PHY547: EXPERIMENT 1

TITLE: DC CIRCUIT

Nur Syazera Bt Selamat (2021494238)

Siti Aisyah Bt Adenan (2021494706)
Wan Ahmad Afiq Bin Huzairul Azril (2021486084)

AS2033A, Bachelor of Science (Physics) (Hons), Faculty of Applied Science

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Pahang, Jengka Campus
Objectives

1. Series and parallel circuits.

2. Kirchoff’s loop & Junction Laws implementation

Theory

Analyzing circuits with only one battery and one load resistance is very simple, but they are rarely
encountered in practical applications. Typically, circuits with more than two components are found.

More than two circuit components can be connected in two ways which are series and parallel. First,
consider the following series circuit:

R1
1 2

R2

4 3
R3

Figure 1

Three resistors (labelled R1, R2, and R3) are connected in a long chain from one terminal of the
battery to the other in this circuit. (It should be noted that the subscript labelling those little
numbers to the lower-right of the letter "R" - have nothing to do with resistor values in ohms. They
only serve to distinguish one resistor from another. The fact that there is only one path for electrons
to flow defines a series circuit. Electrons flow counter-clockwise in this circuit, from point 4 to point
3 to point 2 to point 1 and back around to point 4.
Now consider the parallel circuit:

Figure 2

We have three resistors once more, but this time they form multiple continuous paths for electrons
to flow. There is only one route from 8 to 7 to 6 to 3 to 2 to 1 to 8 again. There's also a third path
that goes from 8 to 7 to 6 to 5 to 4 to 3 to 2 to 1 and back to 8. Each path (through R1, R2, and R3) is
referred to as a branch.

A parallel circuit is distinguished by the fact that all of its components are connected between the
same set of electrically common terminals. Points 8,7,6, and 5 are also valid. It's worth noting that all
resistors and the battery are linked between these two sets of points.
Kirchoff’s Laws – Current Law & Voltage Law

In complex circuits, such as bridge or 'T' networks, we cannot always rely solely on Ohm's Law to
determine the voltages or currents circulating within the circuit. We need specific rules to obtain
circuit equations for these types of calculations, and we can use Kirchoff's Circuit Law to do so.

According to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, the algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed path (loop
or mesh) is zero. Applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to the first and second loops of the circuit
depicted in Figure 3 results in:

Loop 1: ˗𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉5 = 0 (1a)

Loop 2: ˗𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 = 0 (1b)

Figure 3

According to Kirchhoff's Current Law, the algebraic sum of all currents at any node equals zero.
When Kirchhoff's Current Law is applied to the first four nodes in the circuit shown in Figure 3, the
following equations are obtained;

Node a: ˗𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼1 = 0 (2a)

Node b: ˗𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0 (2b)

Node c: ˗𝐼3 + 𝐼4 = 0 (2c)

Node d: ˗𝐼2 − 𝐼4 + 𝐼5 = 0 (2c)

Procedures

PART a: For Series Circuit

1. The three resistors are connected in series to the 6-volts battery.

2. Battery voltage is measured with voltmeter after the resistors have been connected to it, the
voltage figured noted on paper as well.
3. The Ohm’s Law is used to calculate the circuit current, then this current value is verified by
measuring current with ammeter.
4. The measured value of current agreed closely with the Ohm’s Law calculation. The
calculated value for current is used and then multiplied them by the respective resistances
of each resistor to get their voltage drop.
5. The multimeter is switched to the “voltage” mode and the voltage dropped across each
resistor measured, the accuracy of our predictions is verified.

PART b: For Parallel Circuit

1. The three resistors are connected in parallel to the 6-volts battery. The battery voltage is
measured by using a voltmeter after the resistors have been connected to it, the voltage
figure noted on paper as well.
2. The voltage across each of the three resistors are measured.
3. The Ohm’s Law is used to calculate current through each resistor, then the calculated value
is verified by measuring current with a digital ammeter. The red probe of the ammeter is
placed at the point where the positive (+) ends of the resistors connect to each other and
one resistor wire is lifted at a time while the meter’s black probe is connected to it. In this
manner, each resistor current is measured.

PART c: Kirchhoff’s Laws

1. The circuit is constructed as shown in Figure 3 using appropriate values.

2. The Variable Power Supply is set to 5 volts.
3. All voltages and currents in the circuit are accurately measured using the Digital Multi-Meter
(DMM).
4. The measurements are recorded in a tabular form containing the measured voltage and
current values.
5. KVL is verified for the loops in the circuit using equations 1a and 1b.
6. KCL is verified for the nodes in the circuit using equations 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d.
Result and Analysis

PART a: For Series Circuit

• For theoretical value

𝐸𝑆 = 6.0 𝑉

Indicator for the theoretical value of each resistor

𝑅1 = 1 𝑘Ω
𝑅2 = 10 𝑘Ω
𝑅3 = 47 𝑘Ω

By using Ohm’s Law since the resistors arranged in series,

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 = (1 × 103 ) + (10 × 103 ) + (47 × 103 )

𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 = 58 𝑘Ω

Circuit current, 𝐼𝑇 ,
𝐸𝑆
𝐼𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇
6.0
𝐼𝑇 =
58 × 103
𝐼𝑇 = 0.1 𝑚𝐴
 • For experimental value

➢ Current value measured by using ammeter is 𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 0.1 𝑚𝐴

➢ The calculated voltage drops of each resistor is define as

𝐸𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑛

Since,
𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 0.1 𝑚𝐴

and
𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 (𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)

So,
𝐸1 = 𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑅1

𝐸1 = (0.1 × 10˗3 )(1 × 103 )

𝐸1 = 0.10 𝑉

𝐸2 = 𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑅2

𝐸2 = (0.1 × 10˗3 )(10 × 103 )

𝐸2 = 1.00 𝑉

𝐸3 = 𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑅3

𝐸3 = (0.1 × 10˗3 )(47 × 103 )

𝐸3 = 4.70 𝑉

The total of calculated voltage drops is given as,

𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 + 𝐸3
𝐸𝑐 = 0.10 + 1.00 + 4.70
𝐸𝑐 = 5.80 𝑉
 ➢ The result of measured voltage dropped each resistor,

R (kΩ) I (±0.1) (mA) E (±0.01) (V)

1 0.1 0.12
10 0.1 1.35
47 0.1 4.50
The total of calculated voltage drops is given as,

𝐸𝑚 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 + 𝐸3
𝐸𝑚 = 0.09 + 1.01 + 4.88
𝐸𝑚 = 5.97 𝑉

The calculation of percentage different

➢ Between the 𝐼𝑇 and 𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑝

|𝐼𝑇 − 𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑝 |
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
𝑅𝑇
|0.1 × 10˗3 − 0.1 × 10˗3 |
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
0.1 × 10˗3
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 0.00%

➢ Between the 𝐸𝑐 and 𝐸𝑚

|𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 |
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
𝐸𝑐
|5.80 − 5.97|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
5.80
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 0.02%

Percentage Error for series (Voltage):

|𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

|0.120 − 0.100|
VR1 = × 100%
0.100
= 20%

|1.350 − 1.000|
VR2 = × 100%
1.000
= 35%
 |4.500 − 4.700|
VR1 = × 100%
4.700
= 4.25%

20% + 35% + 4.25%

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
3
= 19.75%

PART b: For Parallel Circuit

• For theoretical value

➢ For theoretical of voltage 𝐸𝑆 is,

𝐸𝑆 = 6.0 𝑉
➢ For theoretical of resistance 𝑅𝑇 is,
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
1 1 1 1
= 3
+ 3
+
𝑅𝑇 1 × 10 10 × 10 47 × 103
𝑅𝑇 = 0.9 𝑘Ω
➢ For theoretical of current 𝐼𝑇 is,
𝐸𝑠
𝐼𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇
6.0
𝐼𝑇 =
0.9 × 103
𝐼𝑇 = 6.7 𝑚𝐴

• For experimental value

➢ The result of measured voltage across each resistor,

R (kΩ) E (±0.01) (V)

1 6.05
10 6.04
47 6.05

Indicator for the theoretical value of each resistor

 𝑅1 = 1 𝑘Ω
𝑅2 = 10 𝑘Ω
𝑅3 = 47 𝑘Ω
➢ The calculated current is given by Ohm’s Law is,
𝑉𝑛
𝐼𝑛 =
𝑅𝑛

So,
𝑉1
𝐼1 =
𝑅1
6.05
𝐼1 =
1 × 103
𝐼1 = 6.05 𝑚𝐴

𝑉2
𝐼2 =
𝑅2
6.04
𝐼2 =
10 × 103
𝐼2 = 0.60 𝑚𝐴

𝑉3
𝐼3 =
𝑅3
6.05
𝐼3 =
47 × 103
𝐼3 = 0.12 𝑚𝐴

The total calculated current in parallel circuit is given by

𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
𝐼𝑐 = (6.05 × 10˗3 ) + (0.6 × 10˗3 ) + (0.12 × 10˗3 )
𝐼𝑐 = 6.77 𝑚𝐴

➢ The result of measured current at each resistor when 𝐸𝑆 = 6.0 𝑉

R (kΩ) I (±0.1) (mA)

1 6.95
10 0.76
47 0.15

The total of measured current is given as,

𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3

𝐼𝑚 = 6.95 × 10˗3 + 0.76 × 10˗3 + 0.15 × 10˗3

𝐼𝑚 = 7.86 𝑚𝐴
The calculation of percentage different

➢ Between the 𝐼𝑐 and 𝐼𝑚

|𝐼𝑐 − 𝐼𝑚 |
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
𝐼𝑐
|6.76 × 10˗3 − 7.86 × 10˗3 |
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
6.76 × 10˗3
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 16.27%

|𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

|6.950 − 6.050|
IR1 = × 100%
6.050

= 14.88%

|0.760 − 0.600|
IR2 = × 100%
0.600

= 26.67%

|0.150 − 0.120|
IR3 = × 100%
0.120

= 25.00%

14.88% + 26.77% + 25.00%

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
3
= 22.22%
PART c: Kirchhoff’s Law

➢ For theoretical of voltage 𝐸𝑆 is,

𝐸𝑆 = 5.0 𝑉
➢ The calculation of theoretical of Resistant 𝑅𝑆 as below,
𝑅34 = 𝑅3 + 𝑅4
𝑅34 = (47 × 103 ) + (1 × 103 )
𝑅34 = 48 𝑘Ω

1 1 1
= +
𝑅234 𝑅2 𝑅34
1 1 1
= +
𝑅234 (10 × 10 ) (48 × 103 )
3

𝑅234 = 8.3 𝑘Ω

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅234 + 𝑅5
𝑅𝑇 = (1 × 103 ) + (8.3 × 103 ) + (1 × 103 )
𝑅𝑇 = 10.3 𝑘Ω

➢ The theoretical of Current 𝐼𝑇 can be determine by using Ohm’s Law

𝐸𝑆
𝐼𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇
5.0
𝐼𝑇 =
(10.3 × 103 )
𝐼𝑇 = 0.49 𝑚𝐴

➢ The measured voltages and current values are used to get the calculated voltages and
currents values the data are as shown below,

To calculate the voltages value of each resistor by using Ohm’s Law,

Calculated voltage, Calculated current,

𝑉𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑛 𝑉𝑛
𝐼𝑛 =
𝑅𝑛

𝑉1 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 𝑉1
𝐼1 =
𝑉1 = (0.52 × 10˗3 )(1 × 103 ) 𝑅1
𝑉1 = 0.52 𝑉 0.52
𝐼1 =
(1 × 103 )
𝐼1 = 0.52 𝑚𝐴

𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑅2 𝑉2
𝐼2 =
𝑉2 = (0.42 × 10˗3 )(10 × 103 ) 𝑅2
𝑉1 = 4.20 𝑉 4.2
𝐼2 =
(10 × 103 )
 𝐼2 = 0.42 𝑚𝐴

𝑉3 = 𝐼3 𝑅3 𝑉3
𝐼3 =
𝑉3 = (0.09 × 10˗3 )(47 × 103 ) 𝑅3
𝑉3 = 4.23 𝑉 0.45
𝐼3 =
(47 × 103 )
𝐼1 = 0.09 𝑚𝐴

𝑉4 = 𝐼4 𝑅4 𝑉4
𝐼4 =
𝑉4 = (0.09 × 10˗3 )(1 × 103 ) 𝑅4
𝑉4 = 0.09 𝑉 0.09
𝐼4 =
(1 × 103 )
𝐼4 = 0.09 𝑚𝐴

𝑉5 = 𝐼5 𝑅5 𝑉5
𝐼5 =
𝑉5 = (0.52 × 10˗3 )(1 × 103 ) 𝑅5
𝑉5 = 0.52 𝑉 0.52
𝐼5 =
(1 × 103 )
𝐼5 = 0.52 𝑚𝐴

Branch V (V) I (mA) R (kΩ)

Current/Voltage Measured,m Calculated,c Measured,m Calculated,c
𝑉1 , 𝐼1 0.49 0.52 0.51 0.52 1
𝑉2 , 𝐼2 4.12 4.20 0.41 0.42 10
𝑉3 , 𝐼3 4.44 4.23 0.08 0.09 47
𝑉4 , 𝐼4 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09 1
𝑉5 , 𝐼5 0.40 0.52 0.51 0.52 1
𝑉𝑆 , 𝐼𝑆 5.0 0.49 10.3

➢ The verification for the loops in the circuit using equations 1a and 1b by using measured
voltages.

Loop 1 (eqn 1a) is given as,

˗𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉5 = 0
˗5.00 + 0.52 + 4.2 + 0.52 = 0
0.01 ≅ 0 𝑉
Loop 2 (eqn 1b) is given as,

˗𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 = 0
˗4.12 + 4.44 + 0.08 = 0
0.04 ≅ 0

➢ The verification for the loops in the circuit using equations 1a and 1b by using calculated
voltages.

Loop 1 (eqn 1a) is given as,

˗𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉5 = 0
˗5.00 + 0.52 + 4.20 + 0.52 = 0
0.12 ≈ 0 𝑉

Loop 2 (eqn 1b) is given as,

˗𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 = 0
˗4.20 + 4.23 + 0.09 = 0
˗0.12 ≈ 0

➢ The verification for the nodes in the circuit using equations 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d by using
measured current.

Node a (eqn 2a) is given as,

˗𝐼𝑆
+ 𝐼1 = 0
˗3 )
˗(0.49 × 10 + (0.52 × 10˗3 ) = 0
0.03 × 10˗3 ≅ 0

Node b (eqn 2b) is given as,

˗𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0

˗(0.51 × 10˗3 ) + (0.42 × 10˗3 ) + (0.09 × 10˗3 ) = 0

˗0.00 × 10˗3 ≅ 0

Node c (eqn 2c) is given as,

˗𝐼3 + 𝐼4 = 0

˗(0.09 × 10˗3 ) + (0.09 × 10˗3 ) = 0

 0=0

Node d (eqn 2d) is given as,

˗𝐼2 − 𝐼4 + 𝐼5 = 0

˗(0.42 × 10˗3 ) − (0.09 × 10˗3 ) + (0.52 × 10˗3 ) = 0

0.01 × 10˗3 ≅ 0

➢ The verification for the nodes in the circuit using equations 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d by using
measured current.

Node a (eqn 2a) is given as,

˗𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼1 = 0
˗(0.49 × 10˗3 ) + (0.52 × 10˗3 ) = 0
−0.03 × 10˗3 = 0

Node b (eqn 2b) is given as,

˗𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0

˗(0.52 × 10˗3 ) + (0.42 × 10˗3 ) + (0.09 × 10˗3 ) = 0

0.01 × 10˗3 ≅ 0

Node c (eqn 2c) is given as,

˗𝐼3 + 𝐼4 = 0

˗(0.09 × 10˗3 ) + (0.09 × 10˗3 ) = 0

0≈0

Node d (eqn 2d) is given as,

˗𝐼2 − 𝐼4 + 𝐼5 = 0

˗(0.42 × 10˗3 ) − (0.09 × 10˗3 ) + (0.52 × 10˗3 ) = 0

˗0.01 × 10˗3 ≅ 0
Discussion

We studied the distinctions between series and parallel circuits in relation to the experiment's
objective. Studying the application of Kirchhoff's loop and junction principles is the second objective
of this experiment .Therefore, we were required to construct three different circuit types with three
different resistances, R1=1 𝑘Ω , R2=10 𝑘Ω , and R3=47 𝑘Ω , namely series, parallel, and a circuit
where it was necessary to use Kirchhoff's rules.

The current (I) in a conductor is exactly proportional to the potential difference (V) across it, where
(R) is the conductor's resistance, according to Ohm's Law, which is expressed by the equation V = IR.
We measured the battery voltage and the circuit current for the series circuit in the first section of
the experiment. The voltage values that we measured throughout the experiment are 0.12V ,1.35V
and 4.50V, respectively, while the voltage values that we estimated using Ohm's Law, V = IR, are
0.10V, 1.00V, and 4.70V volts, respectively. The average percentage difference between
experimented and calculated voltage is thus 19.75%. The estimated value for the current measured
by us was 0.10 mA and same as measured value was 0.10 mA. According to the data, the voltage
across the circuit is equal to the total of the individual voltage drops across each resistor, but the
current flowing through each resistor in series is the same. The formula R = R1 + R2 + R3 can be used
to compute the overall resistance in a series connection.

In addition, just like in a parallel circuit, the only variable that all of the components have in common
is the voltage, which is determined by the voltage drop across each resistor being equal to the
overall voltage. 6.05 V of voltage was measured during this experiment, and the total resistance in a
parallel connection may be computed using the formula 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3. As a result of
this experiment, the resistor values employed are 1 k, 10 k, and 47 k. Additionally, the current
flowing through each resistor varies. The formula IT = I1 + I2 + I3 can be used to determine the total
current. The results of this experiment's current measurement are as follows: 6.95 mA, 0.76 mA, and
0.15 mA. As a result, the values of current determined using Ohm's Law are 6.05 mA, 0.60 mA, and
0.12 mA. The average percentage error between the calculated and experimented values is
therefore 22.22%. These display a small difference between the measured and estimated values of
current, on average 0.37 mA. As a result, a few readings can be performed to determine the average
value of the data and prevent random events.

For the third part, Kirchhoff's laws which uses five resistances, R1 1kΩ, R2 10kΩ, R3 47kΩ, R4 1kΩ,
and R5 1kΩ. By using information we've gathered, all the estimated value and the experiment's
voltage value differ slightly. The algebraic total of all the voltages around any closed path, according
to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), is zero. All of the voltage following the loop from positive to
negative was listed to create the equations. We have obtained 0.01V by computing with the KVL
equation for both loops. The algebraic sum of all the currents at every node is zero, according to
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), which is based on the data for current. We have got 0A for all
equations by inserting the experiment values into the KCL equations. Since Ohm's Law cannot be
used exclusively, Kirchhoff's loop and junction laws implementation can be used to determine the
computed values for each voltage and current. First, we use Kirchhoff's junction rule, which states
that the sum of the currents in and out are equal (I1 = I2 + I3, I5 = I2 + I4, and IS = I1 = I5). After that,
sum of IR equals V by continuing the loop. By obtaining the entire equation, we can use Ohm's Law
to first determine the current and then later, the voltage.

As we carry out this experiment, we become aware of the precaution that we must take when
working with circuits: in order to obtain an accurate reading, we must know how to connect the wire
and the position of the component. The location of the circuit's ammeter and voltmeter connections
must also be known.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we may identify between series and parallel circuits in DC circuits by using Kirchhoff's
loop and junction laws implementation to discover the voltage and currents when we can't only use
Ohm's Law alone, as well as by combining Ohm's Law with the equation V = IR. The values for all
currents in a series circuit are the same and are 0.10 mA for measured values and 0.10 mA for
calculated values. The average percentage error for voltage is 19.75%. In contrast, the voltage values
in a parallel circuit are identical across all resistances are 6.05V for the measured value and the total
voltage, with an average percentage error of 22.22% for the current. In the Kirchhoff's law section,
we used equations to verify KVL and KCL for the circuit's loops, and we came up with 0.01V for KVL
and 0mA for KCL for all solutions. The objective has been accomplished.

References

1. Series circuit. Series circuit - Energy Education. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2022, from
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Series_circuit

2. Admin. (2022, May 12). Kirchhoff's laws - Kirchhoff's current law, Kirchhoff's voltage law,
solved example and faqs. BYJUS. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from
https://byjus.com/physics/kirchhoffs-law/

3. Parallel circuits and the application of Ohm's law: Series and Parallel Circuits: Electronics
textbook. All About Circuits. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2022, from
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/simple-parallel-circuits/