CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

Name-Debjani Das

Class-XII

  roll no-

Hem Seela Mo!el S"ool

 

 Acknowledgement 

It is my foremost duty to express my deep regards to my

Chemistry teacher Mrs. Indira Pandey under whose
guidance and supervision I am able to undertake this
 project. It is she who has been my primary source of
inspiration and who motivated, guided and encouraged
me at different stages to make this project. I am also
thankful for the help rendered by our lab teacher who
made available the various apparatus and chemicals
needed for the experiments, else it would have been a
difficult task to perform this project successfully. I also
want to thank the lab attendant and my teammates for
their invaluable help.
ebjani as
!"#$%#&
 

TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE

This to certify that “Debjani Das” of class XII bearing 

roll no- who is going to appear for AISSCE-2!" 
has s#ccessf#lly co$plete% all the practicals an% projects in
Che$istry %#ring the session 2!&-2!" as per the prescribe% 
 syllab#s of C'('S'E') *ew Delhi'

  'ignature of (xaminer)***************** 

  ate)*****************
 

TO ANALYSE FOR THE PRESENCE OF CATIONS,

 ANIONS AND FOOD STUFFS PRESENT IN
COCONUT WATER
 

Contents
 

INTRODUCTION

COCONUT PLANT
The coconut tree  +Cocos n#cifera. is a member of the family 
-recaceae +palm family.It is the only accepted species in the
genus Cocos. he term coconut can refer to the entire coconut
 palm, the seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a
nut. he spelling cocoanut is an archaic form of the word./ he
term is derived from the #&th%century Portuguese and 'panish
word coco meaning 0head0 or 0skull0, from the three
indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features.
he coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the
many uses of its different parts and found throughout the tropics
and subtropics.1$/ Coconuts are part of the daily diets of many
 people. Coconuts are different from any other fruits because
they contain a large 2uantity of 0water0 and when immature they
are known as tender%nuts or jelly%nuts and may be harvested for
drinking. 3hen mature, they still contain some water and can be
used as seednuts or processed to give oil from the kernel,
charcoal from the hard shell and coir  from the fibrous husk . he
endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within the
coconut water. -s development continues, cellular layers of
endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming the
edible coconut 0flesh0.1&/ 3hen dried, the coconut flesh is called
copra. he oil and milk  derived from it are commonly used in
 

cooking and frying4 coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and

cosmetics. he clear li2uid coconut water  within is potable. he
husks and leaves can be used as material to make a variety of
 products for furnishing and decorating. he coconut also has
cultural and religious significance in many societies that use it.
1cita
 

Coconut water 
Coconut water is the clear li2uid inside young green
coconuts +fruits of the coconut palm. In early development, it
serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during
the nuclear phase of development. -s growth continues, the
endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the
rind of the coconut meat. Coconut water has long been a popular 
drink in the tropical countries where it is available fresh, canned,
or bottled. Coconuts for drinking are served fresh, chilled or
 packaged in many places. hey are often sold by street vendors 
who cut them open with machetes or similar implements in front
of customers. Processed coconut water for retail can be found in
ordinary cans, etra Paks5, or plastic bottles, sometimes with
coconut pulp or coconut jelly included. Coconut water can be
fermented to produce coconut vinegar . It is also used to make
nata %e coco, a jelly%like food. 6ottled coconut water has a shell
life of !7 months. In recent years, coconut water has been
marketed as a natural energy or sports drink  having low levels of 
fat, carbohydrates, and calories, and significant electrolyte 
content. Marketers have also promoted coconut water for having
low levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories. 8owever,
marketing claims attributing tremendous health benefits to
coconut water are largely unfounded. 9nless the coconut has
 been damaged, it is likely sterile. here is a single documented
case where coconut water has been used as an intravenous
hydration fluid when medical saline was unavailable. -lthough
 

this is not generally recommended by most physicians today, it

was a common practice during the :hmer ;ouge regime in
Cambodia from #<=$ to #<=<. Coconut water has long been a
 popular drink in the tropics , especially in India , 6ra>ilian Coast
, 'outheast -sia , Pacific Islands , -frica , and the Caribbean ,
where it is available fresh , canned , or bottled . In the
Philippines, it is known as ?buko@.
 

8-;A('IB

Dresh coconuts are typically harvested from the tree while they
are green. - hole may be bored into the coconut to provide
access to the li2uid and meat. In young coconuts, the li2uid and
air may be under some pressure and may spray slightly when the
inner husk is first penetrated. Coconuts which have fallen to the
ground are susceptible to rot and damage from insects or
animals.

M(IC-E 9'(

It is said , albeit 2uite incorrectly , that coconut water is identical

to human plasma and can be injected directly into the human
 bloodstream. he story has its origin from 3orld 3ar II where
6ritish and Fapanese patients were given coconut water
intravenously in an emergency because saline was unavailable.
1
  'ince then, this rehydration techni2ue has been used only for
short%term emergency situations in remote locations where
 plasma is not available.

-lthough substituting coconut water for saline is not

recommended by physicians today, it was a common practice
during the :hmer ;ouge regime in Cambodia from #<=$ to
#<=<. he ocumentation Center of Cambodia cited the practice
of allowing untrained nurses to administer green coconut water
during the Pol Pot regime as a crime against humanity.1

8(-E8 6(B(DI'
 

• Coconut water is a very refreshing drink to beat

tropical summer thirst. Its li2uid is packed with simple
sugars, electrolytes , and minerals to replenish
dehydration within the human body.

• ;esearch studies suggest that cytokinins +e.g., kinetin

and trans>eatin in coconut water found to have
significant anti%ageing ,anti%carcinogenic, and anti%
thrombotic+anti%clot formationeffects.

• Coconut water is composed of many naturally

occurring bioactive en>ymes such as acid
 phosphatase , catalase,
dehydrogenase,diastase,peroxidase,rna%polymerases
etc. In effect, these en>ymes help in the digestion and
metabolism.

• espite being very light in consistency, its water has

 proportionately better composition of minerals like
calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium and >inc than
some of the fruit juices like oranges.

• Its li2uid is also a very good source of 6%complex

vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin,thiamin,pyridoxine,
and folates,these vitamins are essential in the sense
that the human body re2uires them from external
sources to replenish.
 

• Coconut water contains very good amount of

electrolyte potassium.#""ml of water has !$"mg of
 potassium and #"$mg of sodium. ogether, these
electrolytes help replenish electrolyte deficiency in the
 body due to diarrhea +loose stools.

• Durther, fresh coconut water has a small amount of

vitamin%C+-scorbic -cid4It provides about !.7mg or
7G of ;-. Aitamin C is a water%soluble anti%
oxidant.
 

Requrements

 Coconut Water

 Ferrous sulphate solution

 Concentrated sulphuric acid

 Lead acetate solution

 Silver nitrate solution

 Ammonium molybdate

 Concentrated nitric acid

 Potassium dichromate

 Sodium hydroxide solution

 Methylene blue

 Benedict’s solution

 Copper sulphate solution

 Sodium cobaltinate solution

 Disodium hydroen phosphate

 

 Ammonium chloride

 Ammonium carbonate

 Potassium pyro antimonite

 !niversal indicator
 

  #ET TEST $OR %ASIC RADICA&S

(HP(;IM(B 6'(;A-IB IBD(;(BC(

Sodium #i'e miliness Na/ is "on0rme!,
Po'assi(m is obser.e!,
)*roal(mina'e is
a!!e! 'o "o"on('
+a'er,
Potassium  Yello+ )re"i)i'a'e 1 / is "on0rme!,
$resl* )re)are! is obser.e!,
so!i(m sal'
Magnesium #i'e )re"i)i'a'e M35/ is )resen',
A!! a )in" o2 is 2orme!,
ma3nesi(m
"lori!e4 a 2e+
!ro)s o2
ammoni(m
)os)a'e
sol('ion 'o
"o"on(' +a'er,
Calcium A +i'e Ca5/ is )resen',
A!! soli! )re"i)i'a'e is
ammoni(m 2orme!,
"lori!e4
ammoni(m
*!ro6i!e an!
ammoni(m
 

"arbona'e 'o
"o"on(' +a'er
an! ammoni(m
o6ala'e sol('ion,

#e' 'es' 2or a"i! ra!i"als

(HP(;IM(B 6'(;A-IB IBD(;(BC(

Chloride
Sil.er ni'ra'e 'es'7
A!! "on",Ni'ri" A +i'e )re"i)i'a'e Cl ma* be
a"i! an! sil.er is 2orme!, )resen'
ni'ra'e sol('ion,

Crom*l "lori!e
'es'7 Mi6 a small A Yello+
8(an'i'* o2 'e )re"i)i'a'e is Cl is )resen' -
sal' +i' a small 2orme!, "on0rme!,
amo(n' o2
)o+!ere!
)o'assi(m
!i"roma'e, Tae
a mi6'(re in 'es'
'(be an! a!!
"on", S(l)(ri"
a"i!
 

Hea' 'e '(be an!

)ass 'e re!
.a)o(rs e.ol.e!
in'o a 3as
!e'e"'or
"on'ainin3
so!i(m *!ro6i!e
sol('ion, To 'e
*ello+ '(s
ob'aine! a!! !il,
A"e'i" a"i! lea!
a"e'a'e sol('ion,
Oxalate ion A +i'e )re"i)i'a'e O6ala'e ion is
A!! "al"i(m is ob'aine!, )resen',
"lori!e an!
a"e'i" a"i! 'o 'e
"o"on(' +a'er,
Nitrate

Co))er "i)s 'es'7 Dar bro+n 2(mes NO9- ion ma* be

Hea' a small are e.ol.e!, )resen',
8(an'i'* o2
"o"on(' +a'er
+i' "on",
S(l)(ri" a"i!
an! 2e+ "o))er A !ar bro+n rin3 NO9-  is )resen',
"i)s, 2orms,

%ro+n rin3 'es'7

A!! a small
 

8(an'i'* o2 2resl*
)re)are! sol('ion
2erro(s s(l)a'e
'o a )ar' o2 'e
a8(eo(s sol('ion
an! 'en )o(r
"on", S(l)(ri"
a"i! slo+l* alon3
'e si!es o2 'e
'es' '(be,
Phosphate

-mmonium molybdate Jellow precipitate is Phosphate ion is present

test) -dd conc. Bitric acid formed
to coconut water and boil
then add ammonium
molybdate solution to it.
 

 Tes' 2or 'e )resen"e o2 2oo! s'(:7

Sl"#o" $%P$&'M$#( )BS$&*A(')# '#F$&$#C$

# %ene!i"';s No Re!("in3
'es'- )re"i)i'a'e is s(3ar is
%ene!i"';s Obser.e! absen'
sol('ion is
a!!e! 'o <ml
o2 "o"on('
+a'er an!
ea'e! in
+a'er ba'
2or < min('es
! No Re!("in3
METHY&ENE !e"olo(risa'i s(3ar is
%&=E TEST->- on is absen',
5 !ro)s o2 obser.e!
me'*lene
bl(e is a!!e!
'o "o"on('
K +a'er
A bl(e Pro'eins an!
C(SO?/NaO )re"i)i'a'e is 2a's are
H TEST- ob'aine! )resen'
Co))er
s(l)a'e an!
NaOH is
a!!e! 'o
 

"o"on('
+a'er
 

$xperiment )bservation 'n+erence

)H o2 2ermen'e! A oran3e 'in3e is )H @<
"o"on(' +a'er is obser.e! on )H
'es'e! (sin3 )a)er
(ni.ersal
in!i"a'or
)H o2 2ermen'e! A 3reen 'in3e is )H@
"o"on(' +a'er is obser.e! on )H
'es'e! (sin3 )a)er,
(ni.ersal
in!i"a'or
 

!RECAUTIONS

 he chemicals should be handled carefully.

 -ll apparatus should be handled carefully.
 he experiments should be conducted at room
temperature.
 

"I"#IO$RA!H% 

(o complete this pro,ect ' have ta-en help +rom the +ollo.in boo-s and
 .ebsites/0

1"..."oole"com
2"...".i-ipedia"com
3"Comprehensive Chemistry Class %''
4"Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class %''