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Compute qraphics. [cGR|

eBosic or Compute graphigso Lieioge- Subject2231

Code

Compute? Araphics
i5 'study ot -techgines to improue communicotion
betweeo Human4 machine
Compude araphics tet means pichuxe,4raph, seenis
D2aan oih_help
o t Compute

*Applicotions of computei grophics*

OEngeenering/ Ttnhhc SoHuore :'

( sness Sotuave
TD channels
PCB Desjgn( Pinted circuit Board Desan)
map preparation
GUI Caraphical usez inteoface)
Qpimation
maKing chat moge processing acturing
( CAD/dM compute dided cegn/(omputeiaided manaf
Oisual eects in mouies 4 compute4ame
Pe)i-T is S moilest elment poD Compute Screen
Scn

PiHe
e Would1 --idina IIS WIU
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me Buflea

ioteanal
Tepre
repre sentaion
s oF
entaionof
an Orray Which COnfoins
an gnd
buPlez: T Co1jectsGnd
Called home
image
imageiS
Display Deuice
Stores pivel ualaue for use' by'
*Bitmap-vectoy base sraphics
ofaobbased:
Bitmap gr9phicS
vector AraphicS
b
mathenmotical tormullas are
P e qre use to torm
Bitmap imgges used to orm Ueetor bafed graph

ae in Si2e than Smalle in Si2e hon Btmap

vector based graphics phics
Bitmapgraphics ore t does not affect by nes olution
aFTect dyesolution
lmoditication in Bitmap moditication In uUector ba5ed
tap hic is more dithicult|Araphie is easy
eas
On uension of bitmapConuerSion 0 oector bajed
phicto to Uector based phics o bitmaP aph
r a phic iS mo2e
is ea
DihcuH
 JPEC Jo)nt Picture eASSATE
tormat Cafe
eHpert9voup
Page
BMP Bitmap imqges PNG-Portable ophic lroa
poaaes
intrtace netuoorK grPhic
BGIE Bovlond araphics Uector
BitmaP

aPpropriate foy
I t is more suitable tor T t i s not
CompleM ¥mages Comple images

BHmapA2aphics generalla Uedor based_Araphic iS

Computez
sed byvisual effech ouJed in
he mouies a PPlications
W O:
for eHample-Rbst Scpt
tor etampleGIFJFEG
BMIP etr tand uetypeton

Displey AdoptoR
2idor9
OOidre0 QdapoT
fiu mro onir orm9 tom

oitu to2 o

0 i

o Oo2 t
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*grophiCS tunchions stand a1ds

iötegraph: t
po CC:/äc/bai?2
3ine
cloaaphc)
SRestorecrt mode C)

Dinitg20ph:
IHK initilization of gagphics
Usestwo Vaviables glaiaph
deiccdl gmlgraphic mode

pathC:/tc/bg) EC:/te/ bai)

T SpeciHces hegraphic pah as *oe T a
here bgi is borddiond rophics inkrfare
ine
This tonetion is Used to d-20u line by usinAo
points 4 tou Co-ordingks l i n e

CH8
9close qrapht)
Thisonction is used toclosed araphics mode
5Resore crt mode C)
This tunctiop ill TestOrehe output on the Crt
Oonito2
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pes ot Adaptors

O colour graphies Pdaptor | cGAJEGA)

( Enhan sed araphics Pd aptoa C
Uideo raphics aray/ (VGA)
Futnded_graphics aYroy (EGA)
Supeg Uidreo9ophi( aYray(SvGA)
(6 Supez eHtnded graphics aYrar CSxGA)
Oüaiha euttnded raphies QYray (OxGA)

G2aphic Deuices
(OIhte^aciue Deuices
Shick mousetouchpanneltrack bal).

Stickjoyshck iS nothipg but Sma) uertica live

n wdicb

2ackbal: rackball is Some sovt of inuerttc mouse

Wheae the ball held inside Re ctangulaz boH

Mouse:- Mou5e is an inteqra pavi otrophiral ue

interPace.

Ouchponnellouchponnelsi alloD disiplayed obecH O

Seieenposition to be Seleck d oth
the touth o tì ngure
 lhscnute

t Fage

atagnegtingHno Devices

SranneS Sran ner is perepkevia) for Scannipg dorumens

ypes ot Scannevs
Ha bed Scanner.
Hond Held Scanner
3Sheet Hd Sca nner
ab bGba 9 9
D9izer5T+isa common DeUice'tor Dratoorngpantin9
nieanchuly5electing (0-0rdinatePositon
Onan Ohjfcts.

DiSp a Deuices

CRT CaH
athode Ray tuhe elecrodP
)/Monochrome Displa manitoy
focusin eleckon Qun:

phospeyY
Coak
noHovi2onta) vevhco
SPe
Deféion DefHecHon
plates Platej

he aboue Diagram Shows WorKipa CRT TH con TiSt

elechron qun hich posses elecNony
Consistbf anho elecho dey q)well as ocusing
lecho des here are tuo typer DeflecHon p lak
that is Hori2onta) De Hechon plate Vertica Detlechon
piatr
Fecho nT imithn8 hom elechon gu heced on
hosporus Coahed e o then imag wi he disply
On CRT Monifor
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ColouY
Monochyane Disploy Monito 199 i

recolouYS hati
Colour is Combi ng Hon ot

RGBRedreen Blue Red

reent
BIde: Elechon
un,

Di+re ank between Random Scan Displc+ Kajo2

Scan. Di splay

RondomScan Ra ste? Scan

Displog Displau

Random Scan operatt he electronBeam Stavts at

y OirecHng he ele chonictop left CorDer of the Screen
BEaroto omy those_ port moues Hori2ontally to the
Ofthe Screën Where right
Pictuye is to be dra@p.

CreaHon O Diagramsusind_Raster ScaDAra phics S

Random Scan Becomes used in animoHo
asier So i1 is used in
engeeneri ng +Scien i Hc
ainA
Paint plotea is used CRT is used

CoStis Higher COSt is Cheaper

Re quires less memey Requires more mermo

RequiresTntttleqent etecron ot necCesaTH o efecron
edm Compulsor Begm Eonpaiso
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JOod
( midpoint Circle generation Algorithm

aCcept the rodius

accept radius () 4 Cete of circle Xc 4 Yc 4 Ploat
HYst point 4 Circumterence of Circle
Cuo,o)=
Calculatt
CoR)_
the inita) Ualaue of decisSon parameter.
R1-R
It We Qre usinA octant Symmety proper toPlor
piHce) hen un ?XY Wehaueto
it PR<O
We hove to_pertorm tollowing Stps
Modify PK os PR+24t) an inbase H by i
Otheroise Pas PX=Pkt2(H-H)+1 4
4Decrease y i
increase H by
4 Det Tmine `ymeet in othez Octant also
6Since We hobe Denbed all tormullas by Consideeing
centhe point os ovgin.Moue each.Calcul&ted
pivce
posi tion H ) O Civcular_poth Centhed on (HG4C)
4 plot Co-ordinat Ualaué H=ntXc
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Bris CiYcle alg orithm

accept rodius + cenke Coordinates thom uset 4

plot st_poit on Circumte2ance of Circle
) -(o,)
(Calculatt inital Ualaue.of Decison parameter
S:3-2RR
(3 I we are using octant Symety property to plot
pincels then untilHY)ehõve to perform
toiloding Skp
FCsto
ypdats by S= S+4*X+6 4 incr ease Hby
else updat S by S S+4CH-yo 4 incease
H by 4 Decrease yby
(4)Deermine the Symeehry point in Other Octony
also
(5 Moue eoch Catcylgted positionH-y)
on Circulor path sCenhed onH,yc) 4plot
CoOrdi nott Valaue aS H MC
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4Anh-qliasing 9ort3

The Varioustorm of Disportion that resultstrom the

SCan conuersion operaion are coljecHuly called as
alisinq 3 3

Thereare three eflect ot alising

O StaiYcases
(
9 0

une ua Brightness
unequa 219
BrqhtnesS

rib9ipui0 9
Pickettence problem:2

Antiali6ing anImaion is happen

when imaqe is mouiDg or qn
then antialiasingi s Sed

Antialasingmethod
DPrereltiri
g 524rayle vel.
Super sdmpaliDg-
Lused ;in animaioN
Postilting
PiHel gang
 Toin
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Poge -

Z*Charachtergeneration methods
O Stro Ke method./Vector charachter
2Dot matri or BitmapgraphicS generation method.
3Starbyst Method.
OStroke method

AAE
This methods Create charachters
uSing Set of
ine segments
he aboue Diag rom Shous
Charachters generakd
y using Stroke methods
Dot mati or BmaP graphics
7

4 S

Bitmap tont uses Rectangularpatern of piHe

to Dehne each
Charachter.
FboueDiggram
J.
Show Dotmgtiu Bi trmap method
Hor chg1achtergeneration
(O (onvex polygon

A
Convex ke _Ony
polyqon is a_paly90n Which We take ony
two points Which are Surely insidefhe poly80n4
t We draw a line joininghis tmo points a
points on thot line lies inaide the polygon hen
Such polygon 15 Colled Convex polyqon

2Concaue polygon-

Concaueipo9ohisa pogoh ih which if we take an

too points Whiç h: aYe Surely inside the polygon4
iP Loe drauo a line joining this two point all ethe
poins on thot line'are nbt uing inside the polHgon thEn
Such a polygon 15 Called gs oñcave polygon
 uobhjod ow0E
JobRod anbouo
uobhod RanuA)
uobjod to sadk aaF
uob Rod o sadh
uobhrod
Cornplex polAon

The Com piem polyqon is a polygon which is nie her

Conven nor Concave
The (onple poly9on haue vertices tem Countd only
qt end ol edges 4 not qt intersection point o
rt
on
Ouerlap pina edaes
*Inside heoutside the Polyon
In sidetest methods

( ) euen od d methoo
inding number method
O d d

B
 a
us Will

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Date
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Shows eUen odd meth odtto

Diogrom.
The above tudo
e s t thepolygon- FHE_poly9on.Dta
(ompleyInSioe
Consider _polnt
either let or right t point:
line
t o poly9on are odd no hen point
No.of Tntersection 1tinteSections greeuen na
9on
t o t inSide the-Poly Polygon b
fhe
then póint is óutsidé

t
7uo

Winding nurmbea method itiropin

o
lhe akrnatiue metbod tor
Deing polygon inteaipr polt
is Called oinding: no: method A
Conside q poinAbetueeno
Poly gon_poinh_OF boundar When you wind
porticulgr_point in Direction in the lockuoise then
hat Jnethod Co lledinding nomethod0 i
0 b t o aio ot2 on
Polugon Hiling1opib 9und di

PolHgon Hling glgorithm

PiHe. eometulc
level

Hilagorithmt yuGol Scon

Boundary iine
alqorin aorithm
HoodP) asorithm
re1.algorith
edet m
 Boundary Hlalgorithm.

The algorithm Which akes one poi t hichisSure

insidehe palygoh that point is Called Seed poi n
e uant to hat point 4 Some others Polts ar
ie at boundayH OF
Particular poi nt then itis Ca |ed
boundary P1 o>gorithmo

Hood i algorithm
. Pink

ed 9Teeni

Qpoily qon is Hied 'ith Cenan colourS Dithout

Yemanin a sin qle point to ted then +is Called Hood
4 al orithm T aboue dioqran recta.pgle is H}ed
ith 4oUT ColOUrS plnk b/ue Redgeen

Pink A Yello
Edge i algovi
e daesare

green
naboue Diagamn polygons Hned
.
th Various colours liRe pink reep Biué D
voilet
BJue yelloo PuYple Uoifetet onij edáês
re_aonfeed oith pÑriculor o lodrs his alger)thr
iS Called edqe Hued alqorithm
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ence l a/qorithm

Which feils fo t i |a
The g o rithm
a

setingone
P o i c a r o poly9on
by 4nce
nce eithe leor Ria ht the borde
is caWed fence
P
Particular ilin9

Scan line tiling/aorithm.

Scantine
n aPo gon iyou drdio a

Scon ine tefhat poygon

either ypside o r doon side'
hen it is Called Scanli pee
alqorithm
 chap.y indouoinq4 clippinq

tbe
Method of seJectinq 4
enlargina
Windouding
is Called toi ndowinq
position ot objecth
to e qem óue or

Detemini ng Which porHón

clipping
Cutis Called cdippin
object
eleminas the
objechorportion ot
clipping
drenot.Uisible through wi ndo
hich to be.vieuwed h e
WN hat s
The indou De Hnes remóve:-View port Deines
means h a t to
clipping
clipping on Deuice
h e r e t is to be display

(line clipping
lineave clip by remouing the
a b o u e Dioqams
part outside
windoo is caled
he li ne ciping

line clipping algorth m

Cohen Suterland alqorithm

midpoint subdivison alqo2ithm

CHruS -Beck line clipping agoithm

n g Bal ksy elipptng algovlth

ine m
 re
also like
to extel facility
that was

with all
the
providing
us
alssse
r for Date
ike tof Pag?
and p
e ar

ot he_Popular
one
algorithm-is
Cohen Sutterland agorithM
2emoues
algorithm:ThiS

ine clipping hich

wh h ave totally
ave

hich are ng
divides he
he lines t h i s algovithm
Outside he indow.
assign outPut or binary
Plane in 9 parts 4
numben to each pa rt

midpoint Subdi ui Son glgorithm

O00
oolo

10 Oloo

i f bothb end poin ts of line has outPut Oooo then

he lie is totally Visible 2ero
IP both Outp uts áre not then We have totoke
lo9ical AND OP both outpub 4 then e have to
Decide Whettr that line is Uisible o2 not
TH logi cal AND Result is non 2ero t
means line
is inbisible So Discazd that+ line