Scribd
Upload
60 views9 pages

Lie

Uploaded by

Yassin Chnika
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
60 views9 pages

Lie

Uploaded by

Yassin Chnika
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9
12122122, 225 PM Character table - Wikipedia ‘WIKIPEDIA Character table In group theory, a branch of abstract algebra, a character table is a two-dimensional table whose rows correspond to irreducible representations, and whose columns correspond to conjugacy classes of group elements. The entries consist of characters, the traces of the matrices representing group elements of the column's class in the given row’s group representation. In chemistry, crystallography, and spectroscopy, character tables of point groups are used to classify e. molecular vibrations according to their symmetry, and to predict whether a transition between two states is forbidden for symmetry reasons. Many university level textbooks on physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, spectroscopy and inorganic chemistry devote a chapter to the use of symmetry group character tables. "Il2I[sI(4sile1 Contents Definition and example Orthogonality relations Properties Outer automorphisms Finding the vibrational modes of water molecule using character table Finding Freducibe from the Character Table of HO molecule Calculating the irreducible representation ieducible from the reducible representation Teducible along with the character table Translational motion for water molecule Rotational motion for water molecule Total vibrational modes for water molecule Checking whether the water molecule is IR active or Raman active See also References Definition and example ‘The irreducible complex characters of a finite group form a character table which encodes much useful information about the group G in a compact form. Each row is labelled by an irreducible character and the entries in the row are the values of that character on any representative of the respective conjugacy class of G (because characters are class functions). The columns are labelled by (representatives of) the conjugacy classes of G. It is customary to label the first row by the character of the trivial representation, which is the trivial action of G on a 1-dimensional vector space by p(g) = 1 for all g € G. Each entry in the first row is therefore 1. Similarly, it is customary to label the first column by the identity. The entries of the first column are the values of the irreducible characters at the identity, the degrees of the irreducible characters. Characters of degree 1 are known as linear charaeters. Here is the character table of C, , the cyclic group with three elements and generator u: hitpsjien wikipedia orgiwklCharacter table 19 12122122, 225 PM Character table - Wikipedia where @ is a primitive third root of unity. The character table for general cyclic groups multiple of) the DFT matrix. Another example is the character table of $3: (1) (2) | (123) Xw [1 ft | 4 Xegn | 1 | -t 4 Xetra | 20 | -1 where (12) represents conjugacy class consisting of (12),(13),(23), and (123) represents conjugacy class consisting of (123),(132). To learn more about character table of symmetric groups, sce [2] (h ttp://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Linear_representation_theory_of_symmetric_groups). The first row of the character table always cons of 1s, and corresponds to the trivial representation (the 1-dimensional representation consisting of 1x1 matrices containing the entry 1). Further, the character table is always square because (1) irreducible characters are pairwise orthogonal, and (2) no other non-trivial class function is orthogonal to every character. (A. class function is one that is constant on conjugacy classes.) This is tied to the important fact that the irreducible representations of a finite group G are in bijection with its conjugacy classes. This bijection also follows by showing that the class sums form a basis for the center of the group algebra of G, which has dimension equal to the number of irreducible representations of G. Orthogonality relations The space of complex-valued class functions of a finite group G has a natural inner-product: where f(g) means the complex conjugate of the value of 8 on g. With respect to this inner product, the irreducible characters form an orthonormal basis for the space of class-functions, and this yields the orthogonality relation for the rows of the character table: (Xin) = {t For g,h € G the orthogonality relation for columns is as follows: \Ce(9)|, ifg,h are conjugate Ltda) ={f otherwise. hitpstfen.wikipedia.orgiwiklCharacter table 29 12272, 225 PM Character abe -Wikiveda where the sum is over all of the irreducible characters x, of G and the symbol |Cg(g)| denotes the order of the centralizer of g. For an arbitrary character xj, itis irreducible if and only if (x:,xs) = 1. The orthogonality relations can aid many computations including: = Decomposing an unknown character as a linear combination of irreducible characters, i.e. # of copies of irreducible representation V; in V= (x, xi). = Constructing the complete character table when only some of the irreducible characters are known. = Finding the orders of the centralizers of representatives of the conjugacy classes of a group. * Finding the order of the group, |G] = |Cl(g)| * vx (9)xi(g), for any gin G. Xe Ifthe irreducible representation Vis non-trivial, then > x(g) = 0. g More specifically, consider the regular representation which is the permutation obtained from a finite group G acting on itself. The characters of this representation are x(e) = |G| and x(g) = 0 for g not the identity Then given an irreducible representation V;, lL wom a (Xegs Xi) = ia a 3 on) [ait )xeeD = din Ve Then decomposing the regular representations as a sum of irreducible representations of G, we get dim Vi : Veeg = OV; From which we conclude |G| = dim Vieg = (dim Vi)? over all irreducible representations V;. This sum can help narrow down the dimensions of the irreducible representations in a character table. For example, if the group has order 10 and 4 conjugacy classes (for instance, the dihedral group of order 10) then the only way to express the order of the group as a sum of four squa 10=1? +1? +2? +2”, so we know the dimensions of all the irreducible representations. Properties Complex conjugation acts on the character table: since the complex conjugate of a representation is again a representation, the same is true for characters, and thus a character that takes on non- trivial complex values has a conjugate character. Certain properties of the group G can be deduced from its character table: = The order of Gis given by the sum of the squares of the entries of the first column (the degrees of the irreducible characters). (See Representation theory of finite groups#Applying Schur's lemma.) More generally, the sum of the squares of the absolute values of the entries in any column gives the order of the centralizer of an element of the corresponding conjugacy class. = Allnormal subgroups of G (and thus whether or not G is simple) can be recognised from its character table. The kemel of a character x is the set of elements gin G for which x(g) = x(1); hitpslfen.wikipedia.orgiwiklCharacter table 39 ‘210002, 225 PM Character tale - Whipedia this is a normal subgroup of G. Each normal subgroup of G is the intersection of the kernels of some of the irreducible characters of G. = The number of irreducible representations of G equals the number of conjugacy classes that G has, = The commutator subgroup of Gis the intersection of the kernels of the linear characters of G = If Gis finite, then since the character table is square and has as many rows as conjugacy classes, it follows that G is abelian iff each conjugacy class is a singleton iff the character table of Gis |G| x |G| iff each irreducible character is linear. * Itfollows, using some results of Richard Brauer from modular representation theory, that the prime divisors of the orders of the elements of each conjugacy class of a finite group can be deduced from its character table (an observation of Graham Higman). The character table does not in general determine the group up to isomorphism: for example, the quaternion group Q and the dihedral group of 8 elements (D,) have the same character table. Brauer asked whether the character table, together with the knowledge of how the powers of elements of its conjugacy classes are distributed, determines a finite group up to isomorphism. In 1964, this was answered in the negative by E. C. Dade. ‘The linear representations of G are themselves a group under the tensor product, since the tensor product of 1-dimensional vector spaces is again 1-dimensional. That is, if p: : G— Vi and p2 : G-» V; are linear representations, then p ® p2(g) = (p1(g) ® p2(g)) defines a new linear representation. This gives rise to a group of linear characters, called the character group under the operation [x1 * x2](9) = x1 (9)x2(9)- This group is connected to Dirichlet characters and Fourier analys' Outer automorphisms The outer automorphism group acts on the character table by permuting columns (conjugacy classes) and accordingly rows, which gives another symmetry to the table. For example, abelian groups have the outer automorphism g ++ g~?, which is non-trivial except for elementary abelian 2-groups, and outer because abelian groups are precisely those for which conjugation (inner automorphisms) acts trivially. In the example of C3 above, this map sends u ++ u?,u? ++ u, and accordingly switches x1 and x2 (switching their values of w and w*). Note that this particular automorphism (negative in abelian groups) agrees with complex conjugation. Formally, if ¢:G — G is an automorphism of G and p:G — GL is a representation, then p* = 9+ p($(g)) isa representation. If ¢ = 4 is an inner automorphism (conjugation by some element a), then it acts trivially on representations, because representations are class functions (conjugation does not change their value). Thus a given class of outer automorphisms, it acts on the characters — because inner automorphisms act trivially, the action of the automorphism group Aut descends to the quotient Out. ‘This relation can be used both ways: given an outer automorphism, one can produce new representations (if the representation is not equal on conjugacy classes that are interchanged by the outer automorphism), and conversely, one can restrict possible outer automorphisms based on the character table. Finding the vibrational modes of water molecule using character table hitpsjien wikipedia orgiwklCharacter table 49 12122122, 225 PM Character table - Wikipedia To find the total number of vibrational modes of water molecule, the irreducible representation Tirreduciste needs to calculate from the character table of water molecule first. Finding Freducible from the Character Table of H2O molecule Water (H, 0) molecule falls under the point group Cy 7] Below is the character table of C2, point group, which is also the character table for water molecule. Character table for Cay point group B| Cy | oy | 0 Alt). 4 ite) late Alt. 4 4 Rk | ay Bolt 4) 10-4 | Rye | az Bolt 1/1 | Rey | ye In here, the first row describes the possible symmetry operations of this point group and the first column represents the Mulliken symbols. The fifth and sixth columns are functions of the axis variables. Functions: = x, yand zare related to translational movement and IR active bands. = R,, R, and R, are related to rotation about respective axis. = Quadratic functions (such as 2? + y*, 2? — y?, 2”, y*,2”, ey, yz,2a) are related to Raman active bands. When determining the characters for a representation, assign 1 if it remains unchanged, 0 if it moved, and (—1) if it reversed its direction. A simple way to determine the characters for the reducible representation Tyedueitle, is to multiply the number of unshifted atom(s) with ‘contribution per atom’ along each of three axis (#, y, z) when a symmetry operation is carried out. Unless otherwise stated, for the identity operation E, ‘contribution per unshifted atom’ for each atom is always 3, as none of the atom(s) change their position during this operation. For any reflective symmetry operation g, ‘contribution per atom’ is always 1, as for any reflection, an atom remains unchanged along with two axis and reverse its direction along with the other axis. For the inverse symmetry operation é, ‘contribution per unshifted atom’ is always —3, as each of three axi of an atom reverse its direction during this operation. An easiest way to calculate ‘contribution per unshifted atom' for C,, and S;, symmetry operation is to use below formulas'®) Cy = 2cos8+1 Sn = 2cos?—1 Where, 9 = 360 n Asimplified version of above statements is summarized in the table below hitpslfen.wikipedia.orgiwiklCharacter table 59 12122122, 225 PM Character table - Wikipedia Contribution Operation | er unshifted atom E 3 C A Gs 0 a 1 G 2 Cayiyefzz | 1 i 3 Ss 2 Se a Se o Character of Treducibie for any symmetry operation = Number of unshifted atom(s) during this operation x Contribution per unshifted atom along each of three axis Finding the characters for Treg Coy EB Ca oes) | Migs) Number of unshifted atom(s) | 3 1 3 1 Contribution perunshifted atom | 3-114 Trea 9643 1 Calculating the irreducible representation [j;,educible from the reducible representation equcible along with the character table From the above discussion, a new character table for water molecule (Czy point group) can be written as New character table for HO molecule including D'yea E | Cy Gules) | Sofye) AD jt 4/4 1 Ap }t 4 4 A Bolt oa 4 a Bolt ia a 1 Trea | 9-13 1 Using the new character table including Tj.q, the reducible representation for all motion of the HO molecule can be reduced using below formula hitpslfen.wikipedia.orgiwiklCharacter table 89 12122122, 225 PM Character table - Wikipedia N= 5 DOG xa xn) where, h = order of the group, X? = character of the Pyeducitte for a particular class, X# = character from the reducible representation for a particular class, = the number of operations in the class Nay = EHO x1 1}-4 (A) x 1x1} + Bx 1x1} + Lx 1x18 Nag = FO «1x Th + (A) x1 x Th + (3 x (1) x1} + (x (1) x= 1 F I GUO 1 1} + (Aa) x (1) x AP + BL T+ x (1) x T= 3 1 Np, = ita x1 x1} + {(-1) x (-1) x 1} + {3 x (-1) x + {1x 1x 1}]}=2 So, the reduced representation for all motions of water molecule will be Tirreducible = 3A, + Ag + 3B, + 2By Translational motion for water molecule ‘Translational motion will corresponds with the reducible representations in the character table, which have 2, y and z function For H,O molecule A lz Ar Boz Boy As only the reducible representations By, Bz and Ay correspond to the &, y and z function, Trranstational = Ay + By + Bo Rotational motion for water molecule Rotational motion will corresponds with the reducible representations in the character table, which have Rz, Ry and R, function hitpsjien wikipedia orgiwklCharacter table 719 12122122, 225 PM Character table - Wikipedia For H,O molecule Ay A | Re Br | Ry B, | Re As only the reducible representations By, By and Ag correspond to the &, yand z function, T rotational = Ag + By + By Total vibrational modes for water molecule Total vibrational mode, P'yitrationat = Virreducible — T transiationat — T';atational = (3A; + Ap + 3B, + 2Bo) — (Ai + By + By) — (Ap + Bi + Ba) =2A, +B So, total (2+ 1) = 3 vibrational modes are possible for water molecules and two of them are symmetric vibrational modes (as 2A;) and the other vibrational mode is antisymmetric (as 1B,) Checking whether the water molecule is IR active or Raman active There is some rules to be IR active or Raman active for a particular mode. = If there is a @, y or z for any irreducible representation, then the mode is IR active = If there is a quadratic functions such as a? + y”, 2? — y?, a”, y*,2”, xy, yz or wz for any irreducible representation, then the mode is Raman active = Ifthere is no «, y, z nor quadratic functions for any irreducible representation, then the mode is neither IR active nor Raman active As the vibrational modes for water molecule Pyigrational contains both 2, y or z and quadratic functions, it has both the IR active vibrational modes and Raman active vibrational modes. Similar rules will apply forrest’ ofthe __ irreducible __representations Tirreducible Vtranslationals V'rotational See also «= Irreducible representation § Applications in theoretical physics and chemistry = Molecular symmetry * List of character tables for chemically important 3D point groups = Character tables of small groups on GroupNames (http://groupnames.org/characters.html) = Isaacs, |. Martin (1976). Character Theory of Finite Groups. Dover Publications. hitpslfen.wikipedia.orgiwiklCharacter table 89 12122122, 225 PM Character table - Wikipedia = Rowland, Todd; Weisstein, Eric W. "Character Table" (https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Characte rTable.html). MathWorld. References 1. Quantum Chemistry, 3rd ed. John P. Lowe, Kirk Peterson ISBN 0-12-457551-X 2. Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach by Donald A. McQuarrie, John D. Simon ISBN 0- 935702-99-7 3. The chemical bond, 2nd ed. J.N. Murrell, S.F.A. Kettle, J.M, Tedder ISBN 0-471-90760-X 4, Physical Chemistry, 8th ed, P.W. Atkins and J. de Paula, W.H. Freeman, 2006 ISBN 0-7167- 8759-8, chap.12 5. Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy, 2nd ed. Philip R. Bunker and Per Jensen, NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 1998 [1] (http:/www.volumesdirect.com/detail.aspx?ID=5126) ISBN 9780660196282 6. G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall, 1998 ISBN 0-13-841891-8, chap.4 7. Reimers, J.R.; Watts, R.O. (1984-06-10). "A local mode potential function for the water molecule" (https://doi.org/10.1080/00268978400101271). Molecular Physics. 52 (2): 357-381 doi:10,1080/00268978400101271 (https://doi,org/10.1080%2F00268978400101271). ISSN 0026-8976 (https:/Avww.worldcat. org/issn/0026-8976). 8, Davidson, George (1991-06-06). Group Theory for Chemists (https://books.google.com/book s?id=rEddDwAAQBAJ). Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 978-1-349-21357-3 Retrieved from "https://en. wikipedia orgiwlindex php title=Character_table&oldid=1122163277" This page was last edited on 16 November 2022, at 04:50 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. hitpsjien wikipedia orgiwklCharacter table 99

You might also like