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Lab Report Fluid Friction

The experiment aims to determine the relationship between friction head loss and velocity for water flowing through smooth bore pipes. It also compares the predicted head loss from pipe friction equations to direct measurements. Water is pumped through pipes of different diameters and the head loss is measured over a range of flow velocities. Graphs of head loss versus velocity show laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow regimes. Head loss calculations using pipe friction equations match well with measured values, validating the theoretical models.

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Mohd Haikal Shukor
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775 views7 pages

Lab Report Fluid Friction

The experiment aims to determine the relationship between friction head loss and velocity for water flowing through smooth bore pipes. It also compares the predicted head loss from pipe friction equations to direct measurements. Water is pumped through pipes of different diameters and the head loss is measured over a range of flow velocities. Graphs of head loss versus velocity show laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow regimes. Head loss calculations using pipe friction equations match well with measured values, validating the theoretical models.

Uploaded by

Mohd Haikal Shukor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment tittle: Fluid Friction

Objective
1. To determine the relation between friction head loss and velocity for flow of water
through smooth bore pipes.
2. To compare the head loss predicted by pipe friction equation with direct measure
head loss.

Introduction
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, it experiences some resistance due to which some of
energy (head) of fluid is lost. Energy loss through friction in the length of pipeline is
commonly termed the major loss (hf) which is the loss of head due to pipe friction and to
viscous dissipation in flowing water. The resistance to flow in a pipe is a function of the pipe
length, pipe diameter, mean velocity, properties of the fluid and roughness of the pipe (if the
flow is turbulent), but it is independent of pressure under which the water flows. Friction head
losses in straight pipes of different sizes can be investigated over a range of Reynolds'
numbers from 103 to nearly 105, thereby covering the laminar, transitional, and turbulent
flow regimes in smooth pipes. A further test pipe is artificially roughened and, at the higher
Reynolds' numbers, shows a clear departure from typical smooth bore pipe characteristics.

Apparatus
1. C6-MK11-10 fluid friction apparatus.
2. H12-8 Hand held digital pressure meter.
3. Internal vernier calliper.
4. Stop watch.
5. Thermometer

Figure 1: Fluid friction apparatus.


Theory

Professor Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that two types of flow may exist in a pipe.

1. Laminar flow at low velocities where h α u.


2. Turbulent flow at higher velocities where h α un Where h is the head less due to
friction and u is the fluid velocity. These two types of flow are separated by a
transition phase where no definite relationship between h and u exists. Graphs of h
versus u and log(h) versus log(u) show these zones.

Figure 2. Graph of h versus u and Log h versus Log u.

Furthermore, for a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction may be calculated
from the formula:

Where,

1. L is the length of the pipe between tappings.


2. d is the internal diameter of the pipe.
3. u is the mean velocity of water through the pipe in m/s.
4. g is the acceleration due to gravity in m/s2.
5. f is pipe friction coefficient.

The Reynolds' number, Re, can be found using the following equation:

Where is the
1. u = dynamic viscosity.
2. p = mass density.

Having established the value of Reynolds' number for flow in the pipe, the value of f may be
determined using a Moody diagram as shown below.

Figure 3. Moody Diagram.


PROCEDURES
1. Switch on the pump and open the supply valve fully. Set the pressure digital meter by
plugging into pipe tapping. Make sure there were no air bubbles present in the rubber
hose.
2. Switch on the equipment to allow water flowing in the pipe assembly. The flowing
water will push the air bubbles out of the rubber hose. Make sure no air bubbles
present in the rubber hose.
3. If the air bubbles were not present in the rubber hose, quickly connect the rubber
hose to the pressure digital meter.
4. Before making any measurement, make sure the condition of the C6-MKII-10 Fluid
Friction Apparatus is as follow: - a. Gate valve and Globe valve are fully open. b. Ball
valve 2 is fully open, while ball valves 1, 3, 4 and 5 are fully close. c. The supply
valve is fully close now.
5. Open the supply valve by ¼ turn (quarter turn).
6. Record (into Table 1) the time taken for 5 litres of water to fill in the volumetric tank.
To do this, stop the water from flowing into the sump with the ball in the armfield, so
that water is retaining in the volumetric tank. Its level will start to rise as may be seen
at the sight gauge. Remember to lift the ball to allow water flowing back into the
sump after the time is recorded.
7. Record the pressure difference reading from the hand-held pressure digital meter
into Table 1. 8.
8. Take pressure different reading at several different flow rates by altering the flow
using the supply valve in sequence of quarter turn. It is suggested that ten readings
are sufficient to produce a good head-flow curve.
9. Measure the internal diameter of the test pipe sample using an internal vernier
calliper.
10. Repeat procedures 2 to 8 for pipes between tapping EF and GH.
11. Measure the water temperature using thermometer and check the mass density as
well as the dynamic viscosity of water using a given Table of Approximate Physical
Properties of Water. Apply interpolation technique if the water temperature values are
not in the given Table.
Data and result

Experimental data
Density of water, p (from table) = 997.2 kg/m^3
Dynamic viscosity of water, u (from table) = 0.923 x 10^-3
Length of pipes, L = 1m
Internal diameter of pipe, d = 0.008m

Table 1. Data for pipe size Diameter 0.008m

Pipe size, id =0.008m


id =0.008m

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
6.2 7.87 9.25 9.65 9.84 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1

Figure 4. Graph of measured head lost, h over velocity, u of pipe with internal diameter
0.0008m
Density of water, p (from table) = 997.2 kg/m^3
Dynamic viscosity of water, u (from table) = 0.923 x 10^-3
Length of pipes, L = 1m
Internal diameter of pipe, d = 0.017m

Table 2. Data for pipe size Diameter 0.017m

id= 0.017m
8000.00

7000.00

6000.00

5000.00

4000.00

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
2 5 10 13 19 26 31 34 31 35

id= 0.017m

Figure 4. Graph of measured head lost, h over velocity, u of pipe with internal diameter
0.017m
Analysis and Discussion
Relationship of head loss and velocity based on graph h versus u
1. The head lost per unit length of straight pipe is proportional to the velocity squared,
and it is inversely proportional to the diameter D.
Comparison the values of head loss obtained from calculation and measurement
Table 3. Data calculation head loss and measured head lost.

Conclusion
For laminar flow, the head loss is proportional to velocity rather than velocity squared, thus
the friction factor is inversely proportional to velocity. The Reynolds number must be based
on the hydraulic diameter.

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