Dr. Sazia Nowshin

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WBC

Dr. Sazia Nowshin


WBC
 WBC or leucocytes are nucleated
 Formed partially in the bone marrow and partially
in the lymph tissue
 Classification of WBC:
 1. On the basis of presence of granules in the
cytoplasm
 2. Morphological
WBC
 Classification of WBC:…
 1. On the basis of presence of granules in the
cytoplasm
 A. Granulocytes
 1. Neutrophils
 2. Eosinophils
 3. Basophils
 B. Agranulocytes
 1. Lymphocytes (Large & small)
 2. Monocytes
WBC…
WBC…
 Classification of WBC:…
 2.Morphologically WBC are grouped into two-
 a) Polymorphnuclear leukocytes
 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
 Basophils
 b) Mononuclear cells
 Lymphocytes (T & B)
 Monocytes
WBC…
WBC
 Total count of WBC:
Average: 4,000-11,000/cubic mm of blood
 Differential counts of WBC:
 Neutrophils: 1800–7800/μL; (50–70%)
 Lymphocytes: 1000–4800/μL; (15–45%)

 Monocytes: 0–800/μL; (0–10%)

 Eosinophils: 0–450/μL; (0–6%)

 Basophils: 0–200/μL; (0–2%)


Development of WBC

 Production of granulocytes under normal


physiological condition is called granulopoiesis

 All peripheral blood cells are derived from


pluripotent stem cell by a number of differentiation
steps
Development of WBC…
Development of WBC…
WBC….
 Functions of WBC:
 Phagocytosis

 Immunity

 Inflammation
Neutrophil
WBC…. Neutrophil
 Site of development: Bone marrow
 Cell size: 12-15 µm
 Nucleus: Multilobes (2-5)
 Cytoplasm: Pink
 Granules: Purple
 Half-life:
 4-8 hours in circulation

 & another 4-5 days in tissue


WBC…. Neutrophil
 Synthesized & released
 Chemotacticfactors, Thromboxanes, platelet-
aggregating agents, Leukotrienes & Prostaglandins
 Function:
 Prime
function is ingest & kill bacteria, fungi &
damaged cell (Phagocytosis)
 Enzymes present in neutrophil:
 Myeloperoxidase, Glutathione peroxidase,
Superoxide dismutase, Lysosomal enzymes
Variation in Neutrophil counts
 Normal count : 1800–7800/μL; (50–70%)
 Neutrophilic leucocytosis (Neutrophilia):
 Elevated neutrophil number in blood
 Eg, Bacterial & fungal infection, tissue necrosis,
inflammation (Gout, rheumatoid arthritis,
ulcerative colitis), acute hemorrhage, CML,
corticosteroid therapy, infraction, malignancy,
polycythaemia etc
 Physiological condition like pregnancy, exercise
Variation in Neutrophil counts…
Neutropenia:

 Abnormally low concentration of neutrophils in


the blood
 Eg. Viral infection, Severe bacterial infection,
Autoimmunity, Bone marrow infiltration,
Congenital
Eosinophils
WBC… Eosinophils
 Site of development: Bone marrow
 Cell size: 10-12 µm
 Nucleus: Bilobes
 Cytoplasm: Pale blue
 Granules : Red or orange
 Function:
 Prime function is defense against infection with
helminthes & protozoa
WBC… Eosinophils
 Main identifying characteristic is presence of many
large & elongated granules
 Granules contains-
 Major basic protein (MBP)
 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)

 Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)

 Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)


Variation in Eosinophil counts
 Normal count : 0–450/μL; (0–6%)
 Eosinophilia:
 When the number of eosinophil is exceeds
450/μL in the peripheral blood
 Eg. Parasitic infection, allergic disorder (Asthama),
skin disorder(Eczema), pulmonary disorder,
malignant disorder(Lymphoma, AML) etc
Basophil
WBC… Basophil
 Site of development: Bone marrow
 Cell size: 08-12 µm
 Nucleus: Horseshoe shape
 Cytoplasm: Bluish
 Granules: Dark blue granules (contains Heparin,
Histamine)
 Function:
 Prime function is involved in acute hypersensitivity
reaction
 Prevents intravascular blood coagulation
Variation in Basophil counts
 Normal count : 0–200/μL; (0–2%)
 Basophilia:
 When eosinophil count is exceeds its normal value
in the peripheral blood
 Example: Polycythaemia, CML, Inflamation
(Ulcerative colitis) , acute hypersensitivity
Monocyte
WBC… Monocyte
 Site of development: Bone marrow
 Cell size: 12- 20 µm
 Nucleus:lobulated kidney shaped
 Cytoplasm: Bluish grey staining
 Granules : Absent
 Life span: 10-20 hours in blood
 & 1 month in tissue
 Precursor of tissue macrophages
 Function:
 Prime function is phagocytosis
Variation in Monocyte counts
 Normal count : 0–800/μL; (0–10%)
 Monocytosis:
 If monocytes count is exceeds the normal value in
the peripheral blood
 Example: Chronic infection (TB), Malaria, IBD,
Malignancy
Lymphocytes
WBC….Lymphocytes
 Site of development: Bone marrow
 Cell size: 12- 16 µm (Large); 6-8 µm (Small)
 Nucleus: Rounded, occupies most of the cell
 Cytoplasm: Pale blue staining
 Granules : Absent
 Function:
 Helper T cell activates cytotoxic T-cells
 Cytotoxic T cells kill virus infected cells
 B cell Produce Antibody
WBC….Lymphocytes
Variation in Lymphocytes counts
 Normal count: 1000–4800/μL; (15–45%)
 Lymphocytosis:
 When the number of lymphocytes is exceeds its
normal range in the peripheral blood
 Eg. Bacterial & viral infection, malignant
disorder(Lymphoma, CLL), Post-splnectomy etc
Variation in Lymphocytes counts…
 Lymphopenia:
 When the number of lymphocytes is decreases its
normal range in the peripheral blood
 Eg: Inflammation, Renal failure, Corticosteroid
therapy, cytotoxic drugs, congenital
WBC…T-Lymphocytes

 T-Lymphocytes derived from thymus


 Comprises about 75% of lymphocytes
 Occur by the influence of thymic epithelial hormone
“thymosin’’
 Maturation programme of T-lymphocytes within
thymus is called ‘thymic education’
WBC…T-Lymphocytes
 Functionally T-lymphocytes are divided into
four groups-
 a) Helper T cell
 b) Suppressor T cell
 c) Cytotoxic T cell
 d) Regulatory T cell (that mediate delayed type
of hypersensitivity reaction)
WBC…T-Lymphocytes
 Functions of T-lymphocytes:
 Responsible for cellular immunity by
 Antigen recognition
 Stimulate B-lymphocytes for antibody
production
 Capable of cell killing
 Produced lymphokines

 Responsible for graft rejection reaction


WBC…B-Lymphocytes
 Derived from bone marrow
 More mature B-lymphocytes are found mainly in
lymph nodes & in blood
 Comprises approximately 25% of lymphocytes
 Function:
 Produced antibody

 Prime function is responsible for humoral immunity


WBC…Lymphocytes
Criteria T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes

Precursor Stem cell Stem cell

Maturation Thymus dependent Thymus independent,


maturation occurs within
bone marrow
Counts About 75% About 25%

Function Secrets lymphokines Produces antibody

Responsible for Cellular immunity Humoral immunity


Mononuclear phagocyte system
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Origin:
 In blood monocytes live for 10-20 hours & then

enter into tissue



 In tissue they differentiate & form mature

macrophage
 Mature macrophages forms RE system in tissue

 In tissue macrophage live for week to months


Mononuclear phagocyte system…
Components of tissue Components of tissue macrophages:
macrophages:
 a) Fixed macrophage  b) Wondering
 Kupffer cells macrophage
 Microglia cells
 Macrophages of
 Mesengial cells
serosal cavities
 Macrophages of
 Alveolar
spleen, lymph node
& bone marrow macrophage
 Osteoclast
Mononuclear phagocyte system…
 Secretions of macrophages:
 Cytokines & growth factor
 Enzymes

 Enzymes inhibitors
 Lipids
 Matrix proteins
 Prostaglandins of E-series

 Clot-promoting factors
Mononuclear phagocyte system…
 Functions of macrophages:
1. Phagocytosis
2. Secretory function
3. Regulation of haemopoiesis
4. Killing of tumor cells
5. Tissue repair & remodeling
Brain storming
 You have an infection in a peripheral tissue
 The immune cells you need to fight infection are in
the blood, moving rapidly, with no connection to
solid tissue
 How do you get them to exit the blood, or
extravasate, at the right place?
Solution
 1. Get the cell to slow down & contact the blood
vessel wall, where they can sense the signals to stop
& exit
 2. Provide stop signals where it is needed
 3. Stop the cells
 4. Provide signals that guide into the tissues
WBC Properties :
 Properties of WBC:
 Diapedesis

 Amoeboid motion
 Chemotaxis
 Phagocytosis
Extravasation/Diapedesis
 Process by which WBC come out of the lumen of the
blood vessels into the tissue space is known as
Extravasation/diapedesis
Diapedesis….
 Process:
 1. Rolling: Selectin binding to Mucin-CAM
 2. Activation: Chemokine on endothelial cell binding to
chemokine receptor
 3. Adhesion: Integrin binding to ICAM. After firm adhesion
 4. Migration: Chemokine in tissue binding to chemokine
receptor

Leucocytes squeeze through the pores of the blood capillaries


Pass along the basement membrane & escape into


extravascular space
Extravasation/Diapedesis..
Amoeboid movement
 Ameboid movement is
movement of an entire
cell in relation to its
surroundings, such as
movement of white
blood cells through
tissues
Amoeboid
movement….
 Neutrophils and macrophages can move through the
tissues by ameboid motion
Process: Protrusion of pseudopodium from one end of
the cell

Pseudopodium projects far away from the cell body


Remainder of the cell moves towards the


pseudopodium
Phagocytosis
 Process by which WBC engulf foreign body &
damage tissues
 Steps:
 1. Recognition & attachment
 2. Engulfment

 3. Killing & degradation


 i. Oxygen-dependent
 ii. Oxygen-independent
Phagocytosis….
Chemotaxis
 The most important initiator of ameboid motion is
the process called chemotaxis, which results from the
appearance of certain chemical substances in the
tissues.
 After extravasation, WBC emigrate in tissues
towards the site of injury is known chemotaxis
 Process: By the chemotactic agents

Leucocytes are attracted to the site of injury


Chemotaxis…
Thank you

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