BASICS OF

DART
LANGUAGE
 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ‪VARIABLES‬‬
‫• ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﻟﺗﺧزﯾن اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ واﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ ذاﻛرة اﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر‪.‬‬
‫;‪var name‬‬
‫• وھﻧﺎ ﻋرﻓﻧﺎ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﺑﺎﺳم اﺧﺗﯾﺎري ‪ name‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر وإﻋطﺎءه ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬
‫;"‪var name = "Feisal‬‬
‫وھذا ﻣﺛﺎل ﻟﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرات‬
‫•‬ ‫{ )(‪void main‬‬
‫•‬ ‫;'‪var name = 'Devansh‬‬
‫•‬ ‫;‪var age = 20‬‬
‫•‬ ‫}‬
‫• ﻧﺷﺎء ﻋدة ﻣﺗﺣوﻻت ﻣن ﻧﻔس اﻟﻧﻣط )ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻌﺑﺎرة( ‪:‬‬
‫;‪int i,j,k‬‬
 ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫"‪name = “Sam‬‬ ‫ﻧﺻﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Num salary=2000‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ‬
‫‪Int salary = 2000‬‬
‫‪Var salary = 2000‬‬
‫‪Num x =3.2‬‬ ‫ﻋﺷرﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Var P = 3.14‬‬
‫‪Double d = 2.5‬‬
‫‪IsReady = true‬‬ ‫ﺑوﻟﯾﺎﻧﯾﺔ أو ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬
‫‪IsReady = False‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ ‪ :‬ﻻ ﯾﺟوز ﺗﻛرار ﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﺑﻧﻔس اﻻﺳم ﻓﻲ أي ﻟﻐﺔ ﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﺟب اﻟﺗﻧوﯾﮫ ان دارت ﻟﻐﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺣرف ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ أن اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ‪ A‬ﻏﯾر ‪a‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺷﺎء ﺣﺳب اﻟﻧوع‬
 ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪CONST & FINAL‬‬
‫اﻟﺛواﺑت‪ :‬ھﻲ ﺣﺟز ﻣﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟذاﻛرة ﯾﺟب إﻋطﺎﺋﮭﺎ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف وﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬أﺑدا ً ﺗﺑﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻻﻣرﯾن‬
‫;‪const C = 10‬‬
‫;‪final f=10‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ‪:OPERATORS‬‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺎﻋد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺟدول اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾوﺿﺢ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪: Dart‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل‬
‫ﺟﻣﻊ اﻻﻋداد‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫طرح اﻻﻋداد‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺿرب اﻻﻋداد‬ ‫*‬
‫ﻗﺳﻣﺔ اﻻﻋداد‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪%‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

void main() {
int x = 10;
int y = 20;
var result1 = x + y;
var result2 = x - y;
var result3 = x * y;
var result4 = x / y;
var result5 = x % y;
print(result1);
print(result2);
print(result3);
print(result4);
print(result5);
} A
 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺸﺮطﯿﺔ ‪:ARTHMATIC‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺗﺳﺎﻋدﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣن ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر او اﻟﺷروط اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل‬
‫ھل ‪x‬ﺗﺳﺎوي ‪y‬‬ ‫‪x==y‬‬
‫ھل ‪x‬ﻻ ﺗﺳﺎوي ‪y‬‬ ‫‪x!=y‬‬
‫ھل ‪ x‬اﻛﺑر ﻣن ‪y‬‬ ‫‪x>y‬‬
‫ھل ‪ x‬اﻛﺑر او ﯾﺳﺎوي ﻣن ‪y‬‬ ‫‪x >= y‬‬
‫ھل ‪ x‬اﺻﻐر ﻣن ‪y‬‬ ‫‪x<y‬‬
‫ھل ‪ x‬اﺻﻐر او ﯾﺳﺎوي ﻣن ‪y‬‬ ‫‪x <= y‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪:IS‬‬
‫ﺗﻘوم اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ‪ IS‬ﺑﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣن ﻧوع او ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻧﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣن ان ﻧوع اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ‪string‬‬

‫{ )(‪void main‬‬
‫;‪var num = 10‬‬
‫;)‪print(num is String‬‬
‫;)‪print(num is ! String‬‬
‫}‬

‫و اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬

‫‪false‬‬
‫‪true‬‬
 IF –ELSE ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮطﯿﺔ‬
‫وﯾﺗم اﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ ھذه‬FALSE ‫أو‬TRUE ‫ﯾﻘﯾم اﻟﺷرط اﻟﻘﯾم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻘﯾم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬
void main () { : ٤۰ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل ﯾﺧﺗﺑر ﻋدد اذا ﻛﺎن اﺻﻐر ﻣن‬
var n = 35;
if (n<40){
print("The number is smaller than 40")
};
: ‫ﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻛن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻋدم ﺗﺣﻘﻖ اﻟﺷرط‬
void main () {
var age = 16;
if (age>18){
print("You are eligible for voting");
};
print("You are not eligible for voting");
}
 IF –ELSE ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮطﯿﺔ‬
، ‫ﺣﯾث اﻧﮫ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺷرط اﻟﻣﻌطﻰ ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ‬if-else ‫وﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
else ‫وإذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺷرط اﻟﻣﻌطﻰ ﺧﺎطﺋ ًﺎ ؛ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬if ‫ﻓﻌﻧدﺋذ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬
void main() {
var x = 20;
var y = 30;
print("if-else statement example");

if(x > y){

print("x is greater than y");
} else {
print("y is greater than x");

};
}
 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮطﯿﺔ ‪IF –ELSE‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪ :‬ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ‪X‬وإذا ﻛﺎﻧت أﻛﺑر او ﺗﺳﺎوي ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﯾطﺑﻊ "‪"large value‬‬
‫اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ‬
‫{ )(‪void main‬‬
‫;‪var x = 20‬‬
‫;‪var y = 30‬‬
‫;)"‪print("if-else statement example‬‬
‫{)‪if(x > y‬‬
‫;)"‪print("x is greater than y‬‬
‫{ ‪} else‬‬
‫;)"‪print("y is greater than x‬‬
‫;}‬
‫}‬

‫اﻟﺗﻛﻠﯾف رﻗم ‪ :۱‬ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌدد اﻟﻣدﺧل ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم زوﺟﻲ ام ﻓردي ‪:‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮطﯿﺔ ‪SWITCH‬‬
‫إﻧﮫ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﻣﺑﺳط ﻟداﻟﺔ ‪if-else.‬ﻟﺗﺟﻧب اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﺑﺎرة ‪Switch‬ﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﺑﺎرة ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ‪if-else .‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎرن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻣﺗﻌددة ‪ ،‬وإذا ﺗم اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗطﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻧﻔذ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﺑﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﮭذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻛﺗب ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻻدﺧﺎل ﻗﯾﻣﺗﯾن ‪ X‬و ‪Y‬ﺛم ﺑﺎﺟراء اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﯾﺔ )اﻟﺟﻣﻊ ‪ -‬اﻟطرح‬
‫اﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ – اﻟﺿرب – ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ) ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ‪(Switch‬‬
void main() {
SWITCH ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮطﯿﺔ‬
int n = 3;
switch (n) {
case 1:
print("Value is 1");
break;
case 2:
print("Value is 2");
break;
case 3:
print("Value is 3");
break;
case 4:
print("Value is 4");
break;
default:
print("Out of range");
break;
}
}
 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ ‪FOR-LOOP‬‬
‫ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻧﻌرف ﻋدد اﻟﻣرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ‬

‫{ )(‪void main‬‬
‫)‪for(int i=0;i<10;i++‬‬
‫{‬
‫;)‪print(i‬‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ ‪FOR-LOOP‬‬
‫ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻧﻌرف ﻋدد اﻟﻣرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫{ )(‪void main‬‬
‫)‪for(int i=0;i<10;i++‬‬
‫{‬
‫;)‪print(i‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪nested for :‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for‬اﻟﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ ‪" ،‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for‬داﺧل ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for‬أﺧرى"‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﺗﻛرار ﻟﻠﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺗﺗﻛرر اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺻل إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻣل دورﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎل ﻋن ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪nested for :‬‬

 NESTED FOR : ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬

void main()
{
int i, j;
int table_no = 2;
int max_no = 10;
for (i = 1; i <= table_no; i++) {
for (j = 0; j <= max_no; j++) {
print("${i} * ${j} = ${i*j}");
}}
}
 ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪FOR .. IN :‬‬

‫اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for… in‬ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﻗﻠﯾﻼً ﻋن ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for.‬ﻻ ﯾﺗطﻠب اﻷﻣر ﺳوى ﻛﺎﺋن أو‬
‫ﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﯾﺗﻛرر وﯾﻘوم ﺑﺗﻛرار اﻟﻌﻧﺻر واﺣدًا ﺗﻠو اﻵﺧر‪.‬‬
‫ﺗرﺗﺑط ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﺻر ﺑـ ‪ ،var‬وھو ﺻﺎﻟﺢ وﻣﺗﺎح ﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺗﺑﻘﻰ أي ﻋﻧﺻر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻛرر‪ .‬وﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)(‪void main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;]‪var list1 = [10,20,30,40,50‬‬
‫)‪for(var i in list1‬‬
‫{‬
‫;)‪print(i‬‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ‪BREAK‬و ‪CONTINUE‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺔ ‪ break‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻹﯾﻘﺎف اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻛرارﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﺷرط ﻣﻌﯾن‪.‬‬

‫{ )(‪void main‬‬
‫)‪for(int i=0;i<5;i++‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧرﺟﺎت اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫{‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫;)‪print(i‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪if(i==2‬‬
‫‪i==2‬‬
‫{‬
‫;)'‪print('i==2‬‬
‫;‪break‬‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ‪BREAK‬و ‪CONTINUE‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺔ ‪Continue‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻻﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎد ﺷرط ﻣﻌﯾن ﻣن اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻛرارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫{ )(‪void main‬‬
‫)‪for(int i=0;i<5;i++‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧرﺟﺎت اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫{‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫)‪if(i==2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫;‪continue‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫}‬
‫;)‪print(i‬‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪودة ‪WHILE-LOOP & DO-WHILE‬‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪while :‬‬

‫ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪while‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻛود ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌروف‪ .‬ﺳﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذه طﺎﻟﻣﺎ أن اﻟﺷرط ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺷرط اﻟﻣﺣدد ﺛم ﯾﻧﻔذ اﻟﻌﺑﺎرات اﻟﻣوﺟودة داﺧل ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫‪while.‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪while‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟب ﻹﻧﺷﺎء ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪودة ‪WHILE-LOOP & DO-WHILE‬‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪while :‬‬

‫ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪while‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻛود ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌروف‪ .‬ﺳﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذه طﺎﻟﻣﺎ أن اﻟﺷرط ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺷرط اﻟﻣﺣدد ﺛم ﯾﻧﻔذ اﻟﻌﺑﺎرات اﻟﻣوﺟودة داﺧل ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪while.‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪while‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟب ﻹﻧﺷﺎء ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫{ )(‪void main‬‬
‫;‪var i=0‬‬
‫)‪while(i<10‬‬
‫{‬
‫;)‪print(i‬‬
‫;‪i++‬‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
WHILE-LOOP & DO-WHILE ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪودة‬
: ‫ﻻ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬while ‫ﻣﺛﺎل ﻋن ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬

void main()
{
int i = 1;

while (i <= 5)
{
print( i);
--i;
}
}
WHILE-LOOP & DO-WHILE ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪودة‬
while loop ‫ﻣﺛﺎل اﺧر ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬

void main() {
int n1=1;
int n2=1;
while (n1 <= 4 && n2 <= 3)
{
print("n1 : ${n1}, n2: ${n2}");
n1++;
n2++;
}
}