Scribd
Upload
193 views15 pages

Introduction To Microwave

Microwaves have frequencies between 3 GHz and 300 GHz with wavelengths between 10 cm and 1 mm. They often act as distributed elements where phase varies significantly across the device's dimensions due to the electrical wavelength being similar in size. Microwaves are generated by magnetrons through electron vibration and propagate in straight lines, making them ideal for covering large areas without obstacles. Their higher frequencies allow for smaller antennas, more focused beams, increased bandwidth and data rates compared to radio waves. However, microwaves require line of sight transmission and have implementation costs while being susceptible to rain and interference. They have applications in communication systems, GPS, satellite, wireless networks, security, radar and remote sensing.

Uploaded by

Shimaa ashraf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
193 views15 pages

Introduction To Microwave

Microwaves have frequencies between 3 GHz and 300 GHz with wavelengths between 10 cm and 1 mm. They often act as distributed elements where phase varies significantly across the device's dimensions due to the electrical wavelength being similar in size. Microwaves are generated by magnetrons through electron vibration and propagate in straight lines, making them ideal for covering large areas without obstacles. Their higher frequencies allow for smaller antennas, more focused beams, increased bandwidth and data rates compared to radio waves. However, microwaves require line of sight transmission and have implementation costs while being susceptible to rain and interference. They have applications in communication systems, GPS, satellite, wireless networks, security, radar and remote sensing.

Uploaded by

Shimaa ashraf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Introduction to microwave

Lecture 1
Radio frequency and microwave bands
• RF frequencies range from very high frequency 30MHz -
3GHz while the term microwave is typically used for
frequencies between 3 and 300 GHz, with a corresponding
electrical wavelength between λ = c/ f = 10 cm and λ = 1
mm,
• Microwave components often act as distributed elements,
where the phase of the voltage or current changes
significantly over the physical extent of the device because
the device dimensions are on the order of the electrical
wavelength.
• At much lower frequencies the wavelength is large enough
that there is insignificant phase variation across the
dimensions of a component.
Frequency Spectrum
Microwave communication concepts
• microwaves are generated by magnetrons through
vibration of electrons
• LoS (Line of Sight) – is a visible straight line between the
sender and the receiver
• LoS propagation – propagation of microwaves in a straight
line free from any obstructions i.e receivers need an
unobstructed view of the sender to successfully receive
microwaves
• microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered
and there are no obstacles in the path
LoS propagation

• microwaves, one generated, propagate in a straight line in


all directions
Advantages of microwave
1. Antenna gain is proportional to the electrical
size of the antenna. At higher frequencies,
more antenna gain can be obtained for a
given physical antenna size, and this has
important consequences when implementing
microwave systems.
• F=3*10^9
• Lamda=3*10^8/3*10^9=0.1m
• size=0.1*.5=.05m

• F=3*10^7
• Lamda=3*10^8/3*10^7=10m
• size=0.1*.5=5m

• F=3*10^5
• Lamda=3*10^8/3*10^5=1000m
• size=0.1*.5=500m
Advantages of microwave
2-More bandwidth (directly related to data rate)
can be realized at higher frequencies. A 1%
bandwidth at 600 MHz is 6 MHz, which can
provide a data rate of about 6 Mbps (megabits
per second), while at 60 GHz a 1% bandwidth
is 600 MHz, allowing a 600 Mbps data rate.
• A 1% bandwidth at 600 MHz is 6 MHz

• A 1% bandwidth while at 60 GHz 0.6G


Advantages of microwave
3-The effective reflection area (radar cross
section) of a radar target is usually
proportional to the target’s electrical size. This
fact, coupled with the frequency
characteristics of antenna gain, generally
makes microwave frequencies preferred for
radar systems.
Advantages of microwaves over radio waves

• because of high frequency, more data can be sent through


microwaves -> increased bandwidth, higher speeds
• because of their short wave length, microwaves use smaller
antennas
• smaller antennas produce a more focused beam which is
difficult to intercept
Disadvantages of microwave communication

• they require no obstacle is present in the


transmission path
• the cost of implementing the communication
infrastructure is high
• microwaves are susceptible to rain, snow,
electromagnetic interference
Microwaves applications
❑GPS (Global Positioning System)
❑carrier waves in satellite communications
❑wireless local area network
❑ communications systems as cellular communication, Bluetooth
❑wireless security systems,
❑radar systems,
❑environmental remote sensing,
❑medical systems.
Microwave applications
Applications of Microwave
Engineering

You might also like