SUBMITTED TO: DR.

ABIR HASSAN NAQVI

SUBMITTED BY: AROOBA IRFAN
STUDENT NO: 2019-2317

Question # 1
(a): Define computers,

A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations

and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware
program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and then
produce outputs.
Computers can also store data for later uses in appropriate storage devices,
and retrieve whenever it is necessary.
Modern computers are electronic devices used for a variety of purposes
ranging from browsing the web, writing documents, editing videos, creating
applications, playing video games, etc.

Why computers are going to be popular in our society?

Computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even where it is

most unexpected. That is why this age is called as the era of IT. And now
we cannot imagine a world without computers. It is made up of two things
one is the hardware and other is software. All physical components of
computer like keyboard, mouse, monitor etc comes under the hardware
whereas all the programs and languages used by the computer are called
software. These days computers are the tools for not only engineers and
scientists but also they are being used by millions of people around the
world.
Nowadays computers are everywhere. We use them at school, at work, and even at home
in our leisure time—it is no exaggeration to say are a part of almost all of our daily activities.
In fact, so many of our daily tasks are performed by computers that we are often not even
aware of it. Whether you are writing an email, withdrawing money from an ATM, entering the
MTR using your Octopus card, or recording a phone number on your mobile phone, you are
using a computer in the p
 (b): how do we classify computers?

Classification of Computers
There are the different types of computers available these days. The function
of each type of computer is to process the data and provide some output to
the users. However, the methods or techniques used by these computers to
process and handle the data may be different. We can classify the computer
according to the following three criteria:

1Based on applications

2Based on size and capability

3Based on operating principles

1) Based on Application
Different computers are designed for a different purpose so that they can
perform their tasks according to their capabilities. On the basis of different
applications or purpose, computers can be classified into the following
categories:

1. General purpose computers

They are designed in such a manner that they can work in all environments.
The general purpose computers are versatile and can store a number of
programs meant for performing distinct tasks. The general purpose
computers are not efficient and consume a large amount of time in
generating the results.
2. Special purpose computers
They are designed in such a manner that they can perform only a specified
task. The special purpose computers are not versatile and their speed and
memory size depend on the task that is to be performed. The special
purpose computers are efficient and consume less amount of time in
generating the results.

2) Based on size and Capabilities

Computers differ from each other in terms of their size, shape, and weights.
Each type of computers perform some unique functions and can be
employed in the fields suited to them. On the basis of size, shape the
computers can be classified into the following categories.
1. Microcomputers
A microcomputer is a small and cheap digital computer that is designed to
be used by individuals. It is built around a microprocessor, a storage unit,
and an I/o channel. The microcomputers are generally in the form of PCs,
workstations and notebook computers.
2. Mini computers
A minicomputer was first introduced in the year 1960 by Digital Equipment
Corporations (DEC). They were called minicomputers because of their
smaller size than the other computers of those time.
3. Mainframe computers
A mainframe computer is a very large computer that is employed by the
large business organization for handling major applications such as financial
transaction processing.
4. Super computers
A super computer is the fastest type of computers that can perform complex
operations at a very high speed. The super computer was first presented in
the year 1960s by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation CDC). They are
more expansive than the other categories of computers.

3) Based on Operating Principles:

On the basis of the operation performed and methods used to store and
process the data information, computers can be classified into the following
categories:

1. Analog computers
The analog computers represent data in the form of continuous electrical
signals having a specific magnitude. These computers are very fast in their
operations to be carried out at the same time. They are a powerful tool to
solve differential equations.
2. Digital Computers
The digital computer is also known as the digital information processing
system, is a type of computer that stores and processes data in the digital
form. Therefore each type of data is usually stored in these computers in
terms of 0s and 1s. The output produced by these computers is also in the
digital form.
3. Hybrid Computers
The hybrid computer is a combination of analog computer and digital
computer because it encompasses the best features of both these
computers. Therefore the hardware components of hybrid computers are
usually the mixture of analog and digital components. The hybrid computer
is also less expensive than the digital computers.
Question # 2: Differentiate between the following:
(a) RAM & ROM

RAM ROM
 RAM is volatile memory,  ROM is non-volatile
which means that the memory, which means the
information temporarily information is
stored in the module is permanently stored on the
erased when you restart chip.
or shut down your  The memory does not
computer. depend on an electric
 Because the information current to save data,
is stored electrically on instead, data is written to
transistors, when there is individual cells using
no electric current, the binary code.
data disappears. Each  Non-volatile memory is
time you request a file or used for parts of the
information, it is retrieved computer that do not
either from the computer's change, such as the initial
storage disk or the boot-up portion of the
internet. software, or the firmware
 When the computer is instructions that make
shut down, the memory is your printer run.
cleared until the process  Non-volatile memory
begins again. Volatile cannot be changed by
memory can be changed, users
upgraded, or expanded
easily by users.  Turning off the computer
does not have any effect
 The data is stored in on ROM.
RAM, so each time you
switch from one program
or page to another, the
information is instantly
available.

(b) Data & Information

DATA INFORMATION
 Data is unorganised raw  Information is a
facts that need processing processed, organized
without which it is data presented in a given
seemingly random and context and is useful to
 useless to humans humans.
 Data is an individual unit  Information is a group of
that contains raw material data that collectively carry
which does not carry any a logical meaning.
specific meaning.  Information depends on
 Data doesn’t depend on data.
information.
 It is measured in bits and
bytes.  Information is measured
 Data is never suited to the in meaningful units like
specific needs of a time, quantity, etc.
designer.  Information is specific to
the expectations and
 An example of data is a requirements because all
student’s test score the irrelevant facts and
figures are removed,
during the transformation
process.

 The average score of a

class is the information
derived from the given
data.

(c) Software & Hardware

SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
 Hardware is a  Software is a set of instruction that tells a computer

physical exactly what to do.

parts computer that

 It is developed and engineered.
cause processing of
 software can not be executed without hardware.
data.

 We can see and also use the software but can’t

 It is manufactured.
actually touch them.
 Hardware can not
 It is mainly divided into System software,
perform
. Programming software and Application software.
any task without
 software.  Software is affected by computer viruses.

 As Hardware are  But, it can be transferred.

physical
 If software is damaged, its backup copy can be
electronic devices, we
reinstalled.
can see and touch
 Ex: Ms Word, Excel, Power Point, Photoshop,
hardware.
MySQL etc.
 It has four main

categories: input

device, output

devices, storage, and

internal components.

 Hardware is not

affected by computer

viruses.

 It can not be

transferred

from one place to

another electrically

through

network.

 If hardware is

damaged, it

is replaced with new

one.

Ex: Keyboard,

Mouse, Monitor,

Printer, CPU,

Hard disk, RAM,

ROM etc.

Question # 3: Define peripherals of the computer and

write brief notes any six?
A computer peripheral is any external device that provides input and output for the
computer. For example, a keyboard and mouse are input peripherals, while a
monitor and printer are output peripherals. Computer peripherals, or peripheral
devices, are sometimes called "I/O devices" because they provide input and output
for the computer. Some peripherals, such as external hard drives, provide both input
and output for the computer.
1. Mouse
A mouse is an input device that uses "point and click" technology to interact
with a computer. Modern mice typically have two buttons, the left button and
right button, with a scroll wheel in between the two. The device was named
a "mouse" because the inventors thought that the wire that connects the
device to the computer resembles a mouse tail. Nowadays, mice often
connect to the computer using wireless technology.
2. Keyboard
Keyboards are the most common input device. The user enters letters,
numbers, and other symbols to give the computer with information and
instruction. Using a keyboard to enter a lot of information is called typing.
The keyboard works through push buttons or mechanical switches, known
as "keys", being pressed, and the resulting signal being sent to the
computer. In the past, keyboards used to connect to the computer via a DIN
connector, but nowadays they are more likely to connect via a USB port or
be wireless.
3. Webcam
These input devices are video cameras that connect to a computer. They
can be external or built-in. Webcams are most often used to enable people
to see each other when communicating over the internet, or for recording
video blogs, or other videos. As well as computers, webcams can also be
built into mobile phones. The first webcam was developed in 1991 at the
University of Cambridge and pointed at a coffee pot so that researchers
from around the Computer Science Department wouldn’t make a journey,
only to discover it was empty.
4. Microphone
Microphones are audio input devices. The microphone feeds a sound signal
to the computer, where it can be recorded, or streamed across the internet.
Microphones are often built into laptops, webcams and mobile phones
nowadays. The earliest microphones were telephone transmitters invented
in the latter half of the 19th century. Various designs were tried, but the first
to have reasonable sound quality were (loose-contact) carbon microphones
that were developed independently by David Edward Hughes in England,
and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US.
5. Monitor
The most common output device, monitors enable users to interact with a
computer more easily. The monitor essentially displays a signal sent by the
computer in a visual format. Monitors look similar to televisions in outward
appearance, but typically have a higher display resolution than televisions,
enabling greater visual detail, plus they lack a tuner to change channels. As
with televisions, modern computer monitors use flat screen technology and
have fallen in price in recent years.
6. Speakers
A computer speaker is another common type of output device. They
typically come in pairs to provide stereo sound and sometimes with a
subwoofer unit too in order to enhance bass frequency. Computer speakers
usually have built-in amplifiers and therefore require a power supply, either
from the mains, batteries, or via a USB port. In the past, speakers typically
received their audio signal via a 3.5 mm jack plug, but there are many
wireless speakers nowadays that use Bluetooth technology. Altec Lansing
claim to have produced the first commercially available computer speakers
in 1990.

Question # 4: Write note on evolution of computers and

explain uses of computers in different
departments?

Computers in the form of personal desktop computers, laptops and tablets have
become such an important part of everyday living that it can be difficult to
remember a time when they did not exist. In reality, computers as they are known
and used today are still relatively new. Although computers have technically been
in use since the abacus approximately 5000 years ago, it is modern computers that
have had the greatest and most profound effect on society. The first full-sized
digital computer in history was developed in 1944. Called the Mark I, this computer
was used only for calculations and weighed five tons. Despite its size and limited
ability it was the first of many that would start off generations of computer
development and growth.
 First Generation Computers
First generation computers bore little resemblance to computers of today, either in
appearance or performance. The first generation of computers took place from 1940
to 1956 and was extremely large in size. The inner workings of the computers at
that time were unsophisticated. These early machines required magnetic drums for
memory and vacuum tubes that worked as switches and amplifiers. It was the
vacuum tubes that were mainly responsible for the large size of the machines and
the massive amounts of heat that they released. These computers produced so much
heat that they regularly overheated despite large cooling units. First generation
computers also used a very basic programming language that is referred to as
machine language.
 Second Generation Computers
The second generation (from 1956 to 1963) of computers managed to do away with
vacuum tubes in lieu of transistors. This allowed them to use less electricity and
generate less heat. Second generation computers were also significantly faster than
their predecessors. Another significant change was in the size of the computers,
which were smaller. Transistor computers also developed core memory which they
used alongside magnetic storage.
 Third Generation Computers
From 1964 to 1971 computers went through a significant change in terms of speed,
courtesy of integrated circuits. Integrated circuits, or semiconductor chips, were
large numbers of miniature transistors packed on silicon chips. This not only
increased the speed of computers but also made them smaller, more powerful, and
less expensive. In addition, instead of the punch cards and the printouts of previous
systems, keyboards and monitors were now allowing people to interact with
computing machines.
 Fourth Generation Computers
The changes with the greatest impact occurred in the years from 1971 to 2010.
During this time technology developed to a point where manufacturers could place
millions of transistors on a single circuit chip. This was called monolithic integrated
circuit technology. It also heralded the invention of the Intel 4004 chip which was
the first microprocessor to become commercially available in 1971. This invention
led to the dawn of the personal computer industry. By the mid-70s, personal
computers such as the Altair 8800 became available to the public in the form of kits
and required assembly. By the late 70s and early 80s assembled personal computers
for home use, such as the Commodore Pet, Apple II and the first IBM computer,
were making their way onto the market. Personal computers and their ability to
create networks eventually would lead to the Internet in the early 1990s. The fourth
generation of computers also saw the creation of even smaller computers including
laptops and hand-held devices. Graphical user interface, or GUI, was also invented
during this time. Computer memory and storage also went through major
improvements, with an increase in storage capacity and speed.
 The Fifth Generation of Computers
In the future, computer users can expect even faster and more advanced computer
technology. Computers continue to develop into advanced forms of technology.
Fifth generation computing has yet to be truly defined, as there are numerous paths
that technology is taking toward the future of computer development. For instance,
research is ongoing in the fields of nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, as well as
quantum computation.
Use of computer in different departments?
Computers Aid at Education:

Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can
significantly enhance performance in learning. Even distance learning is
made productive and effective through internet and video-based classes.
Researchers have massive usage of these computers in their work from the
starting to till the end of their scholarly work.

Computers in our Health and Medicine:

Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to
reports. Computation in the field of medicine allows us tooffer varied
miraculous therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t possible
without computers.

Aid of Computers at Financial Institutions:

We know well that computers are being used by the financial institutions like
banks for different purposes. The foremost important thing is to store
information about different account holders in a database to be available at
any time. Keeping the records of the cash flow, giving the information
regarding your account,

Computers for our Pass time:

Computers are now the major entertainers and the primary pass time
machines. We can use computers for playing games, watching movies,
listening to music, drawing pictures.

Computers are a part of our Transport System:

With internet on computers we can know the details of the buses or trains or
the flight available to our desired destination. The timings and even the
updates on the delay can also be known through these computers. We can
book our tickets through online. Staff of the transport system will keep a
track of the passengers, trains or flight details, departure and arrival timings
by using computers.

Inevitable use of Computers in Business and Corporate Stages:

Every single information shared can be recorded by using computer. Official

deals and the issues were made even through online. We use email system
to exchange the information. It has wide uses in marketing, stock
exchanges and bank. Even the departmental stores can’t run effectively
without computer.

Wonders of Computer in E-Commerce:

Electronic mail is the revolutionary service offered by the computes. Video

Conferencing is also another major advantage. Electronic shopping through
online shopping added favor to purchaser and merchants. Electronic
banking is now at your hand where every bank has online support for
transaction of monetary issues. You can easily transfer your money
anywhere even from your home.

Computer at our Defense:

Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other
equipment in the deference system. Designing and the maintenance are
possible only through computers. Computer builds the links between the
soldiers and commanders through the satellite. Construction of weapons
and controlling their function is not possible without the aid of computers.
The list of the criminals and the records of the cops are maintained regularly
in the system.

Computer is today’s Designer:

As per the title computers aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints,
newspapers, books and many others. The construction layouts are
designed beautifully on system using different tools and software’s.

Question # 5: What are computer virus types of

computer viruses, how do they affect our
computer & how to protect our computer from
them?

A computer virus is a malicious software program loaded onto a

user's computer without the user's knowledge and performs malicious
actions. ... It can self-replicate, inserting itself onto other programs or files,
infecting them in the processes.
B) Types of computer virus:
A computer virus is one type of malware that inserts its virus code to
multiply itself by altering the programs and applications. The computer gets
infected through the replication of malicious code. Computer viruses come
in different forms to infect the system in different ways. Find some of the
most common type of computer viruses here,
Boot Sector Virus 
This type of virus infects the master boot record and it is challenging and a
complex task to remove this virus and often requires the system to be
formatted. Mostly it spreads through removable media.
Direct Action Virus 
This is also called non-resident virus, it gets installed or stays hidden in the
computer memory. It stays attached to the specific type of files that it infect.
It does not affect the user experience and system’s performance.
Resident Virus 
Unlike direct action viruses, resident viruses get installed on the computer.
It is difficult to identify the virus and it is even difficult to remove a resident
virus.
Multipartite Virus 
This type of virus spreads through multiple ways. It infects both the boot
sector and executable files at the same time.
Polymorphic Virus 
These types of viruses are difficult to identify with a traditional anti-virus
program. This is because the polymorphic viruses alter its signature pattern
whenever it replicates.
Overwrite Virus 
This type of virus deletes all the files that it infects. The only possible
mechanism to remove is to delete the infected files and the end-user has to
lose all the contents in it. Identifying the overwrite virus is difficult as it
spreads through emails.
Space filler Virus 
This is also called “Cavity Viruses”. This is called so as they fill up the empty
spaces between the code and hence does not cause any damage to the file.
C) how computer virus affects?
Some computer viruses are programmed to harm your computer by
damaging programs, deleting files, or reformatting the hard drive. Others
simply replicate themselves or flood a network with traffic, making it
impossible to perform any internet activity. Even less harmful computer
viruses can significantly disrupt your system’s performance, sapping
computer memory and causing frequent computer crashes.
D) How to protect against computer viruses
When you arm yourself with information and resources, you’re wiser about
computer security threats and less vulnerable to threat tactics. Take these
steps to safeguard your PC with the best computer virus protection:  
 Use antivirus protection and a firewall
 Get antispyware software
 Always keep your antivirus protection and antispyware software up-to-
date
 Update your operating system regularly
 Increase your browser security settings
 Avoid questionable Web sites
 Only download software from sites you trust.
 Carefully evaluate free software and file-sharing applications before
downloading them.  
 Don't open messages from unknown senders
 Immediately delete messages you suspect to be spam.

Question # 6: what is a network; write notes on different

kinds of networks?

Computer network, two or more computers that are connected with

one another for the purpose of communicating data electronically.
Besides physically connecting computer and communication devices,
a network system serves the important function of establishing
 a cohesive architecture that allows a variety of equipment types to
transfer information in a near-seamless fashion. Two popular
architectures are ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
and IBM’s Systems Network Architecture (SNA).

B) TYPES OF NETWORK:

 1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

The smallest and most basic type of network, a PAN is made up of a wireless
modem, a computer or two, phones, printers, tablets, etc., and revolves around one
person in one building. These types of networks are typically found in small offices
or residences, and are managed by one person or organization from a single device.

) 2. Local Area Network (LAN

We’re confident that you’ve heard of these types of networks before – LANs are the
most frequently discussed networks, one of the most common, one of the most
original and one of the simplest types of networks. LANs connect groups of
computers and low-voltage devices together across short distances (within a
building or between a group of two or three buildings in close proximity to each
other) to share information and resources. Enterprises typically manage and
maintain LANs.

Using routers, LANs can connect to wide area networks (WANs, explained below)
to rapidly and safely transfer data.

3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Functioning like a LAN, WLANs make use of wireless network technology, such as
Wi-Fi. Typically seen in the same types of applications as LANs, these types of
networks don’t require that devices rely on physical cables to connect to the
network.

4. Campus Area Network (CAN)

Larger than LANs, but smaller than metropolitan area networks (MANs, explained
below), these types of networks are typically seen in universities, large K-12 school
districts or small businesses. They can be spread across several buildings that are
fairly close to each other so users can share resources.

5. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

These types of networks are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs – and
incorporate elements from both types of networks. MANs span an entire geographic
area (typically a town or city, but sometimes a campus). Ownership and
maintenance is handled by either a single person or company (a local council, a
large company, etc.).

6. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Slightly more complex than a LAN, a WAN connects computers together across
longer physical distances. This allows computers and low-voltage devices to be
remotely connected to each other over one large network to communicate even
when they’re miles apart.

The Internet is the most basic example of a WAN, connecting all computers
together around the world. Because of a WAN’s vast reach, it is typically owned
and maintained by multiple administrators or the public.

7. Storage-Area Network (SAN)

As a dedicated high-speed network that connects shared pools of storage devices to
several servers, these types of networks don’t rely on a LAN or WAN. Instead, they
move storage resources away from the network and place them into their own high-
performance network. SANs can be accessed in the same fashion as a drive attached
to a server. Types of storage-area networks include converged, virtual and unified
SANs.

8. System-Area Network (also known as SAN)

This term is fairly new within the past two decades. It is used to explain a relatively
local network that is designed to provide high-speed connection in server-to-server
applications (cluster environments), storage area networks (called “SANs” as well)
and processor-to-processor applications. The computers connected on a SAN
operate as a single system at very high speeds.

9. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)

As an alternative to traditional switch-based Ethernet LANs, POLAN technology
can be integrated into structured cabling to overcome concerns about supporting
traditional Ethernet protocols and network applications such as PoE (Power over
Ethernet). A point-to-multipoint LAN architecture, POLAN uses optical splitters to
split an optical signal from one strand of singlemode optical fiber into multiple
signals to serve users and devices.

10. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

These types of networks are built and owned by businesses that want to securely
connect its various locations to share computer resources.

11. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

By extending a private network across the Internet, a VPN lets its users send and
receive data as if their devices were connected to the private network – even if
they’re not. Through a virtual point-to-point connection, users can access a private
network remotely.

Question # 7: What is Ms word, how Ms word can be

used to enhance performance of teachers and
students.
A good definition is that it's a word processor. That's an application you use
to “process”— format, manipulate, save, print, share — a text-based
document.  Microsoft Word is arguably the most popular word processor on
the planet. That’s because it’s part of Microsoft’s Office Suite, which is
installed in 1 billion devices in the world (according to groovyPost). When
Word 1.0 for Windows was released in 1989, it was one of the first word
processors that offered a WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get)
interface. 

This combination of ease of use and robust features makes it the go-to word
processor in both homes and offices today. It’s now also available for the
Mac operating system as well as a web-based version through an Office
365 subscription.

Microsoft application is a teaching tool for tutors and teachers.

In which tutors can use Microsoft word templates to teach complex
fundamentals into simple methods. E.g. Write a letter for a school leaving
certificate. In the traditional education method, students write and practice
school leaving certificates on notebooks. But in future students need to print
the letter or all the departments will be becoming digital. In that time you
can’t imagine the applications are received by a handwritten letter on
physical paper.

So, my point is why not teachers teach or give them the freedom to write a
letter on Microsoft Word with traditional practice methods (handwritten).  I
explained the benefits above but another one is if they learn and use
Microsoft word in school or practice on various documents writing methods
then in the future they don’t need to spend money on computer courses.
While at the same time the Government of India or other countries is
branding IT education in schools for students. That’s why I think how
Microsoft Word and MS Office etc. application can be used and utilized by
teachers and students to faster the process of receiving and giving
information. And to achieve these purposes around the world school and
colleges. I believe Microsoft Word is an important application that can
improve and maximize practical education practices in schools and
colleges.

Simple examples about the importance of Microsoft Word in

Education:-

1. When you type on wrong spelling on Microsoft Word it highlights your

mistake in the red line in real-time. Then you right-click and correct it.
Similarly, students observe spelling mistakes in real-time. It means they will
try to make the decision based on suggestions after a click on the word
underline red. Now they can observe, judge, think which one spelling is
correct?
That is going to self-learning practices and freedom (leadership) to take the
decision. It will improve their brainpower, thinking patterns. And if students
are able to do that small work, teachers can maximize their topic broadly. I
think you’re agreeing. That’s why I think Microsoft word can help students to
correct mistakes and improve self-analysis ability.

2. Students and teachers can insert and use diagrams, tables, charts, and
smart art, etc. visual explanation tools. They can use it to teach, define, and
explain complex lessons in simple methods. That’s ok. But how it is
benefiting them. Chart, table, smart art and shapes and various other visual
objects can benefit students to understand more about the topic practically.
If teachers can teach them how to convert 1000 word chapter in one
diagram, then in this case students have the tool, but tools are useless if
you don’t know what their uses are and how to use when to use. Computer
teachers have to teach such skills to students about various computer
applications.
But when students try and practice to convert 1000 word it will challenge
their thinking, it will increase their creativity level, it will explore imagination
in their brain and when they complete the assignment, it’s the greatest gift
for a teacher from their students by using Microsoft Word in the classroom.
While 1000 word in one simple diagram, enhance students ability to solve
daily life problems by using technologies. In the future, I hope such students
will create innovative solutions for environmental problems, corruption and
help to reduce unemployment problems. The world is facing so many
problems. We need people in our Govt. Departments, parliament, business,
and workforce, etc. who have intelligence. Intelligence is not about you have
the degree. Intelligence means you have the capacity and algorithm inside
the brain to solve the problem at a low cost in less time.    This algorithm is
already in their brain but it will develop with the time. But using technologies
in the classroom to improve critical thinking and creativity in students’ minds
will be the key.

1. Microsoft word application is not only accessible to school and college

computers. But you can access this application at home. The benefit
will generate for students and teachers that teachers can connect with
students. They can collaborate on the same documents. I mean
Microsoft word is now a cloud-based application that you can use
anywhere and work with your team.

Question # 8: What is Ms Excel, how can Ms excel can

be used to enhance performance of teacher and
students?
Excel definition: a software program created by Microsoft that uses spreadsheets
to organize numbers and data with formulas and functions. Excel analysis is
ubiquitous around the world and used by businesses of all sizes to
perform financial analysis.
Excel is typically used to organize data and perform financial analysis.  It is used
across all business functions and at companies from small to large.
The main uses of Excel include:
Data entry ,Data management ,Accounting ,Financial analysis, Charting and
graphing, Programming, Time management, Task management, Financial
modeling, Customer relationship management (CRM) Almost anything that needs
to be organized!
B) HOW EXCEL HELPS TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS AND
TEACHERS?
1. Using Excel can enhance understanding of content within a grahic
presentation of the information; it provides a visual representation of
data that makes it easier to analyze.
2. Excel reduces the difficulty of plotting data and allows students a
means for interpreting the data.
3. You can also reverse the traditional process of analyzing data by
giving students a completed chart and see if they can reconstruct the
underlying worksheet. This goes a long way toward helping them
understand the relationship between the data and the chart.
4. Excel can easily convert any chart or data set into a web page,
making it very easy to share information among groups. Many
universities are using this model for data sharing between students
who aren't even on the same continent.
5. Excel's ability to dynamically generate charts and graphs in seconds
makes it easy to quickly demonstrate relationships between numbers.
6. As a teaching tool, students can see how different types of graphs
and charts can be used to represent the same series of data. As one
teacher stated, "For years it took me three to five days to teach kids
the use a pie chart, bar graph, and/or a line graph to accurately
represent information. Now with Excel, it makes it so much easier
because the kids are far more motivated to use the application to
manipulate data and to chart any information."
7. One of the best things is that you can compare data between any two
or more variables. Using storage devices (disks), you can store data
and use it to conduct a comparative analysis of any information that
you have collected over time. For example, you can compare data
collected by a group of collaborating teachers within one school, one
county, or around the world.

Question # 9: What is Ms power point, how can Ms

power point be useful to enhance performance of
teachers and students?
 PowerPoint is a computer program that allows you to create and show
slides to support a presentation. You can combine text, graphics and multi-
media content to create professional presentations. As a presentation tool
PowerPoint can be used to:
 organise and structure your presentation;
 create a professional and consistent format;
 provide an illustrative backdrop for the content of your presentation;
 animate your slides to give them greater visual impact.
PowerPoint has become enormously popular and you are likely to have
seen it used by your lecturers and fellow students or in a presentation
outside of the University. Learning to present with PowerPoint will increase
your employability as it is the world’s most popular presentational software.
Used well, PowerPoint can improve the clarity of your presentations and
help you to illustrate your message and engage your audience. The
strategies contained in this study guide will help you to use PowerPoint
effectively in any type of presentation.
PowerPoint presentations can be used in many ways in the ESL classroom as well
as in other classrooms.
Presentations can be used for initial teaching, for practice and drilling, for games,
for reviews, and for tests.

2 . 1 Initial Teaching
PowerPoint can be used to teach new ideas and concepts to students. In theory this
sounds very good; however,
in practice this can be tricky. The teacher must anticipate areas of misunderstanding
and difficulty. Once the teacher
knows the troubles, which the students will face, he or she can create or adapt a
presentation for the students. The
presentation must be clear and uncluttered. It should address anticipated areas of
student difficulty in an orderly
manner. This type of presentation is difficult to prepare, but it can be done. Once an
initial teaching presentation is
prepared, it can be saved and used again and again, and it can be shared with others.

2 . 2 Practice & Drill

To use PowerPoint presentations for practice and drills it is necessary to have the
type of material, which can be
repeated many times. A presentation of irregular verbs is one example of something
which can be repeated again
and again. Other types of material can be repeated on a weekly or biweekly basis.
Presentations using the correct
preposition, or the correct form of an adjective, or countable and uncountable
contrasts could be practiced and
reviewed periodically.
Games are a good way to review and practice English. Teachers can use
PowerPoint to create their own games to
use in the classroom. Once a game has been created, it can be reused by the author
or shared with other teachers.

2 . 3 Review
PowerPoint presentations are great for reviewing ideas which have already been
taught. After the students have
learned and practiced something, it is good to see a presentation. I do not show
presentations every day. I like to
save them for a special treat sometime during the week. They provide a break in
the routine and a way to see
material differently. Not only do students find this interesting, but it is also a good
way to check and see if they have
mastered a concept. When I use a presentation created by another teacher, my
students have a chance to see old
ideas presented in different ways. PowerPoint presentations are also good ways to
review before a test.

2 . 4 Tests
A teacher in our school uses PowerPoint for his tests. He places pictures of items on
slides to be shown at preset
intervals. (He sets his timer for a reasonable number of seconds for each slide.) The
students then write down the
PowerPoint presentations can be used in many ways in the ESL classroom as well
as in other classrooms.
Presentations can be used for initial teaching, for practice and drilling, for games,
for reviews, and for tests.

2 . 1 Initial Teaching
PowerPoint can be used to teach new ideas and concepts to students. In theory this
sounds very good; however,
in practice this can be tricky. The teacher must anticipate areas of misunderstanding
and difficulty. Once the teacher
knows the troubles, which the students will face, he or she can create or adapt a
presentation for the students. The
presentation must be clear and uncluttered. It should address anticipated areas of
student difficulty in an orderly
manner. This type of presentation is difficult to prepare, but it can be done. Once an
initial teaching presentation is
prepared, it can be saved and used again and again, and it can be shared with others.

2 . 2 Practice & Drill

To use PowerPoint presentations for practice and drills it is necessary to have the
type of material, which can be
repeated many times. A presentation of irregular verbs is one example of something
which can be repeated again
and again. Other types of material can be repeated on a weekly or biweekly basis.
Presentations using the correct
preposition, or the correct form of an adjective, or countable and uncountable
contrasts could be practiced and
reviewed periodically.
Games are a good way to review and practice English. Teachers can use
PowerPoint to create their own games to
use in the classroom. Once a game has been created, it can be reused by the author
or shared with other teachers.

2 . 3 Review
PowerPoint presentations are great for reviewing ideas which have already been
taught. After the students have
learned and practiced something, it is good to see a presentation. I do not show
presentations every day. I like to
save them for a special treat sometime during the week. They provide a break in
the routine and a way to see
material differently. Not only do students find this interesting, but it is also a good
way to check and see if they have
mastered a concept. When I use a presentation created by another teacher, my
students have a chance to see old
ideas presented in different ways. PowerPoint presentations are also good ways to
review before a test.

2 . 4 Tests
A teacher in our school uses PowerPoint for his tests. He places pictures of items on
slides to be shown at preset
intervals. (He sets his timer for a reasonable number of seconds for each slide.) The
students then write down the
PowerPoint presentations can be used in many ways in the ESL classroom as well
as in other classrooms.
Presentations can be used for initial teaching, for practice and drilling, for games,
for reviews, and for tests.

2 . 1 Initial Teaching
PowerPoint can be used to teach new ideas and concepts to students. In theory this
sounds very good; however,
in practice this can be tricky. The teacher must anticipate areas of misunderstanding
and difficulty. Once the teacher
knows the troubles, which the students will face, he or she can create or adapt a
presentation for the students. The
presentation must be clear and uncluttered. It should address anticipated areas of
student difficulty in an orderly
manner. This type of presentation is difficult to prepare, but it can be done. Once an
initial teaching presentation is
prepared, it can be saved and used again and again, and it can be shared with others.

2 . 2 Practice & Drill

To use PowerPoint presentations for practice and drills it is necessary to have the
type of material, which can be
repeated many times. A presentation of irregular verbs is one example of something
which can be repeated again
and again. Other types of material can be repeated on a weekly or biweekly basis.
Presentations using the correct
preposition, or the correct form of an adjective, or countable and uncountable
contrasts could be practiced and
reviewed periodically.
Games are a good way to review and practice English. Teachers can use
PowerPoint to create their own games to
use in the classroom. Once a game has been created, it can be reused by the author
or shared with other teachers.

2 . 3 Review
PowerPoint presentations are great for reviewing ideas which have already been
taught. After the students have
learned and practiced something, it is good to see a presentation. I do not show
presentations every day. I like to
save them for a special treat sometime during the week. They provide a break in
the routine and a way to see
material differently. Not only do students find this interesting, but it is also a good
way to check and see if they have
mastered a concept. When I use a presentation created by another teacher, my
students have a chance to see old
ideas presented in different ways. PowerPoint presentations are also good ways to
review before a test.

2 . 4 Tests
A teacher in our school uses PowerPoint for his tests. He places pictures of items on
slides to be shown at preset
intervals. (He sets his timer for a reasonable number of seconds for each slide.) The
students then write down the

PowerPoint presentations can be used in many ways in the ESL classroom as well
as in other classrooms.
Presentations can be used for initial teaching, for practice and drilling, for games,
for reviews, and for tests.

2 . 1 Initial Teaching
PowerPoint can be used to teach new ideas and concepts to students. In theory this
sounds very good; however,
in practice this can be tricky. The teacher must anticipate areas of misunderstanding
and difficulty. Once the teacher
knows the troubles, which the students will face, he or she can create or adapt a
presentation for the students. The
presentation must be clear and uncluttered. It should address anticipated areas of
student difficulty in an orderly
manner. This type of presentation is difficult to prepare, but it can be done. Once an
initial teaching presentation is
prepared, it can be saved and used again and again, and it can be shared with others.

2 . 2 Practice & Drill

To use PowerPoint presentations for practice and drills it is necessary to have the
type of material, which can be
repeated many times. A presentation of irregular verbs is one example of something
which can be repeated again
and again. Other types of material can be repeated on a weekly or biweekly basis.
Presentations using the correct
preposition, or the correct form of an adjective, or countable and uncountable
contrasts could be practiced and
reviewed periodically.
Games are a good way to review and practice English. Teachers can use
PowerPoint to create their own games to
use in the classroom. Once a game has been created, it can be reused by the author
or shared with other teachers.

2 . 3 Review
PowerPoint presentations are great for reviewing ideas which have already been
taught. After the students have
learned and practiced something, it is good to see a presentation. I do not show
presentations every day. I like to
save them for a special treat sometime during the week. They provide a break in
the routine and a way to see
material differently. Not only do students find this interesting, but it is also a good
way to check and see if they have
mastered a concept. When I use a presentation created by another teacher, my
students have a chance to see old
ideas presented in different ways. PowerPoint presentations are also good ways to
review before a test.

2 . 4 Tests
A teacher in our school uses PowerPoint for his tests. He places pictures of items on
slides to be shown at preset
intervals. (He sets his timer for a reasonable number of seconds for each slide.) The
students then write down tPowerPoint is fun to watch and fun to makeUsed
correctly, PowerPoint can accommodate all learners' needs.
 It has a spell-check function! Something our black boards and
overheads lack.
 It motivates students when used in moderation.
 It motivates staff.
 PowerPoint allows you to reflect on your lesson and correct any
needed changes. Finally, you can create the perfect lesson!
 Imagine to be able to print out what you did in class for students that
were absent. Better yet, turn the accountability on to students and
post your presentations on-line.
 PowerPoint is not hard to learn. Our technology staff rates it a "B+"
for ease of use. It should take about one hour to learn the basics.
Technology is inherent more engaging for students of every age than
lecture. PowerPoint can be a tool for guiding students in note-taking,
reinforcing points made in a lecture, and to inject occasional humor or visual
reinforcement.
It is important for teachers to avoid the infamous "death by PowerPoint"
than many business speakers fall prey to. Simply treating a PowerPoint
presentation as a glorified overhead projector filled with notes to be copied
down will do nothing but bore students.

PowerPoint is even more valuable, in my opinion as a teacher, for students

to create and use in their own in-class presentations. Another excellent use
for PowerPoint is for the teacher to present a mini-lecture on a topic, have
students take notes, and then have the students create PowerPoints to
summarize key points. It does not even have to be a whole-class
assignment, but it could be applied to specific students with learning
disabilities or other issues, to ensure their understanding of information
transmitted orally.

Question # 10: What is ICT write a detailed note on it.

Information and Communication Technology or “ICT,” includes products

that store, process, transmit, convert, duplicate, or receive electronic
information. Examples are: software applications and operating
systems; web-based information and applications such as distance
learning; telephones and other telecommunications products; video
equipment and multimedia products that may be distributed on
videotapes, CDs, DVDs, email, or the World Wide Web; office products
such as photocopiers and fax machines; calculators; and computer
hardware. Electronic textbooks, instructional software, email, chat, and
distance learning programs are also examples of ICT.

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term

for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified
communications[1] and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and
wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise
software, middleware, storage, and audiovisual systems, that enable users to
access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. [2]
The term ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisual and telephone
networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There
are large economic incentives to merge the telephone network with the computer
network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and
management. ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device,
encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware,
satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliance with
them such as video conferencing and distance learning.[3]
ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving.[4] It covers any product that
will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit, or receive information electronically in a
digital form (e.g., personal computers, digital television, email, or robots).
Theoretical differences between interpersonal-communication technologies and
mass-communication technologies have been identified by the philosopher Piyush
Mathur.[5] Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many models for
describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals for the 21st century.

Question # 11: There are two more special kinds of

memories other then RAM & ROM, explain
briefly both of them?

PRIMARY MEMORY:

Primary memory is computer memory that is accessed directly by

the CPU. This includes several types of memory, such as the
processor cache and system ROM. However, in most cases, primary
memory refers to system RAM.
RAM, or random access memory, consists of one or more memory
modules that temporarily store data while a computer is running. RAM
is volatile memory, meaning it is erased when the power is turned off.
Therefore, each time you start up your computer, the operating
system must be loaded from secondary memory (such as a hard drive)
into the primary memory, or RAM. Similarly, whenever you launch
an application on your computer, it is loaded into RAM.
The operating system and applications are loaded into primary memory,
since RAM can be accessed much faster than storage devices. In fact, the
data can be transferred between CPU and RAM more than a hundred
times faster than between the CPU and the hard drive. By loading data
into RAM, programs can run significantly faster and are much more
responsive than if than constantly accessed data from secondary
memory.

NOTE: Primary memory may be called "primary storage" as well.

However, this term is somewhat more ambiguous since, depending on
the context, primary storage may also refer to internal storage devices,
such as internal hard drives.
SECONDRY MEMORY:
Secondary memory refers to storage devices, such as hard
drives and solid state drives. It may also refer to removable storage
media, such as USB flash drives, CDs, and DVDs.
Unlike primary memory, secondary memory is not accessed directly by
the CPU. Instead, data accessed from secondary memory is first loaded
into RAM and is then sent to the processor. The RAM plays an important
intermediate role, since it provides much faster data access speeds than
secondary memory. By loading software programs and files into primary
memory, computers can process data much more quickly.
While secondary memory is much slower than primary memory, it
typically offers far greater storage capacity. For example, a computer
may have a one terabyte hard drive, but only 16 gigabytes of RAM. That
means the computer has roughly 64 times more secondary memory
than primary memory. Additionally, secondary memory is non-volatile,
meaning it retains its data with or without electrical power. RAM, on the
other hand, is erased when a computer is shut down or restarted.
Therefore, secondary memory is used to store "permanent data," such
as the operating system, applications, and user files.

NOTE: Secondary memory may also be called "secondary storage."

However, this term is a bit more ambiguous, since internal storage
devices are sometimes called "primary storage devices" as well.

Question # 12: Write notes on system software

Macintosh, Unix and Os /2?
MACINTOSH:
A popular model of computer made by Apple Computer. Introduced
in 1984, the Macintosh features a graphical user interface (GUI)
that utilizes windows, icons, and a mouse to make it relatively easy
for novices to use the computer productively. Rather than learning
a complex set of commands, you need only point to a selection on
a menu and click a mouse button.
Moreover, the GUI is embedded into the operating system. This
means that all applications that run on a Macintosh computer have
a similar user interface. Once a user has become familiar with one
application, he or she can learn new applications relatively easily.
The success of the Macintosh GUI led heralded a new age of
graphics-based applications and operating systems. The Windows
interface copies many features from the Mac.
There are many different Macintosh models, with varying degrees
of speed and power. All models are available in many different
configurations. All models since 1994 are based on the PowerPC
microprocessor.

UNIX:
Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as
UNIX with small caps) is a computer operating system originally
developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs,
including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe
Ossanna. Today's Unix systems are split into various branches,
developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial
vendors and non-profit organizations.
As of 2007, the owner of the trademark is The Open Group, an
industry standards consortium. Only systems fully compliant with
and certified to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use
the trademark; others are called "Unix system-like" or "Unix-like".

Os/2:
You are an OS/2 user whether you realize it or not - whenever you
use an ATM machine at your bank. You also encounter OS/2 when
you shop at your local supermarket, when you drive on the Century
Freeway in Los Angeles, when you make airline reservations, or
when you shop at KMart. Particularly, OS/2 is used by banks and in
other places where money is being handled and reliability is
absolute necessary.

On the desktop, OS/2 is the most elegant of operating systems,

and is easier to learn, easier to configure, and easier to use than
Windows95/98. The OS/2 Workplace Shell (the desktop) is
completely object oriented, something the Win95 desktop, and
even Linux desktops, can only pretend. The OS/2 desktop has
been integrated with the Internet for years, something Windows98
has just discovered. Also, OS/2 runs for days, weeks, even months
without crashing.
OS/2 comes in two varieties: OS/2 Warp and OS/2 Warp Server -
client and server. The client fully supports networking on a peer-to-
peer basis, and is compatible with servers running OS/2, Windows
NT, Linux, Unix and others. The server version completely supports
DOS and all varieties of Windows clients and servers. Microsoft
Networking, is, after all, just a version of IBM's PC-Net network.

Question # 13: what is CAI and how does it help in

learning of students.
"Computer-assisted instruction" (CAI) refers to instruction or remediation
presented on a computer. Many educational computer programs are available
online and from computer stores and textbook companies. They enhance teacher
instruction in several ways.
Computer programs are interactive and can illustrate a concept through attractive
animation, sound, and demonstration. They allow students to progress at their
own pace and work individually or problem solve in a group. Computers provide
immediate feedback, letting students know whether their answer is correct. If the
answer is not correct, the program shows students how to correctly answer the
question. Computers offer a different type of activity and a change of pace from
teacher-led or group instruction.
Computer-assisted instruction improves instruction for students with disabilities
because students receive immediate feedback and do not continue to practice the
wrong skills. Computers capture the students' attention because the programs are
interactive and engage the students' spirit of competitiveness to increase their
scores. Also, computer-assisted instruction moves at the students' pace and
usually does not move ahead until they have mastered the skill. Programs provide
differentiated lessons to challenge students who are at risk, average, or gifted.*
Types of Computer Assisted Instruction
1. Drill-and-practice Drill and practice provide opportunities or students to
repeatedly practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further
practice is necessary for mastery.
2. Tutorial Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information and
its extension into different forms of work, including drill and practice, games
and simulation.
3. Games Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest
score and either beat others or beat the computer.
4. Simulation Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality
that does not require the expense of real life or its risks.
5. Discovery Discovery approach provides a large database of information
specific to a course or content area and challenges the learner to analyze,
compare, infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the data.
6. Problem Solving This approach helps children develop specific problem solving
skills and strategies.

Advantages of CAI
• one-to-one interaction
• great motivator
• freedom to experiment with different options
• instantaneous response/immediate feedback to the answers elicited
• Self pacing - allow students to proceed at their own pace
• Helps teacher can devote more time to individual students
• Privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learns
• Individual attention
• learn more and more rapidly
• multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multi sensory
approach
• self directed learning – students can decide when, where, and what to
learn
There are many advantages to using computers in educational instruction.
They provide one-to-one interaction with a student, as well as an
instantaneous response to the answers elicited, and allow students to
proceed at their own pace. Computers are particularly useful in subjects that
require drill, freeing teacher time from some classroom tasks so that a
teacher can devote more time to individual students

Question # 14: Explain how will you arrange physical

resources of computer center?

There are two different types of resources in modern computer systems; physical
resources and logical resources. Physical resources typically include processors,
memory, and peripheral devices. Logical resources are operating system
abstractions that are given temporary control over physical resources.

Physical resources vary fairly dramatically from computer to computer. For

example, a typical PC system might have 640K of memory, one 20Mbyte
Winchester disk, one floppy disk drive, a single keyboard, and a single video
display. A typical mainframe system has several parallel processors, hundreds of
disks, tens of millions of bytes of memory, hundreds of terminals, tapes, and other
special purpose peripherals, and is connected to a global network with thousands of
other similar computers.

The expectation of a global presence of services leads to the need for large
numbers of service instances allocated in a multitude of regional data
centers in order to provide sufficient service capacity close to where the
demand occurs. Scale of service instances is anticipated growing ≫104
raising new challenges for control and management. Pragmatically, it must
become much easier to deploy service instances in data center, allocating
resources, sharing them, installing and configuring data and software
needed for service instances and integrating them into a singular service
that appears to a consumer.
Adjusting numbers and locations of service instances is seen as a basic
control mechanism in order to follow regional or temporal fluctuations in
demands. A virtualization layer takes care of resource allocation from
 different data center locations and all specifics when service instances are
allocated in a particular data center. Virtualized data centers provide a
consistent operating environment spanning multiple physical data center
locations for the whole family of service instances. And vice versa, physical
data centers host several execution environments for different services.

Question # 15: Explain in detail MIS & EIS?

MIS
A management information system (MIS) is a computer system consisting of
hardware and software that serves as the backbone of an organization’s
operations. An MIS gathers data from multiple online systems, analyzes the
information, and reports data to aid in management decision-making.

MIS is also the study of how such systems work.

Improved Decision-Making
The purpose of an MIS is improved decision-making, by providing up-to-
date, accurate data on a variety of organizational assets, including:

 Financials
 Inventory
 Personnel
 Project timelines
 Manufacturing
 Real estate
 Marketing
 Raw materials
 R&D

The MIS collects the data, stores it, and makes it accessible to managers
who want to analyze the data by running reports.

Central Information System

The goal of an MIS is to be able to correlate multiple data points in order to
strategize ways to improve operations. For example, being able to compare
sales this month to sales a year ago by looking at staffing levels may point
to ways to boost revenue. Or being able to compare marketing expenditures
by geographic location and link them to sales can also improve decision-
making. But the only way this level of analysis is possible is due to data that
is compiled through an MIS.

Types
The following are types of information systems used to create reports,
extract data, and assist in the decision making processes of middle and
operational level managers.

Decision support systems (DSS) are computer program applications
used by middle and higher management to compile information from a
wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making. A
DSS is used mostly for semi-structured and unstructured decision
problems.

Executive information systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides
quick access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and
departments such as accounting, human resources and operations.

Marketing information systems are management Information Systems
designed specifically for managing the marketing aspects of the
business.

Accounting information systems are focused accounting functions.

Human resource management systems are used for personnel
aspects.

Office automation systems (OAS) support communication and
productivity in the enterprise by automating workflow and eliminating
bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any and all levels of
management.

School Information Management Systems (SIMS) cover school
administration, often including teaching and learning materials.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software facilitates the flow of
information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the
organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders.[11]

Local databases, can be small, simplified tools for managers and are
considered to be a primal or base level version of a MIS.

Advantages and disadvantages[edit]

The following are some of the benefits that can be attained using MIS:[12]

Improve an organization's operational efficiency, add value to existing
products, engender innovation and new product development, and help
managers make better decisions.[13]

Companies are able to identify their strengths and weaknesses due to
the presence of revenue reports, employee performance records etc.
Identifying these aspects can help a company improve its business
processes and operations.

Giving an overall picture of the company.

Acting as a communication and planning tool.

The availability of customer data and feedback can help the company
to align its business processes according to the needs of its customers.
The effectivmanagement of customer data can help the company to
perform direct marketing and promotion activities.

MIS can help a company gain a competitive advantage.

MIS reports can help with decision-making as well as reduce downtime
for actionable items.

Some of the disadvantages of MIS systems:

 Retrieval and dissemination are dependent on technology hardware
and software.
 Potential for inaccurate information.

EIS

An Executive information system (EIS), also known as an Executive support

system (ESS),[1] is a type of management support system that facilitates and
supports senior executive information and decision-making needs. It
provides easy access to internal and external information relevant
to organizational goals. It is commonly considered a specialized form
of decision support system (DSS). EIS emphasizes graphical displays and
easy-to-use user interfaces. They offer strong reporting and drill-
down capabilities. In general, EIS are enterprise-wide DSS that help top-
level executives analyze, compare, and highlight trends in
important variables so that they can monitor performance and identify
opportunities and problems. EIS and data warehousing technologies are
converging in the marketplace.

The term EIS lost popularity in favor of business intelligence (with the sub
areas of reporting, analytics, and digital dashboards).
Components
EIS components can typically be classified as:

 Hardware
 Software
 User interface
 Telecommunications

Hardware
When talking about computer hardware for an EIS environment, we should
focus on the hardware that meets the executive's need. The executive must
be put first and the executive's needs must be defined before the hardware
can be selected. The basic hardware needed for a typical EIS includes four
components:

1. Input data-entry devices. These devices allow the executive to enter,

verify, and update data immediately
2. The central processing unit (CPU), which is the most important
because it controls the other computer system components
3. Data storage files. The executive can use this part to save useful
business information, and this part also helps the executive to search
historical business information easily
4. Output devices, which provide a visual or permanent record for the
executive to save or read. This device refers to the visual output
device such as monitor or printer
In addition, with the advent of local area networks (LAN), several EIS
products for networked workstations became available. These systems
require less support and less expensive computer hardware. They also
increase EIS information access to more company users.
Software
Choosing the appropriate software is vital to an effective EIS.[citation
needed]
 Therefore, the software components and how they integrate the data
into one system are important. A typical EIS includes four software
components:

1. Text: handling software—documents are typically text-based

2. Database: heterogeneous databases on a range of vendor-specific
and open computer platforms help executives access both internal and
external data
3. Graphic base: graphics can turn volumes of text and statistics into
visual information for executives. Typical graphic types are: time series
charts, scatter diagrams, maps, motion graphics, sequence charts,
and comparison-oriented graphs (i.e., bar charts)
4. Model base—EIS models contain routine and special statistical,
financial, and other quantitative analysis

User interface
An EIS must be efficient to retrieve relevant data for decision makers, so
the user interface is very important. Several types of interfaces can be
available to the EIS structure, such as scheduled reports,
questions/answers, menu driven, command language, natural language,
and input/output.
Telecommunication
As decentralizing is becoming a trend in companies, telecommunications
plays a pivotal role in networked information systems. Transmitting data
from one place to another has become crucial for establishing a reliable
network. In addition, telecommunications within an EIS can accelerate the
need for access to distributed data. It can be both by scientific and business
means.
Applications
EIS helps executives find data according to user-defined criteria and
promote information-based insight and understanding. Unlike a
traditional management information system presentation, EIS can
distinguish between vital and seldom-used data, and track different key
critical activities for executives, both which are helpful in evaluating if the
company is meeting its corporate objectives. After realizing its advantages,
people have applied EIS in many areas, especially, in manufacturing,
marketing, and finance areas.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for
sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-
manufactures. It is a large branch of industry and of secondary production.
Manufacturing operational control focuses on day-to-day operations, and
the central idea of this process is effectiveness.
MAKETING
In an organization, marketing executives' duty is managing available
marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need
make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on
the company in short term and long term. To assist marketing executives in
making effective marketing decisions, an EIS can be applied. EIS provides
sales forecasting, which can allow the market executive to compare sales
forecast with past sales. EIS also offers an approach to product price, which
is found in venture analysis. The market executive can evaluate pricing as
related to competition along with the relationship of product quality with
price charged. In summary, EIS software package enables marketing
executives to manipulate the data by looking for trends, performing audits of
the sales data, and calculating totals, averages, changes, variances, or
ratios.
Financial
Financial analysis is one of the most important steps to companies today.
Executives needs to use financial ratios and cash flow analysis to estimate
the trends and make capital investment decisions. An EIS integrates
planning or budgeting with control of performance reporting, and it can be
extremely helpful to finance executives. EIS focuses on financial
performance accountability, and recognizes the importance of cost
standards and flexible budgeting in developing the quality of information
provided for all executive levels.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of EIS

 Easy for upper-level executives to use, extensive computer experience

is not required in operations
 Provides strong drill-down capabilities to better analyze the given
information.
 Information that is provided is better understood
 EIS provides timely delivery of information. Management can make
decisions promptly.
 Improves tracking information
 Offers efficiency to decision makers

Disadvantages of EIS

 System dependent
 Limited functionality, by design
 Information overload for some managers
 Benefits hard to quantify
 High implementation costs
 System may become slow, large, and hard to manage
 Need good internal processes for data management
 May lead to less reliable and less secure data
  Excessive cost for small company

Question # 16: What are some of the limitations or

dangers, you see in the use of artificial
intelligence technologies such as expert systems,
virtual reality and intelligence agents?
 Can cost a lot of money and time to build, rebuild, and repair. Robotic
repair can occur to reduce time and humans needing to fix it, but that'll
cost more money and resources.
 It's questionable: is it ethically and morally correct to have androids,
human-like robots, or recreate intelligence, a gift of nature that shouldn't
be recreated? This is a discussion about AI that's popular in the days.
 Storage is expansive, but access and retrieval may not lead to
connections in memory as well as humans could.
 They can learn and get better with tasks if coded to, but it's
questionable as to if this can ever become as good as humans can do
such.
 They cannot work outside of what they were programmed
for.
 They could never, or, at least, seemingly never with our
technological perceptions, recieve creativity that humans have.
 This can prevent sympathizing with emotions for human
contact, such as in being nurses. This can also reduce wisdom can
understanding.
 This can prevent common sense occuring. Even if coded
with common sense and to learn, it seems hard for them to get as
much common sense that humans could.
 Robots, with them replacing jobs, can lead to severe unemployment,
unless if humans can fix the unemployment with jobs AI can't do or
severly change the government to communism.
 As seen partially with smartphones and other technology already,
humans can become too dependent on AI and lose their mental
capacities.
 Machines can easily lead to destruction, if put in the wrong hands. That
is, at least a fear of many humans.
 AI as robots can supercede humans, enslaving us.

No one-size-fits-all solution

As it stands, you currently have to rely on individual solutions to perform

certain AI-powered marketing tasks. From using AI to optimize and
personalize your content to an AI tool that helps optimize paid campaigns,
there are plenty of intelligent marketing tools out there to choose from.
However, with no one-size-fits-all solution, trying to use a range of different
tools to carry out a range of artificially intelligent tasks can become
expensive, time-consuming and messy.

    2.  Requires Supervision

Algorithms are like an engine: they run, but someone still needs to turn the
ignition. The marketer is still very much needed in order to plan, design and
run the marketing campaign. They are the ones feeding the AI system with
all the new information required for them to learn in the first place. This form
of ‘supervised learning’ does not mimic the way a human learns naturally
and experts believe this is one of the biggest obstacles when it comes to
creating a more human-like AI.

 3.  Can't Think for Itself

AI can only do what it is programmed to do. Granted, it normally does this

extremely well, but unlike a real person it is unable to make split-second
judgements. For example, any good marketer will change or cancel any
scheduled messaging when a tragic event occurs. This is because we as
humans are capable of showing empathy and compassion to the victims
and their families. A machine, however, does not have the ability to show
emotion, so could get a company in hot water in times of crisis if it’s not
carefully managed or controlled.

    4.  Cost and Maintenance

Like any form of new technology, there can be a significant cost of purchase
and a need for on-going maintenance and repair. Your AI software will also
require regular upgrades in order to adapt to the continually changing
business environment. The return on investment needs to be carefully
considered by your company before you go ahead and implement any AI
system.

    5.  Lack of Creativity 

Creativity remains a vital component of a successful marketing campaign.

Machines simply lack the ability to be creative. Unlike machines, humans
can think and feel, which often guides their decision making when it comes
to being creative. Yes, AI can definitely assist in terms of helping to
determine what sort of imagery, for example, a consumer is likely to click on
- from color preferences to style and price. But when it comes to originality
and creative thinking, a machine simply cannot compete with the human
brain. We still need both human and machine.

Question # 17: Write a note on office information

system and explain it with a working example.
Introduction
Office Information Systems is primarily concerned with
technologies to support the work of office workers. It was formerly
an academic discipline that involved the study of offices and its
application to the development of office systems [1] . The ACM
Special Interest Group on Office Automation (ACM SIGOA) was
formed in 1979 and the first ACM SIGOA conference was held in
19821 (see Table 1). In 1983, ACM Transactions on Office
Information Systems (ACM TOIS) commenced its maiden issue,
acknowledging that it was an interdisciplinary field defined by the
topics researched
Example:
Microsoft OneNote is a note-taking program for free-form information
gathering and multi-user collaboration. It gathers users' notes, drawings,
screen clippings, and audio commentaries. Notes can be shared with other
OneNote users over the Internet or a network.
Previously, OneNote was primarily available as part of the Microsoft Office suite
prior to its 2019 edition.[5] Microsoft now distributes versions of OneNote as a
free, standalone app via the app stores of Windows
10, macOS, iOS and Android.[6]Microsoft also provides a web-based version of
OneNote as part of OneDrive and Office for the web; this version enables users
to edit notes in a web browser. Microsoft also announced a number of new
features in OneNote that use the service API:

OneNote Clipper: A browser bookmarklet that uses the OneNote
service API and enables users to save a screenshot of a webpage to
OneNote along with the link. The text in the screenshot is made
searchable using Optical Character Recognition.[8]

Email to OneNote: A feature enabling users to send emails to the
address [email protected] from pre-specified email IDs to have the
contents of the email saved to OneNote.

Question # 18: Explain types of topologies.

MESH TOPOLOGY
In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the network through a
dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated it means that the link only carries data
for the two connected devices only. Lets say we have n devices in the network then each
device must be connected with (n-1) devices of the network. Number of links in a mesh
topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.

Advantages of Mesh topology

1. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which
means the link is only available for those two devices.
2. Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other
 links and the communication between other devices on the network.
3. Mesh topology is secure because there is a point to point link thus
unauthorized access is not possible.
4. Fault detection is easy.

STAR TOPOLOGY

 In star topology each device in the network is connected to a central device called hub.
Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct communication between
devices, a device must have to communicate through hub. If one device wants to send
data to other device, it has to first send the data to hub and then the hub transmit that
data to the designated device.

 Advantages of Star topology

 1. Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and needs to be
connected with hub with one link.
2. Easier to install
3. Less amount of cables required because each device needs to be connected with
the hub only.
4. Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.
5. Easy fault detection because the link can be easily identified.

 BUS TOPOLOGY

 In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to this main
cable through drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the drop line to the
main cable. Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable, there is a limit of drop
lines and the distance a main cable can have.

 Advantages of bus topology

 1. Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable.
2. Less cables required than Mesh and star topology

RING TOPOLOGY

In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of it. There are
two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the either side of it. This
structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If a device wants to send data to
another device then it sends the data in one direction, each device in ring topology has a
repeater, if the received data is intended for other device then repeater forwards this data until
the intended device receives it.

Advantages of Ring Topology

1. Easy to install.
2. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the topology only two
links are required to be changed.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY

A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For example a

combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.
Advantages of Hybrid topology
1. We can choose the topology based on the requirement for example, scalability is our
concern then we can use star topology instead of bus technology.
2. Scalable as we can further connect other computer networks with the existing
networks with different topologies.

Question # 19: Write down about computers before

1945.
The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a
need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S.
population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to
tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to
get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took
up entire rooms.

Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was

available in these early models. The following brief history of computing
is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to
the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream
multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.
1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched
wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers
would use similar punch cards.
1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-
driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of
numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure.
More than a century later, however, the world's first computer was actually
built.
1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the
1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the
government $5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately
become IBM.
1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called
the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable.
The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas.
1937: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa
State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears,
cams, belts or shafts.
1939: Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a
Palo Alto, California, garage, according to the Computer History Museum. 
1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a
computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This marks the
first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.
1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and
J. Presper Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it
fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.

Question # 20. Write a comprehensive note on any latest

invention related information technology

Lua the smart planter

How Does This Smart Planter Work?

Using sensors inside the pot that will monitor things like heat, sun level and
moisture, the smart planter triggers 15 different universal animated
emoticons. So even if you do have a green thumb, you can now trust the
neighbor kid to keep your plants alive while they house sit during your
vacation. To get started you just need to download the free mobile app and
have your planter scan the QR code. You will select the plant so your smart
planter knows what kind of conditions need to be maintained to keep your
precious green-pet alive. After that your smart planter is ready to go and not
only will you enjoy its personality on the planter pot, but you will be able to
keep track of how your little green one is doing while you are away. You will
need an internet connection when first connecting your phone to the planter,
but after that no internet connection is required.

Interactive Animations:

Thirsty:

When the soil dries up after when you’ve watered your Lua Plant. It
expresses its need for water through the being-thirsty animation so you
know when to water your plants for its effective life.

Sick:

Ever heard that too much of anything can be bad for you? That’s right.
Although water gives life to the plants, but if you give it too much, your
plant might fall sick. All thanks to Lua that your plant’s health is never
affected and it makes sure your plant keeps healthy and ever-green.

Vampire:

Vampire? Sunlight? Felt the connection? Yes, it is what you’re thinking right
now. You may know it for sure that plants need sunlight to get sufficient
vitamins and energy etc. Similarly, if your Lua planter doesn’t get enough
sunlight. You might be gardening a vampire. Haha, just kidding, your Lua
will act as a vampire just to let you know you should provide it some
sunlight.

Squint:

As mentioned above, too much sunlight and it might be affected. You’ll

know when your Lua is squinting, it is actually looking out for shade.

Cold:

Can your body bear freezing temperatures? I don’t think so any living being
can, except for few. Just as your Lua Plant, it can’t as well. When the
temperature around your plant starts dropping below the specific point. Lua
plant will start feeling cold and would show shivering animation so as to
express its need for warmth.

Hot:

A too much higher temperature isn’t also suitable for this Smart Plant. A
moderate temperature is necessary for your plant to survive. Not too hot,
not too cold.

That’s not it. It’s far more expressive and interactive.

Happy:

When everything becomes normal. Your Plant is happy back again!

Confused & Wink:

Your plant acts confused when you show your QR code and it doesn’t
understand. It will wink at you when it gets your QR Code 😉

Random Animations:

It also shows random animations like sticking out the tongue, also when it
senses there’s a slight chance of rain around.

Motion Tracking:

Lua will sense its surroundings even when it is sleeping. If nothing happens
around it, it’s idle-self will go to sleep, and wakes up when it detects
movements.

Ease-of-use:

Lua The Smart Planter is as easy as installing an app. In fact, it is all that it is.
You just need an internet connection once only for downloading the
app(through QR Code also). Then it’s pretty convenient to use, even when
you’re offline.
v

The End