Assignment II

1. Define centroid and centre of gravity

CENTROID..

The point at which the total area of a plane figure (like rectangle, square, triangle,
quadrilateral, circle etc.) is assumed to be concentrated, is known as the centroid of that area.

The centroid is also represented by C.G. or simply G. The centroid and centre of gravity are
at the same point.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY..

Centre of gravity of a body is the point through which the whole weight of the body acts. A
body is having only one centre of gravity for all positions of the body. It is represented by
C.G. or simply G.

2. Define Parallel axis theorem

It states, If the moment of inertia of a plane area about an axis through its centre of
gravity is denoted by IG, then moment of inertia of the area about any other axis AB,
parallel to the first, and at a distance h from the centre of gravity is given by:

IAB = IG + ah2
where IAB = Moment of inertia of the area about an axis AB,
lG = Moment of Inertia of the area about its centre of gravity
a = Area of the section, and
h = Distance between centre of gravity of the section and axis AB.

3. Define Hooks law?

Hooke’s Law states that when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to the strain produced by the stress. This means the ratio of the stress to the
corresponding strain is a constant within the elastic limit

E = σ/ε

σ= Stress

ε= Strain

E= Young’s modulus

4. Describe the term “Point of contraflexure (Rajput book 162, chapter 3 and also
attached pdf)

5 When the bending moment will be maximum?

The B.M. is maximum at a point where shear force changes sign. This means that the point
where shear force becomes zero from positive value to the negative or vice-versa, the B.M. at
that point will be maximum

6 Determine the co-ordinates of centroid of the shaded area shown

in figure.
7. Calculate the moment of inertia of the section shown in figure about ‘x’ and ‘y’ axes
through the centroid. (attached answer)
8. Find the modulus of elasticity of a brass rod of diameter 25mm and of length 250mm
which is subjected to a tensile load of 50KN when the extension of the rod is equal to
0.3mm (attached answer)

9. A steel bar of 600mm2 cross sectional area is carrying load as shown in fig. Determine
the elongation of bar. Take E for the steel as 200 GPa
10. A rod 150cm long and diameter 2 cm is subjected to an axial pull of 20KN. If
modulus of elasticity of the material of the rod is 2×105 N/mm2. Determine (i) stress (ii)
strain (iii) Elongation (answer attached)

11A Simply supported beam is carrying loads as shown in fig. draw the shearforce and
bending moment diagrams for the beam. (attached answer)

12. A simply supported beam of AB span2.5m is carrying point load as shown in fig. Draw
the shear force and bending moment diagram for the beams (attached answer)
162 „ Chapter 3

w (l  2a )
? RA RB
2
S. F. just to the right of B = – wa
S.F. just to the left of B
w (l  2a)
 wa 
2
wl

2
S.F. just to the right of A
w (l  2a )
 w (l  a ) 
2
wl

2
S.F. just to the left of A
w (l  2a )
 w (l  a )  2 u
2
 wa
wl wl
The S.F. is  at B and  at A as such that
2 2
it will be zero at the mid point between A and B.
B.M. at
a wa 2
B  wa u 
2 2
B.M. at the point of zero shear i.e. at a distance
(a + l/2) from C is the maximum, and is,
ª w w (l  2a ) º
M max «  (a  l / 2) 2  u l / 2»
¬ 2 2 ¼
Fig. 3.33
w ªl2 º
«  a2 »
2 ¬4 ¼
If a < l/2 then Mmax will be +ve and B.M. diagram shall be as shown in Fig. 3.33 (a).
If a = l/2 then Mmax shall be zero and B.M. diagram shall be as shown in Fig. 3.33 (b).
If a > l/2 then Mmax shall be negative and B.M. diagram shall be as shown in Fig. 3.33 (c).
If B.M. is zero at a distance x from either end then
wx 2 w (l  2a )
  ( x  a) 0
2 2
(l  2a ) r l 2  4a 2
or, x
2
3.19. THE POINTS OF CONTRAFLEXURE
The bending moments of opposite nature always produce curvatures of beams in opposite
directions. In a beam if the bending moment changes sign at a point, the point itself having zero
bending moment, the beam changes curvature at this point of zero bending moment and this point is
called the point of contraflexure. So at a point of contraflexure the beam flexes in opposite direction.
The point of contraflexure is called the point of inflexion or a virtual hinge. The point of contraflexure
can be found by setting the bending moment equation in terms of x equal to zero for part of a span
where bending moment is likely to change sign.
 Bending Moments and Shearing Forces „ 163

Overhanging Beams:
Example 3.14. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the loaded beam shown in Fig. 3.34 (a).
Solution. To determine reactions RA and RB taking moments about A, we get
5
RB u 5 5.5 u 2  2 u 5 u  2 u 7 11  25  14 50
2
? RB = 10 kN
But, RA + RB = 5.5 + 2 × 5 + 2 = 17.5 kN
? RA = 175 – 10 = 7.5 kN
S.F. calculations:
S D  B  2 kN
S B  2  10 8 kN
SC 8  2 u 3  5.5  3.5 kN
S A  3.5  2 u 2  7.5 kN
S.F. diagram is shown in Fig. 3.34 (b).
B.M. calculations:
MD = 0
MB = – 2 × 2 = – 4 kNm
B.M. mid way between B and C,
M P  2 u 3.5  10 u 1.5  2
1.5
u 1.5 u
2
 7  15  2.25 5.75 kNm
M C  2 u 5  10 u 3  2 u 3 u 3 / 2
 10  30  9 11kNm
B.M. mid way between A and C,
MQ  2 u 6  10 u 4  2 u 4 u 4 / 2  5.5 u 1
 12  40  16  5.5 6.5 kNm
ª 1 º Fig. 3.34
« M Q  7.5 u 1  2 u 1 u 2 »
or, «
¬ 6.5 kNm ... From left side »¼
Since B.M. at B is negative and at P + ve, therefore, the B.M. will cross zero line between them.
Let the point of contraflexure lie at a distance x from B.
Mx = – 2 (2 + x) + 10 × x – 2 × x × x/2 = 0
or, – 4 – 2x + 10x – x2 = 0
or, – 4 + 8x – x2 = 0 or x2 – 8x + 4 = 0
8r
64  16 8 r 6.93
or, x
2 2
from which x = 0.54 m, the other value of x being inadmissible.
B.M. diagram is shown in Fig. 3.34 (c).
Example 3.15. Fig. 3.35 (a) shows a loaded beam. (a) Sketch the B.M. and S.F. diagrams
giving the important numerical values. (b) Calculate the maximum bending moment and the point at
which it occurs.
Solution. To determine reaction RA and RB taking moments about A, we get
4.5
RB u 4.5 6 u 1.5  3 u 3  3 u 4.5 u  2 u (4.5  2.4)
2
= 9 + 9 + 30.375 + 13.8
 Centroid and Moment of Inertia „ 965

IXX 2QHKDOIRIWKHPRPHQWRILQHUWLDRIWKHVHPLFLUFOHDERXWXX
1
? I XX = (0.11 R 4 )  R 
2
  0RPHQWRILQHUWLDRIDWKLQULQJ
)LJ  VKRZV D ULQJ RI PHDQ UDGLXV r
DQG RI WKLFNQHVV t &RQVLGHU DQ HOHPHQWDO
FRPSRQHQW dA RI WKH ODPLQD 7KH PRPHQW
RILQHUWLDRIWKLVHOHPHQWDOFRPSRQHQWDERXW
WKHSRODUD[LVRIWKHODPLQD dAr6LQFHDOO
WKH HOHPHQWDO FRPSRQHQWV DUH DW WKH VDPH
GLVWDQFH r IURP WKH SRODU D[LV PRPHQW RI
LQHUWLDRIWKHULQJDERXWWKHSRODUD[LV
 Ip 6dAr r6dA
  rîDUHDRIWKHZKROHULQJ
 rîSrt 
0 R P H Q W  R I  L Q H U W L D  D E R X W  W K H  D [ L V
Ip Fig. 18.44
XX 0RPHQWRILQHUWLDDERXW YY =
2
([DPSOHFind the moment of inertia about the centroidal axes XX and YY of the section
shown in Fig 18.45
6ROXWLRQ5HIHUWR)LJ

 
Fig. 18.45 Fig. 18.46
966 „ Chapter 18

7RGHWHUPLQHWKHORFDWLRQRIFHQWURLGRIWKHVHFWLRQZHKDYHWKHIROORZLQJWDEOH
Centroidal
Centroidal
distanceµx¶
Components Area amm distanceµy¶ ax mm3 ay mm3
from MM
from LL mm
mm
5HFWDQJOH u     
5HFWDQJOH u     
7RWDO 6a  ± ± 6ax  6ay 
Σax 21500
? x = = = 16.5 mm
Σa 1300
Σay 34500
DQG y = = = 26.5 mm
Σa 1300
7R¿QGIXXDQGIYYXVHWKHRUHPRISDUDOOHOD[HVDVIROORZV
 IXX "
 I XX = I XX1 + I XX 2

⎡10 × 803 ⎤ ⎡ 50 × 103 ⎤

 =⎢ + 80 × 10 × (40 – 26.5) 2 ⎥ + ⎢ + 50 × 10 × (26.5 – 5) 2 ⎥
⎣ 12 ⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦
 
 PP $QV
 IYY "
 IYY = IYY1 + IYY2

⎡ 80 × 103 ⎤ ⎡10 × 503 ⎤

 =⎢ + 80 × 10 × (16.5 – 5) 2 ⎥ + ⎢ + 50 × 10 × (35 – 16.5) 2 ⎥
⎣ 12 ⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦
  PP$QV
([DPSOHCalculate the moment of inertia about horizontal and vertical gravity axes
IXX and IYYof the section shown in Fig. 18.47.
6ROXWLRQ 5HIHU)LJ

 
Fig. 18.47 Fig. 18.48
 SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS

The above two equations gives the stress and strain relationship for the two-dimensional
stress system. In the above equations, tensile stress is taken to be positive whereas the
compressive stress negative.
1.9.3. For Three-Dimensional Stress System. Fig. 1.5 (b) shows a three-dimensional
body subjected to three orthogonal normal stresses σ1, σ2, σ3 acting in the directions of x, y
and z respectively.
Consider the strains produced by each stress Y
σ2
separately.
The stress σ1 will produce strain in the direction of
x and also in the directions of y and z. The strain in the
σ σ1
direction of x will be 1 whereas the strains in the direction
E
σ
of y and z will be – µ 1 . σ3 X
E
σ
Similarly the stress σ2 will produce strain 2 in Z
E
σ Fig. 1.5 (b)
the direction of y and strain of – µ 2 in the direction of x
E
and y each.
σ σ
Also the stress σ3 will produce strain 3 in the direction of z and strain of – µ × 3 in
E E
the direction of x and y.
σ σ σ
Total strain in the direction of x due to stresses σ1, σ2 and σ3 = 1 − µ 2 − µ 3 .
E E E
Similarly total strains in the direction of y due to stresses σ1, σ2 and σ3
σ2 σ σ
= −µ 3 −µ 1
E E E
and total strains in the direction of z due to stresses σ1, σ2 and σ3
σ3 σ σ
= −µ 1 −µ 2
E E E
Let e1, e2 and e3 are total strains in the direction of x, y and z respectively. Then
σ1 σ σ
e1 = −µ 2 −µ 3 ...[1.7 (H)]
E E E
σ2 σ σ
e2 = −µ 3 −µ 1 ...[1.7 (I)]
E E E
σ3 σ σ
and e3 = −µ 1 −µ 2 ...[1.7 (J)]
E E E
The above three equations give the stress and strain relationship for the three orthogonal
normal stress system.
Problem 1.1. A rod 150 cm long and of diameter 2.0 cm is subjected to an axial pull of
20 kN. If the modulus of elasticity of the material of the rod is 2 × 105 N/mm2 ; determine :
(i) the stress,
(ii) the strain, and
(iii) the elongation of the rod.

9
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Sol. Given : Length of the rod, L = 150 cm

Diameter of the rod, D = 2.0 cm = 20 mm
π
∴ Area, A= (20)2 = 100π mm2
4
Axial pull, P = 20 kN = 20,000 N
Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0 × 105 N/mm2
(i) The stress (σ) is given by equation (1.1) as
P 20000
σ= = = 63.662 N/mm2. Ans.
A 100π
(ii) Using equation (1.5), the strain is obtained as
σ
E= .
e
σ 63.662
∴ Strain, e= = = 0.000318. Ans.
E 2 × 10 5
(iii) Elongation is obtained by using equation (1.2) as
dL
e= .
L
∴ Elongation, dL = e × L
= 0.000318 × 150 = 0.0477 cm. Ans.
Problem 1.2. Find the minimum diameter of a steel wire, which is used to raise a load
of 4000 N if the stress in the rod is not to exceed 95 MN/m2.
Sol. Given : Load, P = 4000 N
Stress, σ = 95 MN/m2 = 95 × 106 N/m2 (∵ M = Mega = 106)
= 95 N/mm2 (∵ 106 N/m2 = 1 N/mm2)
Let D = Diameter of wire in mm
π 2
∴ Area, A= D
4
Load P
Now stress = =
Area A
4000 4000 × 4 4000 × 4
95 = = or D2 = = 53.61
π 2 π D2 π × 95
D
4
∴ D = 7.32 mm. Ans.
Problem 1.3. Find the Young’s Modulus of a brass rod of diameter 25 mm and of
length 250 mm which is subjected to a tensile load of 50 kN when the extension of the rod
is equal to 0.3 mm.
Sol. Given : Dia. of rod, D = 25 mm
π
∴ Area of rod, A = (25)2 = 490.87 mm2
4
Tensile load, P = 50 kN = 50 × 1000 = 50,000 N
Extension of rod, dL = 0.3 mm
Length of rod, L = 250 mm

10
 SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS

Stress (σ) is given by equation (1.1), as

P 50,000
σ= = = 101.86 N/mm2.
A 490.87
Strain (e) is given by equation (1.2), as
dL 0.3
e= = = 0.0012.
L 250
Using equation (1.5), the Young’s Modulus (E) is obtained, as
Stress 101.86 N/mm 2
E= = = 84883.33 N/mm2
Strain 0.0012
= 84883.33 × 106 N/m2. Ans. (∵ 1 N/mm2 = 106 N/m2)
9 2 2
= 84.883 × 10 N/m = 84.883 GN/m . Ans. (∵ 109 = G)
Problem 1.4. A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data was
obtained from the test :
(i) Diameter of the steel bar = 3 cm
(ii) Gauge length of the bar = 20 cm
(iii) Load at elastic limit = 250 kN
(iv) Extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
(v) Maximum load = 380 kN
(vi) Total extension = 60 mm
(vii) Diameter of the rod at the failure = 2.25 cm.
Determine : (a) the Young’s modulus, (b) the stress at elastic limit,
(c) the percentage elongation, and (d) the percentage decrease in area.
π 2 π
Sol. Area of the rod, A= D = (3)2 cm2
4 4
LM∵ FG 1 mIJ 2
PPO
= 7.0685 cm2 = 7.0685 × 10–4 m2.
MN
cm 2 =
H 100 K Q
(a) To find Young’s modulus, first calculate the value of stress and strain within elastic
limit. The load at elastic limit is given but the extension corresponding to the load at elastic
limit is not given. But a load of 150 kN (which is within elastic limit) and corresponding
extension of 0.21 mm are given. Hence these values are used for stress and strain within
elastic limit
Load 150 × 1000
∴ Stress = = N/m2 (∵ 1 kN = 1000 N)
Area 7.0685 × 10 −4
= 21220.9 × 104 N/m2
Increase in length (or Extension)
and Strain =
Original length (or Gauge length)
0.21 mm
= = 0.00105
20 × 10 mm
∴ Young’s Modulus,
Stress 21220.9 × 10 4
E= = = 20209523 × 104 N/m2
Strain 0.00105

11
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

B.M. Diagram
B.M. at A is zero
B.M. at B is also zero
B.M. at C = RA × 1 = 25 × 1 = 25 kNm
The B.M. at any section between C and D at a distance x from A is given by,
( x − 1)
Mx = RA . x – 10(x – 1) . = 25 × x – 5(x – 1)2 ...(ii)
2
At C, x = 1 hence MC = 25 × 1 – 5(1 – 1)2 = 25 kNm
At D, x = 5 hence MD = 25 × 5 – 5(5 – 1)2 = 125 – 80 = 45 kNm
At E, x = 3.5 hence ME = 25 × 3.5 – 5(3.5 – 1)2 = 87.5 – 31.25 = 56.25 kNm
B.M. will increase from 0 at A to 25 kNm at C by a straight line law. Between C and D the
B.M. varies according to parabolic law as is clear from equation (ii). Between C and D, the B.M.
will be maximum at E. From D to B the B.M. will decrease from 45 kNm at D to zero at B
according to straight line law.
Problem 6.11. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams of a simply supported beam of length
7 m carrying uniformly distributed loads as shown in Fig. 6.30.

10 kN/m 5 kN/m
C D
A B

(a) 3m 2m 2m

RA = 25 RB = 15

(b) 25
+
E C 5 D B
A –
15
S.F. diagram

31.25
(c) 30
20

A E C D B
B.M. diagram

Fig. 6.30
Sol. First calculate the reactions RA and RB.
Taking moments of all forces about A, we get
3 FG
2 IJ
RB × 7 = 10 × 3 ×
2
+5×2× 3+2+
2H K
= 45 + 60 = 105

105
∴ RB = = 15 kN
7

263
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

and RA = Total load on beam – RB

= (10 × 3 + 5 × 2) – 15 = 40 – 15 = 25 kN
S.F. Diagram
The shear force at A is + 25 kN
The shear force at C = RA – 3 × 10 = + 25 – 30 = – 5 kN
The shear force varies between A and C by a straight line law.
The shear force between C and D is constant and equal to – 5 kN
The shear force at B is – 15 kN
The shear force between D and B varies by a straight line law.
The shear force diagram is drawn as shown in Fig. 6.30 (b).
The shear force is zero at point E between A and C. Let us find the location of E from A. Let
the point E be at a distance x from A.
The shear force at E = RA – 10 × x = 25 – 10x
But shear force at E = 0
∴ 25 – 10x = 0 or 10x = 25
25
or x= = 2.5 m
10
B.M. Diagram
B.M. at A is zero
B.M. at B is zero
3
B.M. at C, MC = RA × 3 – 10 × 3 × = 25 × 3 – 45 = 75 – 45 = 30 kNm
2
At E, x = 2.5 and hence
2.5
B.M. at E, ME = RA × 2.5 – 10 × 2.5 × = 25 × 2.5 – 5 × 6.25
2
= 62.5 – 31.25 = 31.25 kNm
3 FG IJ
B.M. at D, MD = 25(3 + 2) – 10 × 3 ×
2 H K
+ 2 = 125 – 105 = 20 kNm

The B.M. between AC and between BD varies according to parabolic law. But B.M. between
C and D varies according to straight line law. Now the bending moment diagram is drawn as
shown in Fig. 6.30 (c).
Problem 6.12. A simply supported beam of length 10 m, carries the uniformly distrib-
uted load and two point loads as shown in Fig. 6.31. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagram for the
beam. Also calculate the maximum bending moment.
Sol. First calculate the reactions RA and RB.
Taking moments of all forces about A, we get
FG 4 IJ
RB × 10 = 50 × 2 + 10 × 4 × 2 +
H 2 K
+ 40(2 + 4)

= 100 + 160 + 240 = 500

500
∴ RB = = 50 kN
10
and RA = Total load on beam – RB
= (50 + 10 × 4 + 40) – 50 = 130 – 50 = 80 kN

264
 Chapter 13 : Bending Moment and Shear Force  297
Therefore bending moment at C,
W × 1 = Wl
MC = ...(Plus sign due to sagging)
2 2 4
NOTE. If the point load does not act at the mid-point of the beam, then the two reactions are obtained and the
diagrams are drawn as usual.
EXAMPLE 13.6. A simply supported beam AB of span 2.5 m is carrying two point loads as
shown in Fig. 13.13.

Fig. 13.13
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
SOLUTION. Given : Span (l) = 2.5 m ; Point load at C (W1) = 2 kN and point load at B (W2) = 4 kN.

Fig. 13.14
First of all let us find out the reactions RA and RB. Taking moments about A and equating the
same,
RB × 2.5 = (2 × 1) + (4 × 1.5) = 8
RB = 8/2.5 = 3.2 kN
and RA = (2 + 4) – 3.2 = 2.8 kN
Shear force diagram
The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 13.14 (b) and the values are tabulated here:
FA = + RA = 2.8 kN
FC = + 2.8 – 2 = 0.8 kN
FD = 0.8 – 4 = – 3.2 kN
FB = – 3.2 kN
298  Strength of Materials
Bending moment diagram
The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 13.14 (c) and the values are tabulated here:
MA = 0
MC = 2.8 × 1 = 2.8 kN-m
MD = 3.2 × 1 = 3.2 kN-m
MB = 0
NOTE. The value of MD may also be found and from the reaction RA. i.e.,
MD = (2.8 × 1.5) – (2 × 0.5) = 4.2 – 1.0 = 3.2 kN-m

13.12. Simply Supported Beam with a Uniformly Distributed Load

Consider a simply supported beam AB of length l and carrying a uniformly distributed load of w
per unit length as shown in Fig. 13.15. Since the load is uniformly distributed over the entire length of
the beam, therefore the reactions at the supports A,

Fig. 13.15. Simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load

wl
RA = RB = = 0.5 wl
2
We know that shear force at any section X at a distance x from A,
Fx = RA – wx = 0.5 wl – wx
We see that the shear force at A is equal to RA = 0.5 wl, where x = 0 and decreases uniformly by
a straight line law, to zero at the mid-point of the beam ; beyond which it continues to decrease
uniformly to – 0.5 wl at B i.e., RB as shown in Fig. 13.15 (b). We also know that bending moment at
any section at a distance x from A,
2 2
Mx = RA . x – wx = wl x − wx
2 2 2