Introduction To Vectors..
Introduction To Vectors..
P H Y S I C S
VECTORS
INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS
Physical quantities
Scalar: Vector:
For scalar quantities, only magnitude is For vector quantities, magnitude as well as
required to define them. direction is required to define them.
Examples: mass, time, etc. Examples: Force F , Velocity v, etc.
Vectors
An arrow (→) has two parts, head and tail. The starting pointed part of an arrow is known
as a head and the remaining part is known as a tail.
v is vector quantity.
Magnitude of vector v is represented as |v| or v.
Length of vector
The length of the vector is directly proportional to the magnitude of the vector.
A B
Length of A is greater than B
⇒|A|>|B|
Coordinate system
In a Cartesian coordinate system, three mutually perpendicular axes are required to give the position
of any point in space.
y
y
x
x z
BOARDS
Unit vector
5m
A(6,5) 0(0, 0)
x
Position vector of coordinate A ⇒ rA = 6 i + 5 j 6m
Example
B
D
F
G
0 (0,0,0) A
C E
1m
3m
Solution
Geographical vectors
North
West East
South
North North
North North
West East 60o East of North
South South
Example
Solution
N
W E
40o
Example
Solution N
W E
30o
5 ms-1
A (a,b)
0 (0,0)
x
Example
A (3,4)
Solution
r = 3i + 4j
| r | = √32 + 42
| r | = √25 = 5
|r| = 5
Example
y
B
BOARDS D
F G
b
Find the magnitude of OG vector in
the following figure:
0
A
(0,0,0) x
C E
c
z a
Solution
Starting point O to point G reached by travelling from point O to point A, then from point A to
point D, and finally from point D to point G.
⇒ point O → point A → point D → point G
| rD | = Length of the OD segment
| OD | = √a2 + b2
y
F G
C
x
E
a
y
B
D
F G
√a + b
2 2
0
A
(0,0,0) x
E
c
z a
O
G (a,b,c) ⇒ | rG | = OG = a i + b j + ck
Angle between OD and DG is 90o
⇒∆ ODG is a right angle triangle
√a2 + b2 + c2 √a2 + b2
⇒ | OG | = | OD |2 + | DG |2
⇒ | OD | = √a2 + b2 ; | DG | = c
⇒ | OG | = | rG | = √a2 + b2 + c2 G D
c
y
B
D 53°
F G
5
b 3
√a2 + b2 + c2
0
A
x
(0,0,0)
C E 37°
c
z a
4
In general, if r = a i + b j + ck 3 4 3
sin 37° = , cos 37° = , tan 37° =
5 5 4
| r | = √a2 + b2 + c2 4 3
sin53° = , cos 53° = , tan 53° =
4
5 5 3