Pressure Questions P2 Question 5054

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7. Pressure

Content

7.1 Pressure

7.2 Pressure changes

Learning outcomes

Candidates should be able to:

(a) define the term pressure in terms of force and area, and do calculations using the equation

pressure = force/area.

(b) explain how pressure varies with force and area in the context of everyday examples.

(c) describe how the height of a liquid column may be used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

(d) explain quantitatively how the pressure beneath a liquid surface changes with depth and density
of the

liquid in appropriate examples.

(e) recall and use the equation for hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh.

(f) describe the use of a manometer in the measurement of pressure difference.

(g) describe and explain the transmission of pressure in hydraulic systems with particular reference
to the

hydraulic press and hydraulic brakes on vehicles.

(h) describe how a change in volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is caused by a
change

in pressure applied to the gas.

recall and use p1V1 = p2V2.

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O/N18/21/Q2

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M/J18/21/Q3

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O/N17/21/Q2

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O/N17/22/Q3

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M/J17/21/Q2

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M/J17/22/Q3

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O/N16/22/Q5

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M/J16/21/Q12(c)

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O/N15/21/Q2

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0/N15/22/Q3

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M/J15/21/Q3

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O/N14/21/Q3

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O/N14/22/Q3

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M/J14/21/Q9

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M/J14/22/Q2

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O/N13/21/Q3

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O/N13/22/Q3

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M/J13/21/Q3

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O/N12/21/Q9(a)

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O/N12/22/Q9

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M/J12/21/Q3

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O/N18/21/Q2

2(a)(i) (p =) 〉 gh or 940 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 3.3 C1

3.1 ⋅ 104 Pa A1
2(a)(ii) atmospheric pressure acts at both ends of crack B1
2(b) (surface) level decreases / drops B1
pressure (at level of crack) decreases

M/J18/21/Q3

3(a) they / molecules hit (inside) wall B1

they / molecules create a force and a reference to area B1
3(b)(i)
p1V1 = p2V2 in any form numerical or algebraic C1
400 cm3 A1
3(b)(ii) ANY 2 from
no gas / air / molecules escape(s)
temperature constant
no forces between molecules
B2

O/N17/21/Q2

2(a)(i) (pressure = )force / area B1

2(a)(ii) fewer molecules or less gas or more space / further apart B1
less frequent collisions (with walls) B1
less force exerted on walls B1
2(b) (p1 = )p2V2 / V1 or p1V1 = p2V2 1.0 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 9.4 ⋅ 10–4 / 1.8 ⋅ 10–4 C1
5.2 ⋅ 105 Pa A1

O/N17/22/Q3

3(a) (P =) F / A or 240 / (0.44 ⋅ 0.21) or 240 / 0.092(4) C1

2.6 ⋅ 103
Pa A1
3(b) atmospheric pressure (is acting on the block / ground) B1
3(c)(i) 0.065 m or 6.5 cm or 65 mm B1
3(c)(ii) two separate approaches I / II
I centre of mass rises B1
gravitational potential energy gained B1
or
II block has weight
B1
force moves or something moves in direction of force or force makes block move / rotate
B1

M/J17/21/Q2

2(a) greater pressure in Fig. 2.2 and smaller area (in contact) in Fig. 2.2
or more force through the back legs

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B1
pressure is inversely proportional to area
or pressure is force / area
B1
2(b) Any 2 of
centre of mass (on or) outside base / chair / leg
weight acts on left of / outside chair leg
B1
(anticlockwise) moment (created) B1

M/J17/22/Q3

3(a) force ⋅ distance

ignore force into distance
C1
force ⋅ perpendicular distance (from line of action to point / pivot) A1
3(b) any moment calculation seen, e.g. F ⋅ 22 = 80 ⋅ 4 C1
15 N A1
3(c) (P=) force / area or 80 / 0.0012 C1
6.7 ⋅ 104 Pa A1

O/N16/22/Q5

(a) atoms / molecules / particles move / collide B1

atoms / molecules / particles collide with walls / piston B1
collisions cause forces B1
(b) (p2 = )p1V1 / V2 or 1.1 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 40 / 110 C1
4.0 ⋅ 104 Pa A1 [5]

M/J16/21/Q12(c)

(c) (i) (F=) P × A numerical or algebraic C1

60 N A1
(ii) same pressure B1
larger area (of S / brake pads) B1

O/N15/21/Q2

2 (a) poor absorber / good reflector of (infra-red) radiation B1

(not with poor emitter)
less thermal energy absorbed B1
(b) (i) (pressure / it) decreases B1
molecules slow down B1
less frequent / less violent (molecular) collisions with wall B1
(ii) (pressure difference causes) a downward force on lid
or pressure outside > pressure inside B1 [6]

O/N15/22/Q3

3 (a) (p = )hρg or 32 × 1000 × 10 C1

3.2 × 105 Pa A1
(b) (i) atmospheric pressure (is also acting on the surface of the water) B1
(ii) (F = )pA or 4.2 × 105 × 45 or 3.2 × 105 × 45 or 1.44 × 107 C1
1.9 / 1.89 × 107

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N A1
(c) (vector) has a direction or scalar does not have a direction or
(vectors) may cancel or scalars cannot cancel B1 [6]

M/J15/21/Q3

3 (a) Pa or N / m2 or cm of mercury or atmosphere(s) B1

(b) correct points plotted at (0.5V0, 2P0) and (2V0, 0.5P0) B1
curve through points of decreasing gradient B1
(c) molecules hit sides / piston B1
more molecules hit per second / hit more frequently B1
molecular impacts create large(r) force (upwards on piston) B1

O/N14/21/Q3

3 (a) (atoms / molecules / particles) move (about) / collide / hit B1

(atoms / molecules / particles) collide / hit the walls / surface (of the cylinder) M1
force on walls (causes pressure) A1
(b) atoms / molecules / particles closer / more compact / more molecules per unit
volume / less space to move B1
more collisions with the wall / surface (of chamber) not if speed / KE changes B1 [5]

O/N14/22/Q3

3 (a) V1 = p2V2 / p1 or p α 1 / V B1
1.0 × 105 × (1.8 / 2.0) × 107 C1
9.0 × 10–3
m3 or 9000 cm3 A1
(b) (i) (ρ = ) m / V or (0.30 / 9.0) × 10–3 C1
33(.3333) kg / m3 or 0.033(3333) g / cm3 A1
(ii) helium mass / weight small (fraction of total / mass of air included) or this
includes the weight of the cylinder B1 [6]

M/J14/21/Q9

9 (a) (i) force per unit area or force divided by area or force on 1 m2 or force on unit
area [B1]
(ii) more water above or more force from water or more atoms / molecules
above [C1]
larger weight of water above [A1]
(iii) Pa or N / m2 [B1]
(b) electrical energy at start of process [B1]
kinetic energy of water / turbine/blade produced [B1]
some heat energy / thermal energy / internal energy produce [B1]
(c) (i) (M=) D × V in any algebraic or numerical form [C1]
780 kg [A1]
(ii) (W=) mgh or Fd in any algebraic or numerical form [C1]
11700 J or 12000 J [A1]
(iii) (P=) W / t in any algebraic or numerical form or 195(W) [C1]
3.25 or 3.2 or 3.3 W [A1]
(d) find difference in mass of container, with and without water [B1]
measuring cylinder or similar instrument used to find volume and density
checked [B1]
other methods are possible, e.g. use of calibrated hydrometer

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[15]

M/J14/22/Q2

1 (a) (i) D and either lorry accelerates (forward) or resultant force is forward [B1]
(ii) air resistance or (air) drag or friction (between tyres and road) [B1]
(b) (i) 30 000 kg [B1]
(ii) (a=) F / m algebraic in any form or numerical [C1]
0.5(0) m / s2 [A1]
(c) direction or velocity is changing or acceleration or force is sideways or towards centre
(of circle) [B1]
[6]
2 (a) (i) (P=) F / A algebraic in any form or numerical [C1]
33 N / cm2 or 3.3 × 105
N / m2 [A1]
(ii) 170 N or 167 N or 166.7 N or (i) × 5 with unit [B1]
(b) volume (of oil) remains the same
or oil passes from small(er) to large(r) area
or work = Fd and force large so distance small [B1]
(c) output ÷ input or fraction or percentage of work mentioned [C1]
complete definition, e.g. useful work obtained ÷ (total) work put in [A1]
[6]

O/N13/21/Q3

3 (a) molecules move/collide (ignore vibrate) C1

molecules collide with the walls (to produce force) A1
(b) (i) (p2 =)p1V1/V2 or p1V1 = p2V2 or 1.0 × 105 × 120/16 or 100 × 120/16 C1
7.5 × 105 Pa or 750 kPa A1
(ii) (F =)pA or 7.50 × 105 × 1.2 × 10–5 or 750 × 1.2 × 10–5 C1
9(.0) N A1
(iii) (pressure) greater (than calculated) B1
molecules move faster/have more KE/collide more often (accept vibrate faster) B1
molecules collide more often/frequently or harder/with greater force B1 [9]

O/N13/22/Q3

3 (a) (i) (p =) F/A or 12 000/0.048 or 12 000/0.14

or (in (ii)) (F =) pA or 2.5 × 105 × 0.14 C1
2.5 × 105
Pa A1
(ii) 35 000 N A1
(b) atmospheric pressure or friction (between cylinder and piston/oil)
(accept bubbles (of air) in oil or viscosity of oil) B1
(c) (W.D. =) F × d or 12 000 × 0.065 or 35 000 × 0.065 or 2275 C1
780 J A1
(d) (liquids) incompressible or air spongy or (oil) lubricates the system or (oil)
reduces friction
(ignore density references, ignore oil compresses less) B1 [7]

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M/J13/21/Q3

3 (a) Q and R B1
(b) ρgh in any form, algebraic or numerical C1
1.0(336) × 105 N/m2 A1
(c) water is less dense or has density 1000 (kg/m3) B1
water further up tube/fills tube or height greater or water enters pump or water
boils B1 [5]

O/N12/21/Q9(a)

9 (a) (i) (ΔP= ) ρgh or 1000 × 10 × 120 C1

1.2 × 106 Pa A1
(ii) 1.3 × 106 Pa B1 [3]
(b) (i) (F = )PA or 1.2 × 106 × 0.45 or 1.3 × 106 × 0.45 or 5.4 × 105 (N) C1
5.8/5.85/5.9 × 105 N A1
(ii) any two of:
weight of hatch
pressure inside submarine
friction at seal/hinge/water resistance
lever effect B2 [4]

O/N12/22/Q9

9 (a) (i) (p = )ρhg or 1000 × 15 × 10 C1

1.5 × 105
Pa A1
(ii) 2.5 × 105
Pa B1 [3]
(b) (i) p1V1 = p2V2 or 250 000 × 0.048 = 100 000 × V2 C1
0.12 m3 A1
(ii) molecules/particles: further apart or their speed is unchanged B1
(molecular) collisions with balloon/walls/unit area B1
less frequent collisions (not if force/violence of each collision less) B1 [5]
(c) water molecules: close(r)/move in clusters/move within the liquid
or air molecules: far/further apart/move individually/move throughout container B1 [1]
(d) (i) net/resultant/unbalanced force upwards (at first)
or upwards force greater B1
friction/resistance/drag/downward force increases
(until) downward force = upward force/forces balance/no resultant force B3
(ii) starts from marked (0,0) or initial gradient = 0 B1
increasing gradient initially B1
constant gradient (must be greater than zero) finally B1 [6]
[Total: 15]

M/J12/21/Q3

3 (a) 14 N B1
(b) (P =) F/A algebraically in symbols or words in any form; 14/3.0 × 10–5 C1
4.67 × 105
Pa; 4.7 × 105
Pa ecf (a) A1
(c) stiffer/stronger spring; piston has less area/diameter; smaller piston (and tube) B1
(d) molecules/particles/atoms collide with tyre/walls/piston B1
air/molecules enter gauge; fewer molecules in the tyre; fewer hits/sec;

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less frequent hits; volume increases B1 [6]

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