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1.4: Quadratic Equations: Section Outline

1. Quadratic equations are equations of the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. They can be solved using four methods: factoring, taking square roots, completing the square, and the quadratic formula. 2. The discriminant, b^2 - 4ac, determines the number of real solutions: if it is greater than 0, there are two real solutions; if equal to 0, there is one real solution; if less than 0, there are no real solutions. 3. Quadratic equations can model many real-world problems involving areas, consecutive numbers, and other scenarios that follow a quadratic pattern.

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AHMED ALSHAMMARI
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133 views4 pages

1.4: Quadratic Equations: Section Outline

1. Quadratic equations are equations of the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. They can be solved using four methods: factoring, taking square roots, completing the square, and the quadratic formula. 2. The discriminant, b^2 - 4ac, determines the number of real solutions: if it is greater than 0, there are two real solutions; if equal to 0, there is one real solution; if less than 0, there are no real solutions. 3. Quadratic equations can model many real-world problems involving areas, consecutive numbers, and other scenarios that follow a quadratic pattern.

Uploaded by

AHMED ALSHAMMARI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.4: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ABUJIYA, M.R.

1.4: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Section Outline:
▪ Quadratic equations ▪ Solving quadratic equations ▪ Solving for specified variable
▪ Discriminant of quadratic equation ▪ Modeling with quadratic equations

I. Introduction

If a, b and c are real numbers with a  0 then an equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is called a
quadratic equation in one variable. A quadratic equation is also called a second-degree equation.
This quadratic equation is said to be in standard form.

Methods for Solving Quadratic Equations


1. Factoring
2. Taking Square Root
3. Completing the Square
4. Quadratic Formula

II. Solve by Factoring

The Zero Product Principle:

For any two real numbers a and b with ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0 or both.

Example 1: Solve each quadratic equation.

(a) 4 x2 − 2 = 7 x (b) 4 x 2 − 10 x − 24 = 0 (c) ( x − 2)( x + 2) = 12

(d) 36 x 2 − 12 x + 1 = 0 (e) 3x 2 = 5 x (f) 6 x ( x − 1) + x = 21

III. Solve by Taking Square Roots

The Square Root Procedure: If x2 = k then, x= k or x=− k

Example 2: Find the solution set of each equation.

2 ( 3x + 4 ) − 32 = 0
2
(a) x 2 = 81 (b) 3x 2 − 12 = 0 (c)

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1.4: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ABUJIYA, M.R.

IV. Solve by Completing the Square

To solve a quadratic equation, x 2 + bx + c = 0 , by completing the square:

(a) Re-write x 2 + bx + c = 0 in the form x 2 + bx = − c


2 2
2
b b
(b) Add  b  to both sides of x 2 + bx = − c as, x 2 + bx +   = − c +  
2 2 2
2
 b b2
(c) Factor as,  x +  = − c + and solve the equation by the square root procedure.
 2 4

Example 3: Solve each equation by completing the square.


3
(a) x2 = 2 x + 6 (b) x2 + x = (c) 3x 2 + 18 x − 4 = 0
4

( x − a)
2
Example 4: If after completing the square in the given quadratic equations, we get = b.

Find a + b. (a) 3x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 (b) 2 x 2 + 8 x = − 10

V. Solve by Quadratic Formula

Using the completing the square technique on the general quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a  0,
we obtain the roots of the equation, called quadratic formula as

−b  b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a
thus, the sum ( x1 + x2 ) and product ( x1  x2 ) of the solutions of quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ,

are respectively given by

 − b − b 2 − 4ac   − b + b 2 − 4ac  b  − b − b 2 − 4ac  − b + b 2 − 4ac  c


x1 + x2 =  +  = − and x1  x2 =   =
 2a   2a  a  2a  2a  a
      

Example 5: Use the quadratic formula to solve each equation. Also, find the sum and the product of
1 2 1
the solutions (a) x 2 + 7 = 5 x (b) x + x −3 = 0
2 4

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1.4: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ABUJIYA, M.R.

VI. Solve for a Specified Variable:

Example 6: Solve each equation for the indicated variable


n ( n + 1)
(a) S = for n
2
(b) A = 2  r 2 + 2 rh for r

(c) 4x 2 − 2xy + 3 y 2 = 2 for x


1 1 1
(d) + = for s
s+a s+b c

VII. The Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation

The expression D = b2 − 4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0


and can be used to determine the number of real solution a quadratic equation has.

The discriminant and the solution of a quadratic equation:


(a) If D  0 , then ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has exactly has two distinct real solutions.
Furthermore, for integer coefficients a, b and c , if
▪ D is a perfect square, then ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has two rational solutions.

▪ D is not a perfect square, then ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has two irrational solutions.

(b) If D = 0 , then ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has exactly one real solution (double solution).


▪ If a, b and c are integer coefficients, then the equation has one rational solution.

(c) If D  0 , then ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has no real solution (two nonreal complex solutions).

Example 7: Use the discriminant to determine how many real solutions each equation has. Also, tell
whether they are rational or irrational numbers.

(a) 5x 2 + 2x − 4 = 0 (b) x 2 − 10x = − 25 (c) 2x 2 − x + 1 = 0 (d) 3x 2 = − 5x − 2

Example 8: Find values of k for which kx2 + ( 2k + 8) x = − 25 has exactly one real solution.

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1.4: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ABUJIYA, M.R.

VIII. Applications - Modeling with Quadratic Equations

Below are some of the real-life problems that can be modeled using quadratic equations.

Example 9: Find two consecutive odd positive integers whose product is 195.

Example 10: The length of a rectangular room is 4ft less than its width. If the area of the room is 21ft2,
find the width of the room.

More Examples

Example 11: Find the equation whose roots are (a) 3, − 4 and (b) 5 as a double root.

Example 12: If – 4 is a solution to kx 2 + 10 x − 8 = 0 , then find the other solution.

Example 13: If m and n are the solutions to the equation 2 x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 , then find the equation whose
solutions are 3m and 3n.

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