MIT-WPU | School of Pharmacy

(M.Sc. clinical psychology )

WORLD’S FIRST UNIVERSITY
FOR LIFE TRANSFORMATION

Statistics in Behavioural Sciences

Dr. Heenakshi Bhansali

Faculty, School pf Pharmacy
(M.Sc. Clinical Psychology)
 Parametric and Nonparametric
• The basic principle behind the parametric tests is that we have a
fixed set of parameters that are used to determine a probabilistic
model. Parametric statistics are based on assumptions about the
distribution of population from which the sample was taken. This test
is also known as hypothesis test.

• In these tests, we have prior knowledge of the population

distribution i.e., normal, or if not then one can easily approximate it
to a normal distribution which is possible with the help of the Central
tendencies.
 Parametric and Nonparametric
• In Non-Parametric tests, we don’t make any assumption about the
parameters for the given population or the population we are
studying. In fact, these tests don’t depend on the population.

• They’re also known as distribution-free tests. In the non-parametric

test, the test depends on the value of the median. Test values are
found based on the ordinal or the nominal level. Non-parametric
tests are gaining popularity due to very easy to apply and understand
also the complexity is very low.
 Differences between Parametric and Nonparametric

Properties Parametric test Non-Parametric test

Assumptions Yes No
Value for Central tendency Mean Median
Probability Distribution Normal Probability Arbitrary Probability (User Specific)
Population Knowledge Required Not Required
Use for Interval Data Nominal Data
Application Applicable to Variables Applicable to Variables and
Attributes
Correlation Pearson Correlation Spearman Correlation
Tests t test, Z test, F-test, ANOVA Kruskal- Wallis H-test, Mann-
Whitney U-test, Chi- Square
 Parametric and Nonparametric
• The choice between using parametric or nonparametric tests relies
upon whether your information is normally distributed. The
distribution can act as a deciding factor in case the data set is
relatively small.
• The response is usually dependent upon whether the mean or
median is chosen to be a better measure of central tendency for the
distribution of the data.
• A parametric test is considered when we have the mean value as our
central value and the size of our data set is comparatively large. This
test helps in making powerful and effective decisions.
 Parametric and Nonparametric
• A non-parametric test is considered regardless of the size of the data
set if the median value is better when compared to the mean value.
• If our sample size is small, we may be compelled to use a
nonparametric test. The non-parametric test acts as the shadow
world of the parametric test.
 Parametric and Nonparametric
Applications Of Parametric Tests

• This test is used when the given data is quantitative and continuous.
• When the data is of normal distribution then this test is used.
• The parametric tests are helpful when the data is estimated on the
approximate ratio or interval scales of measurement.
 Parametric and Nonparametric
Applications Of Non-Parametric Tests
• These tests are used in the case of solid mixing to study the sampling
results.
• The tests are helpful when the data is estimated with different kinds
of measurement scales.
• The non-parametric tests are used when the distribution of the
population is unknown.
Differences between Parametric and Nonparametric

Non- Parametric test Parametric test

1-sample sign test One-sample Z-test, One sample t-test

1-sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank test One sample Z-test, One sample t-test

Friedman test Two-way ANOVA

Kruskal-Wallis test One-way ANOVA

Mann-Whitney test Independent samples t-test

Mood’s Median test One-way ANOVA

Pearson Correlation Spearman Correlation

Parametric and Nonparametric
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NON-PARAMETRICTESTS
Advantages Disadvantages
Non-parametric tests are simple and easyto For any problem, if any parametric test exist it is
understand highly powerful
Non-parametric methods are not so efficient as of
It will not involve complicated sampling theory
parametric test
No assumption is made regarding the parent No nonparametric test available for testing the
population interaction in ANOVA model

Non-parametric test basically just need nominal or Tables necessary to implement non-parametric tests
ordinal data are scattered widely and appear in different formats

It is easy to applicable for attribute dates May waste information

Require a larger sample size thancorresponding
Non-parametric statistics are more versatile tests
parametric test in order to achieve same power
Easier to calculate Difficult to compute by hand for large samples
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The hypothesis tested by the non-parametric test may be
Stat tables are not readily available
more appropriate
 Parametric and Nonparametric
Advantages of Non Parametric
• More statistical power when assumptions of parametric tests are violated.
• Assumption of normality does not apply
• Small sample sizes are ok
• They can be used for all data types, including ordinal, nominal and interval (continuous)
• Can be used with data that has outliers

Disadvantages of Non Parametric

• Less powerful than parametric tests if assumptions haven’t been violated
 Parametric and Nonparametric
• More statistical power when assumptions of parametric tests are
violated.
• Assumption of normality does not apply
• Small sample sizes are ok
• They can be used for all data types, including ordinal, nominal and
interval (continuous)
• Can be used with data that has outliers
 Z- test
z-tests are a statistical way of testing a hypothesis when either:
i. We know the population variance, or
ii. We do not know the population variance but our sample size is
large n ≥ 30
If we have a sample size of less than 30 and do not know the
population variance, then we must use a t-test.

• Z test is a statistical test that is conducted on data that approximately

follows a normal distribution. The z test can be performed on one
sample, two samples, or on proportions for hypothesis testing.
 Z- test
• z test can further be classified into left-tailed, right-tailed, and two-
tailed hypothesis tests depending upon the parameters of the data.

• A z test is conducted on a normally distributed population It is used

to check whether the means of two populations are equal to each
other when the population variance is known.

• The null hypothesis of a z test can be rejected if the z test statistic is

statistically significant when compared with the critical value.
 Z- test

• A z-test is a hypothesis test in which the z-statistic follows a normal

distribution. A z-statistic, or z-score, is a number representing the
result from the z-test.

• Z-tests are closely related to t-tests, but t-tests are best performed
when an experiment has a small sample size. Z-tests assume the
standard deviation is known, while t-tests assume it is unknown.
 Z- test

• The z test formula compares the z statistic with the z critical value to
test whether there is a difference in the means of two populations.

• In hypothesis testing, the z critical value divides the distribution

graph into the acceptance and the rejection regions.

• If the test statistic falls in the rejection region then the null
hypothesis can be rejected otherwise it cannot be rejected.
 Types of Z- test

• z test for single proportion is used to test a hypothesis on a specific

value of the population proportion. We test the null hypothesis H0:
p = p0 against the alternative hypothesis H1: p> <p0 where p is the
population proportion and p0 is a specific value of the population
proportion we would like to test for acceptance.

• z test for difference of proportions is used to test the hypothesis

that two populations have the same proportion. One would have to
obtain two independent samples.
 Types of Z- test

• z -test for single mean is used to test a hypothesis on a specific

value of the population mean. We test the null hypothesis H0: μ =
μ0 against the alternative hypothesis H1: μ> <μ0 where μ is the
population mean and μ0 is a specific value of the population that we
would like to test for acceptance.
• z test for single variance is used to test a hypothesis on a specific
value of the population variance. We test the null hypothesis H0: σ =
σ0 against the alternative hypothesis H1: σ> <σ0 where σ is the
population mean and σ0 is a specific value of the population variance
that we would like to test for acceptance.
 One-Sample Z Test
• A one-sample z test is used to check if there is a difference between
the sample mean and the population mean when the population
standard deviation is known.
The formula for the z test statistic is given as follows:

• σ (the standard deviation of the population)

• μ (the mean of the population)
• x (the mean of the sample)
• n (the size of the sample)
 One-Sample Z Test
• Finally, the z score is compared to a Z table, a table which contains
the percent of area under the normal curve between the mean and
the z score. Using this table will indicate whether the calculated z
score is within the realm of chance or if the z score is so different
from the mean that the sample mean is unlikely to have happened by
chance.

• The Z-test is used primarily with standardized testing to determine if

the test scores of a particular sample of test takers are within or
outside of the standard performance of test takers.
 Conditions for One-Sample Z
Test
• Z-test uses the population mean and population standard deviation,
these must be known.
• The sample must be a simple random sample of the population. If
the sample came from a different sampling method, a different
formula must be used.
• It must also be known that the population varies normally (i.e., the
sampling distribution of the probabilities of possible values fits a
standard normal curve). If it is not known that the population varies
normally, it suffices to have a sufficiently large sample, generally
agreed to be ≥ 30 or 40.
 Conditions for One-Sample Z
Test
• In actuality, knowing the true σ (standard deviation) of a population
is unrealistic except for cases such as standardized testing in which
the entire population is known.

• In cases where it is impossible to measure every member of a

population it is more realistic to use a t-test, which uses the standard
error obtained from the sample along with the t-distribution.
 One-Sample Z Test
Two approaches can be used in order to arrive at that decision
whether or not one should reject the null hypothesis.
• p-value approach: the p-value is the smallest level of significance at
which the null hypothesis could be rejected. A small p-value means
that your result is very improbable under the null hypothesis, and so
there is strong evidence against the null hypothesis - the smaller the
p-value, the stronger the evidence.
• To find the p-value, one have to calculate the probability that the test
statistic (Z), is at least as extreme as the value one have actually
observed (z), provided that the null hypothesis is true.
 One-Sample Z Test
critical value approach
• The critical value approach involves comparing the value of the test
statistic obtained for our sample, z, to the critical values. These
values constitute the boundaries of regions where the test statistic is
highly improbable to lie. Those regions are often referred to as the
critical regions, or rejection regions.
• The decision of whether or not you should reject the null hypothesis
is then based on whether or not our z belongs to the critical region.
 One-Sample Z Test

• The critical regions depend on a significance level, &alpha, of the test,

and on the alternative hypothesis.

• The choice of α is arbitrary; in practice, the values of 0.1, 0.05, or

0.01 are most commonly used as α.

• Once we agree on the value of α, one can easily determine the

critical regions of the test:
One-Sample Z Test
One-Sample Z Test
One-Sample Z Test
One-Sample Z Test
One-Sample Z Test
One-Sample Z Test
One-Sample Z Test
 One-Sample Z Test
• The test scores of students in a class test has a mean of 70 and with a
standard deviation of 12. What is the probable percentage of
students scored more than 85?

• Solution: The z score for the given data is, z = (x − μ)/ σ

• z= (85-70)/12=1.25
 One-Sample Z Test

• From the z score table, the fraction of the data within this score is
0.8944.

• This means 89.44 % of the students are within the test scores of 85
and hence the percentage of students who are above the test scores
of 85 = (100-89.44)% = 10.56 %.
 Two-Sample Z Test

• The z-test for two-sample means is used to determine if the means

of two independent populations are equal or different.
• This test is used when the population standard deviations are known
and more than 30 samples are part of each group.
• We used z-test to find out if there is a significant difference between
two populations by only comparing the sample mean of the
population.
 Two-Sample Z Test
Where we can use two-sample z-test for means:

• Comparing the performance of students in two different classes

• Comparing the average salaries of men and women in a
company
• Comparing the key performance indicator (KPIs) of two
different teams
• Comparing the performance of employees in two different
departments
 Two-Sample Z Test
• Comparing the average IQ scores of two groups of people

• Determining if there is a significant difference in the amount of

rainfall between two cities

• Investigating whether the mean daily energy intake of men and

women are different
Two-Sample Z Test
Two-Sample Z Test
• x̄1 is the mean of the first sample

• x̄2 is the mean of the second sample

• μ1 is the mean of the first population

• μ2 is the mean of the second population

• (μ1 – μ2) is hypothesized difference between the population means

• σ1 is the standard deviation of the first population

• σ2 is the standard deviation of the second population

• n1 is the number of the data points in the first sample

• n2 is the number of the data points in the second sample

 Two-Sample Z Test
Example: 1
• The amount of a certain trace element in blood is known to vary with a
standard deviation of 14.1 ppm (parts per million) for male blood
donors and 9.5 ppm for female donors.
• Random samples of 75 male and 50 female donors yield concentration
means of 28 and 33 ppm, respectively. What is the likelihood that the
population means of concentrations of the element are the same for
men and women?
 Two-Sample Z Test
Example: 2
• A company wanted to compare the performance of its call center
employees in two different centers located in two different parts of the
country – Hyderabad, and Bengaluru, in terms of the number of tickets
resolved in a day (hypothetically speaking). The company randomly
selected 30 employees from the call center in Hyderabad and 30
employees from the call center in Bengaluru. The following data was
collected:
• Hyderabad: x̄1 = 750, σ1 = 20
• Bengaluru: x̄2 = 780, σ2 = 25
 Two-Sample Z Test
Example: 3
 Two-Sample Z Test
Example: 4

• Princeton school science teacher claims that students in his section will
score higher marks than those in his colleague’s section.

• The mean science score for 60 students in his section is 22.1, and the
standard deviation is 4.8. The mean science score for 40 of the
colleagues’ sections is 18.8, and the standard deviation is 8.1. At α =
0.05, can the teacher’s claim be supported?
 Two-Sample Z Test
Example: 5

• A dietician claims that participants in the X program yield less weight

reduction than the Y program. The mean weight reduction for 100
participants in the X program is 19.7lb, and the standard deviation is
6.2. Similarly, for program Y, for 120 participants, it is 21.2lb, and the
standard deviation is 7.6. At 1% level of significance, can you support
the dietician claim?
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