd njhopw;ghlhf ,J mikfpd;wJ. ,ijtpl
NkYk; rpy tplaq;fs; gpujhd njhopw;ghLfshf mikfpd;wd. mit>
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tiuaiw nra;jy;. mjw;Fupa nghUj;jkhd ghl
cs;slf;fj;ij njupjy;. nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia njupjy;. rpwe;j
Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;sy;. ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gpliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;
vd;gdthFk;.
njsptw;w> tpsf;fkw;w tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; rpwe;j fw;gpj;jiy Vw;gLj;jhJ.
tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy; jpwk;gl nraw;glNtz;Lkhapd; ghltplaj;jpy;
milag;gl Ntz;ba tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs; njspthfTk;> KiwahfTk;
tiuaiw nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,J fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; midj;J
mk;rq;fisAk; jPHkhdpf;fpd;wd. ,J Kiwahf tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lhyd;wp
,Wjpapy; nra;ag;gLk; kjpg;gPL ntw;wpfukhf mikahJ. ,jdhy; khztupy;
elj;ij khw;wk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjh> ,y;iyah vd;gij tiuaiw nra;aTk;
Kbahky; ,Uf;Fk;.

rpwg;ghd fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ghl tplaj;jpw;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd

tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs; Mrpupaupdhy; cUthf;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,t;thwhd
nghUj;jkhd Fwpf;NfhSk; rpwg;ghd kjpg;gPLk; cs;s fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
tpidj;jpwdhd tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. rpwg;ghd
fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ghl tplaj;jpw;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd tpN\l
Fwpf;Nfhs; Mrpupaupdhy; cUthf;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,t;thwhd
nghUj;jkhd Fwpf;NfhSk; rpwg;ghd kjpg;gPLk; cs;s fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
tpidj;jpwdhd tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

,e;j rpwg;ghd Fwpf;NfhshdJ gy gad;fis fw;gpg;NghDf;F jUfpd;wJ.

mitahtd> MrpupaH fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ mtUila ghltplak; vj;jpirapy;
Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;gij njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. jhk; ngw;w ghlk; njhlHghd
mwptpy; vt;tplaj;ij khztHfSf;F fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk;> vt;thW
jhk; ngw;w fw;wiy Gyg;gLj;j Ntz;L nkd;gijAk; khztHfSf;F
tpN\lkhfj; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jiy jpl;lkply;> khztH fw;wiy
topelj;jy;> kjpg;gPL epajpfis Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gd tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhspd; %yk;
njspTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tpN;\l Fwpf;NfhshdJ> fw;gpj;jYf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Neuk;. ghlg;gug;gpYs;s

tpla myFfs;. Kd;nfhz;L nry;yg;gl Ntz;ba xOq;F. gad;gLj;jNtz;ba
fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fspd; xOq;F. ifahsg;glNtz;ba fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk; njspthd tiuaiwia Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.

tFg;giwapy; khztH milaNtz;ba Fiwe;j gl;r tpidahw;ww; juj;jpid

jPHkhdpf;f tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs; Jizahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghl;by; mtrpakhdtw;iw typAWj;jTk;> mtrpakw;wtw;iw
khw;wpaikf;fTk; my;yJ ePf;fptplTk; tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhs; gw;wpa mwpT
gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;a ,J
toptFf;fpd;wJ.
tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;by; tpN\l Fwpf;Nfhis Vw;gLj;Jk;NghJ> MrpupaH
tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpahd Fwpf;Nfhis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
fw;gpj;jYf;Fl;gl;l ghlg;gug;gpw;F mjhtJ ghl tplaj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd
Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhis (Specific objective) Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; khztdpd; elj;ij rhHghfNt Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhis MrpupaH
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,it khztdpy; milaf;$ba mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F
Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupaupdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l ,f;Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;NfhshdJ MrpupaH rhHghfNth

my;yJ fw;ww;nwhopw;ghl;bd; NtW mk;rq;fs; rhHghfNth mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd;
vLf;fg;gLk; Fwpf;NfhshdJ mHj;jkw;wjhfptpLk;. tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;bd;
,Wjpapy; khztHfspd; elj;ijfspy; mtjhdpf;fg; glf;$ba khw;wq;fs;
rhHghf Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf khztdpd; kdg;ghq;F njhlHghd
elj;ij khw;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; Fwpf;Nfhshapd; ,jd; jpUj;jkhd mstPl;ilg;
ngWtJ kpfTk; f];lkhFk;. ,jdhy; mstPLfspd; ek;gfKk; jFjpAk;
kpff;FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;. vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; khztH elj;ij
xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; jdpj; jdpahd $w;Wf;fspdhy; Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;
mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; Mrpupaupd; xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; cupa
jdpj;jdpahd khztupd; elj;ij khw;wq;fis mwpa KbAk;. midtUk;
mwpaf;$ba tpjj;jpYk;> ,yFtha;g; Gupaf;$ba tpjj;jpYk;> vt;tplj;jpYk;
vtUf;Fk; xNu fUj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $bathWk; njspthd tpsf;fj;ij
mspf;ff;$bathW nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fspdhy; Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;
mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ve;nje;j tplaq;fis khztHfs; mwpa
Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk;> ve;nje;j mwpT kl;lj;jpy; ,tw;wpid mila Ntz;L
nkd;gijAk; nghJj;jd;ik caHthf ,uhky; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; khztH
elj;ijfs; njspthf Gyg;gLk;. vdNt> Fwpg;ghd Fwpf;NfhshdJ
fw;gpj;jYf;F fpilf;Fk; Neu mtfhrk;> ghlg;gug;gpd; jd;ik> khztdpd;
,ay;Gfs; Mfpatw;Wld; nghUe;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
crhj;Jizfs;:

mUs;nkhop> nr.(2009). fw;wypd; mstPLk; kjpg;gPLk;> fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;>

te;jhW%iy.

rpd;dj;jk;gp> f.(2010)> fy;tpapy; mstPLk; kjpg;gPLk; (jpUj;jpa gjpg;G)> NrkkL

gjpg;gfk;> nfhOk;G 11.