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Pass Band

Bandpass signals can be represented using in-phase and quadrature components. The document provides equations showing how a bandpass signal can be written as the sum of its in-phase and quadrature components modulated by the carrier frequency. It also describes how an I/Q modulator works by encoding input data into in-phase and quadrature baseband signals, which are then modulated using cosine and sine carriers to produce the narrowband output signal. Additionally, it discusses how signal constellations represent possible symbol values on the I/Q plane and how channel distortion and noise affect the received symbols.

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Viktor Gard
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63 views3 pages

Pass Band

Bandpass signals can be represented using in-phase and quadrature components. The document provides equations showing how a bandpass signal can be written as the sum of its in-phase and quadrature components modulated by the carrier frequency. It also describes how an I/Q modulator works by encoding input data into in-phase and quadrature baseband signals, which are then modulated using cosine and sine carriers to produce the narrowband output signal. Additionally, it discusses how signal constellations represent possible symbol values on the I/Q plane and how channel distortion and noise affect the received symbols.

Uploaded by

Viktor Gard
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes on bandpass signals

1 Bandpass signals
Real modulated signals can be written as

s(t) = A(t) cos [2fc t + (t)]


where to

(1)

A(t) is the peak amplitude, (t) is the phase,

and both these signals vary slowly with respect

fc .

Signals of this form are narrowband, bassband signals.

An equivalent representation can be derived using trigonometric identity

cos(A+B) = cos A cos B


(2) is the quadrature

sin A sin B
where

to yield

s(t) = sI (t) cos(2fc t) sQ (t) sin(2fc t)


1 component.

sI (t) = A(t) cos (t)

is the in-phase component, and

sQ (t) = A(t) sin (t)

Passband signals may be written as the real part of a complex signal (see Section 2.9.5 of ZT)

s(t) = = =
where signal

Re Re Re

A(t)ej(t) ej2fc t [sI (t) + jsQ (t)] ej2fc t s(t)ej2fc t .

(3) (4) (5)

s(t) = sI (t) + jsQ (t) is the low-pass s(t).

equivalent signal or the complex envelope of the bandpass

The frequency content of the signal is

S(f ) =

Using Re{z}

s(t)ej2f t dt =

Re

s(t)ej2fc t

ej2f t dt

1 2

{z + z },

we have

S(f ) =

1 2

s(t)ej2fc t + s (t)ej2fc t ej2f t dt.

Application of the modulation property of Fourier transforms yields

S(f ) =
where

1 2

S(f fc ) + S (f fc ) s(t) = sI (t) + jsQ (t).

(6)

S(f )

is the Fourier transform of low-pass equivalent signal

Note that in ZT Eq.(3.269) this signal is dened with a + sign. We will not use this form.
1

+
Data Encoder

Figure 1: Block diagram of a general I/Q modulator.

A block diagram of a general in-phase-quadrature (I/Q) modulator is shown in Figure 1. baseband signals is then modulated by a pair of quadrature carriers, subtracted to produce a narrowband, modulated signal

An and

input data sequence is rst encoded into in-phase and quadrature baseband signals. Each of these

cos(2fc t) and sin(2fc t),

s(t) = sI (t) cos(2fc t) sQ (t) sin(2fc t).

(7)

2 Signal Constellations
Eq. (3) show that an amplitude/phase modulated signal can be expressed as a complex number

A(t)ej(t) at

any instant of time with the in-phase (I) component being the real value and the (Q) The signal constellation represents all possible symbols These symbols are distorted by transmission through the channel The received signal is quantied by a

component being the imaginary value. as points on the I/Q plane. and corrupted by noise.

Channel distortion aects the mean value of the received symbol while

noise causes the value of received symbol to be random.

distribution that accounts for all of the relevant distortion and noise mechanisms.The distribution may be visualized as producing a noise cloud about the mean values of the symbol and is shown pictorially in Figure 2(a). The mean received values are functions of the distortion. For other channels where both amplitude and phase are used for modulation, the channel distortion can be more complex. This eect is shown in Figure 2(c).

s1

s4

s2

s3

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Visualization of the eect of noise and distortion on the received signal. (a) Phase modulation using four levels

si

where the distribution of the noise is the same for each signal

vector. (b) Combined amplitude/phase modulation where the variance of the noise depends on the mean value of the signal. The distribution for the center symbol has less variance and thus is more concentrated about the mean value. (c) Example of distortion that reduces the mean received value in a random fashion with the noise being dependent on the mean.

1.4 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.4 -1.4 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 I 0.5 1.0 1.4
Q

Figure 3: Constellation from LabView

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