THE PREPTEST

o Logical Reasoning ......... .............SECT1ON I

o Analytical Reasoning.. .................SECT|ON ll

. Reading Comprehension................................SECT|ON lll

. Logical Reasoning ...............:.......SECT|ON lV

o Writing Sample Materials

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SECTION I
Time-35 minutes
25 Questions

Directions: Each question in this section is based on the reasoning presented in a brief passage. In answering the questions, you
should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. For
some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best
answer; that is, choose the response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on yiil
answer sheet.

Researcher: During the rainy season, bonobos (an ape 2. Policy analyst: Those concemed with safeguarding
species closely related to chimpanzees) frequently public health by reducing the risk of traffic
swallow whole the rough-surfaced leaves of the fatalities typically focus their efforts on
shrub Manniophytonfulvum. These leaves are automotive safety measwes such as increasing
likely ingested because of their medicinal properties, seat belt use, reducing distracted driving, and
since ingestion of these leaves facilitates the improving automotive technology. But what
elimination of gastrointestinal worms. would contribute the most to safeguarding public
health is a reduction in total miles traveled on our
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens
roads. The fact is that traveling by car is itself a
the researcher's argument?
major risk factor.
(A) Bonobos rarely swallow whole leaves of any
Which one of the following most accurately expresses
plants other Ihan M. fulvum.
the overall conclusion drawn in the policy analyst's
(B) Chimpanzees have also been observed to
argument?
swallow rough-surfaced leaves whole during
the rainy season. (A) Public health can be safeguarded through
(C) Of the rough-leaved plants available to bonobos, reducing traffrc fatalities.
M. fulvum shrubs are the most common. (B) Those concemed with safeguarding public
(D) The leaves of M. fulvum are easier to swallow health should focus their efforts on reducing
whole when they are wet. traffic fatalities.
(E) The rainy season is the time when bonobos (C) Increasing seat belt use, reducing distracted
are most likely to be infected with driving, and improving automotive technology
gastrointestinal worms. all safeguard public health.
(D) A reduction in total miles haveled would
contribute more to safeguarding public health
than would any automotive safety measlue.
(E) Traveling by car is itself a major risk factor for
traffic fatalities.

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3. Letter to the Editor: The arts section of this paper shows 5. Many fictional works have characters who are
a lamentable bias toward movies and against local supposedly precognitive-that is, able to accurately
theatrical productions. Over the last year alone, perceive future events. But a perception of a future
the paper has published over five times as many event is accurate only if that event comes to pass. Thus,
movie reviews as reviews of live plays. the plots ofthese works often show that the characters
are not truly precognitive, since some of the future events
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
the characters perceive do not in fact come to pass.
weakens the argument?
Which one of the following is an assumption on which
(A) Some newspapers do not publish any reviews
the argument depends?
of live plays.
(B) The number of movies released last year was (A) A character is truly precognitive only if all of
significantly greater than the number of live that character's perceptions of future events
plays performed locally. are accurate.
(C) The newspaper has five movie critics, but only (B) It is impossible forsomeone to perceive fufure
one theater critic. events accurately with absolute consistency.
(D) The newspaper does not have the space in the (C) The plots of hctional works that portray
arls section to publish a review of every movie characters as precognitive often do not specifr
that is released or every live play that is whether the fufure events those characters
locally performed. perceive come to pass.
(E) The newspaper published more reviews of live (D) When fictional works portray characters as
plays in the last year than it did two years ago. precognitive, those characters' perceptions of
future events are generally central to the plots
4. Archaeologist: Ow university museum possesses several of those works.
ancient artifacts whose ownership is in dispute. (E) No work of hction has portrayed a truly
Although the museum has documentation precognitive character.
showing that the items were obtained legally,
there is an overriding principle that any important 6. Economist: There have been large declines in
ancient artifact belongs by rights to the nation on employment around the globe, so it's not
whose territory it was discovered. Given that an surprising that the number of workers injured on
institution is obliged to honor those rights, our the job has decreased. What is surprising,
museum should return the artifacts. however, is that the percentage of workers injured
on thejob has also decreased.
Which one of the following most accurately expresses
the overall conclusion of the archaeologist's argument? Each of the following, if true, helps to explain the
surprising result mentioned by the economist EXCEPT:
(A) The university museum should retum the
ancient artifacts in dispute. (A) Overall, people who are employed are working
(B) Any important ancient artifact belongs by fewer hours each day.
rights to the nation on whose territory it (B) A decrease in the demand for products has
was discovered. reduced the pressure on workers to meet
(C) The ancient artifacts whose ownership is in production quotas and deadlines.
dispute were obtained legally by the (C) Some of the most dangerous industries have
universify museum. had especially big declines in employment.
(D) The university museum is in possession of (D) There has been a general decline in the
several artifacts whose ownership is in dispute. resources devoted to workplace safety.
(E) There is an overriding principle that any (E) Inexperienced workers have lost their jobs at
important ancient artifact belongs by rights to higher rates than experienced ones.
the nation on whose territory it was discovered.

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7. Editorial: Animated f,rlms appropriate for children are 9. Legal doctrine: The govemment cannot appropriate
those that are innocently whimsical, mischievous private propefiy without offering fair
perhaps, but not threatening. Since new animated compensation to the property owner.
films aimed at adults have dark themes such as Application: If the government institutes a regulation
poverty and despair, such films cannot be that blocks construction on undeveloped private
considered appropriate for children. lots on the shore of Lake Crowell-thereby
diminishing their market value-it must offer fair
Which one of the following is an assumption that would
compensation to the owners of that properfy'
allow the conclusion to be properly drawn?
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most
(A) Films that are whimsical and mischievous are
justifies the above application ofthe legal doctrine?
not threaiening.
(B) Films that are appropriate for adults are seldom (A) A govemment should not implement a
appropriate for children. regulation on lakeside property that it would
(c) Films that have dark themes are threatening. not implement on other types of property.
(D) Children enjoy films only if the films include (B) Govemments must balance the rights of private
animation. property holders with the rights of those who
(E) Children do not attend to some details in films value undeveloped wilderness environments.
aimed at adults. (C) Regulations that significantly diminish the
economic value of a piece of property
8. Monarch butterflies must contend with single-celled constitute an appropriation of that properfy.
parasites that can cause deformities that interfere with (D) Owners of private property are alone
their flight. In populations of monarch butterflies that responsible for the economic risks associated
have not migrated, as many as 95 percent are heavily with government regulations that affect the
infected by the parasites, while less than 15 percent of use ofthat property.
those in migrating populations are infected. This shows (E) A govemment can appropriate private property
that migrating allows monarch butterflies to avoid only if it is in response to a compelling
these parasites. public interest.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the
argument overlooks the possibility that
10. When a bird flies, powerful forces converge on its
shoulder joints. The bird's wings must be kept stable
(A) monarch butterflies are unable to detect which during flight, which cannot happen unless something
areas are free from parasites balances these forces. The only structure in birds
(B) long migrations are no better protection from capable of balancing them is a ligament that connects
parasites than are short migrations the wing to the shoulder joint. So that ligament must
(C) populations of monarch butterflies that have be
not migrated are much larger than migrating
populations
Which one of the following most logically completes
the argument?
(D) monarch butterflies infected with parasites are -.
typically unable to migrate (A) the only structure that is indispensable to
(E) populations of monarch butterflies tend not to bird flight
migrate if they have stable food sources (B) the reason that a bird's wings must be kept
stable during flight
(C) the sole connection belween the wing and the
shoulder joint
(D) the source of the powerful forces that converge
on the shoulder joint
(E) the means by which a bird stabilizes its wings
during flight

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ll. As part of a project to enhance the downtown area, the 13. When so many oysters died off the coast of Britain that
transit authority plans to build a majestic new subway some native species were threatened with extinction, the
station on the Longview line. However, the current fact that the water temperature had recently risen was at
design ofthe station does not include a connection to fnst thought to be the cause. Later, however, the cause
the nearby Waterfront line. Adding a tunnel from the was determined to be the chemical tributyl tin (TBT),
station to the Waterfront line using the current design used to keep barnacles offthe hulls ofboats. Legislation
would make the station much more convenient to that banned TBT has nearly eliminated that chemical
commuters but would also put the project over budget. from British waters, yet the populations of the
Since the budget cannot be increased, a more modest endangered oyster species have not glown.
station should be built so that a tunnel can be included.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most explain the failure ofthe native oyster populations
helps to justift the reasoning in the argument above? to recover?
(A) The transit authority should design a subway (A) The increase in water temperature has slowed in
station that costs less than the amount budgeted. the years since the legislation was passed.
(B) The transit authority should consider all (B) Native oysters rely on different sources of food
potential additions to the subway station that than do the bamacles that live on the hulls
would make it more convenient to commuters. of boats.
(C) In the enhancement of the downtown area, (C) TBT also killed imported varieties of oysters
convenience to commuters should be given that flourish at the expense of native oysters
priority over majestic design. now that the waters are wanner.
(D) Unless a subway station can be built within (D) Other chemicals that are used to remove
budget that is both convenient to commuters bamacles from the hulls of boats seem to have
and in keeping with the new design, the little effect on the oyster populations.
' transit authority should abandon plans to (E) TBT is more deadly to oysters in colder waters
build a station. than in wanner waters.
(E) The new subway station should enhance the
downtown area more than any other potential 14. Pratt: Almost all cases of rabies in humans come from
project that is similar in cost. being bitten by a rabid animal, and bats do carry
rabies. But there is littlejustification for health
12. A study found that most of the strokes diagnosed by warnings that urge the removal of any bats
doctors occurred in the left side ofpatients'brains. residing in buildings where people work or live.
This suggests that right-side strokes are more likely than Bats are shy animals that rarely bite, and the
left-side strokes to go undiagnosed since overwhelming majority of bats do not have rabies.
The conclusion of the argument is shongly supported if Which one of the following, if true, most weakens
which one of the following completes the passage? Pratt's argument?
(A) patients who have strokes typically also have (A) A rabid bat is much more likely to infect another
other health problems bat than to infect any other type of animal.
(B) it is very likely that just as many strokes occur (B) Rabid bats are less mobile than other bats but
in the right side ofthe brain as in the left side are much more aggressive.
(C) doctors vary greatly in the accuracy oftheir (C) Most animals that carry rabies are animals of
diagnoses of strokes species that, under normal conditions, very
(D) the symptoms of right-side strokes tend to be rarely bite people.
different than the symptoms of left-side strokes (D) The bat species with the highest incidence of
(E) other studies have suggested that a large number rabies do not live in buildings.
ofminor strokes go undiagnosed (E) People are more likely to be aware of having
been bitten by a bat if they were bitten by the
bat inside a building.

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15. It has been said that understanding a person completely 17. Xavier: The new fast-food place on 10th Street is out
leads one to forgive that person entirely. If so, then it ofbusiness already. I'm not surprised. It had no
follows that complete self-forgiveness is beyond our indoor seating, and few people want to sit outside
reach, for complete self-understanding, however desirable, and breathe exhaust fumes while they eat.
is unattainable. Miranda: The bank should have realized that with all
the fast-food places on lOth Street, one lacking
A flaw in the reasoning in the argument above is that
indoor seating was likely to fail. So it was
this argument
irresponsible of them to lend the money for it.
(A) treats the failure to satisfu a condition that
brings about a particular outcome as if It can be inferred from the dialogue that Xavier and
satisfuing that condition is the only way to Miranda agree that
realize the outcome (A) few people want to sit outside while they eat
(B) confuses something that is necessary for an (B) banks should not finance restaurants lacking
action to occur with something that necessarily indoor seating
results from that action (C) ifthe new fast-food place had indoor seating,
(C) takes for gtanted that something that has merely it probably would have been successful
been said to be true is, in fact, true (D) a fast-food place on l0th Street is likely to fail
(D) ignores the possibility that a state of affairs is if it has any outdoor seating
desirable even if it cannot be attained (E) the new fast-food place on lOth Street was a
(E) uses the difficulty of attaining a state of affairs risky venture
as a reason for not attempting to attain it
18. In an island nature preserve, Common Eider nests are
16. A popular complaint about abstract expressionist found in roughly equal numbers in highly concealing
paintings-that "a child could paint that"-holds that woody vegetation, wooden boxes, and open grasslands
their stylistic similarities to young children's paintings that do not conceal nests. Some Common Eiders lay
show that they are no more aesthetically pleasing than their eggs in nests established by other Common Eiders,
those inexpert works. But most participants in a probably in order to locate them in an area that is
psychological study, when shown pairs of paintings maximally safe from predation. Although one would
consisting ofan abstract expressionist painting and a expect the irests concealed in woody vegetation to be
preschooler's painting, consistently rated the abstract most commonly selected by other females for laying
expressionist painting as aesthetically better, refuting their eggs, the female Common Eiders that lay their
this complaint and thereby establishing that abstract eggs in other birds' nests most commonly select
expressionist paintings are aesthetically pleasing. established nests in wooden boxes.
The argument depends on assuming which one of Which one of the following, if true, would most help to
the following? explain why, in this nature preserye, Common Eiders
(A) People are better at judging the aesthetic value
that lay their eggs in other birds' nests most commonly
painting when they compare it with select established nests in wooden boxes?
of a
another painting. (A) Some Common Eiders that lay their eggs in
(B) Most of the preschoolers' paintings used in the nests established by other Common Eiders have
study were not aesthetically displeasing. been observed, in subsequent years, building
(C) Each painting shown to the participants had a nests of their own in the nature preserve.
label that accurately indicated whether it (B) Established nests concealed in woody vegetation
was an abstract expressionist painting or a are difTicult for Common Eiders to detect.
preschooler's painting. (C) Defensive behavior by nest builders can
(D) Participants who did not consistently rate the sometimes deter intruding Common Eiders.
abstract expressionist paintings as aesthetically (D) Virtually all of the island nature preserve
better nonetheless rated them better more consists of habitats that have been, at some
often than not. point in the past, altered by humans.
(E) There were few stylistic similarities between the (E) Foxes and other natural predators of the
abshact expressionist paintings that participants Common Eider are not uncommon in the
were shown and the preschoolers' paintings island nafure preserve.
with which they were paired.

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19. Researcher: In an experiment, 500 families were given a 20. Politician: Our government's Ministry of the
medical self-help book, and 500 similar families ' Environment issues scientific assessments of the
were not. Over the next year, the average number ecological impacts of industrial activities.
ofvisits to doctors dropped by 20 percent for the However, these assessments are often inaccurate
. families who had been given the book but due to political pressures on the ministry The
remained unchanged for the other families. Since government is now forming a Ministry of Health.
improved family health leads to fewer visits to Since the Ministry of Health will also be subject
doctors, the experiment indicates that having a to political pressures in relation to health issues,
medical self-help book in the home improves it should not issue scientific assessments that
family health. relate to health issues.

The reasoning in the researcher's argument is Which one of the following principles, if valid, would
questionable in that most help to justifu the politician's argument?
(A) it is possible that the families in the experiment (A) If there was no need for scientific assessments
who were not given a medical self-help book of a set of issues before a government ministry
acquired medical self-help books on their own responsible for those issues was formed, then
(B) the families in the experiment could have those assessments are still unnecessary after
gained access to medical self-help information the formation of the ministry.
outside ofbooks (B) Scientific assessments should not be issued by
(C) a state of affairs could causally contribute to govemment ministries unless they have very
two or more different effects strong reason to believe that those assessments
(D) two different states of affairs could each are accurate.
causally contribute to the same effect even (C) Individuals and organizations should not
though neither causally contributes to the other exercise political pressure on govemment
(E) certain states of affairs that lead families to visit ministries that issue scientific assessments.
the doctor less frequently could also make (D) A government ministry should issue scientific
them more likely to have a medical self-help assessments of certain issues if that ministry
book in the home can successfully resist political presswes to
modifir the contents of those assessments.
(E) The government ministry in charge of issuing
assessments relating to health issues should
firmly resist any political pressures regarding
those assessments.

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21. Farmer: Farming with artificial fertilizers, though 22. Although severing a motor nerve kills part of the nerve,
more damaging to the environment than organic
' it can regenerate, growing about I millimeter per day
farming, allows more food to be grown on the from the point of damage toward the muscle the nerue
same amount of land. If all farmers were to controlled, So, for example, a severed motor nerve that
practice organic farming, they would be unable controlled a hand muscle requires a much longer time to
to produce enough food for Earth's growing regenerate if that nerve is severed at the shoulder rather
population. Hence, ifenough food is to be than at the wrist. Furthermore, the growing cells require
produced, the currently popular practice of the original nerve sheath to guide them to the area that
organic farming must not spread any further. has lost function, but that sheath begins to disintegrate
after about three months unless there is living nerve
The reasoning in the farmer's argument is most vulnerable
tissue within it.
to criticism on which one of the following grounds?
The statements above, if true, most strongly support
(A) It takes for granted that farming with artificial
which one of the following?
fertilizers is only slightly more damaging to
the environment than organic farming is. (A) Doubling the speed at which new nerve cells
(B) It overlooks the possibility that even if the grow will double the likelihood that a severed
practice of organic farming continues to spread, motor nerve will reach the muscle it had
many farmers will choose not to adopt it. controlled.
(C) It fails to consider the possibility that, at some (B) It issometimes possible, once a nerve sheath
points in human history enough food was has begun to disintegrate, to reverse or slow
produced to feed Earth's population without the process of disintegration.
the use of artificial fertilizers. (C) If a severed motor nerve does not regenerate
(D) It overlooks the possibility that a consequence successfully within three months after being
that would surely follow if all farmers adopted severed, functioning cannot be restored to the
the practice of organic farming would still muscle that the nerve had controlled.
ensue even ifnot all ofthem did. (D) If living nerve tissue could be implanted and
(E) It takes for granted that damage to the sustained within the original sheath of a severed
environment due to the continued use motor nerve, the likelihood that the nerve will
of artihcial fertilizers would not be regenerate would increase in some cases.
detrimental to human health. (E) Without surgical intervention, a muscle that has
lost function because of a severed motor nerve
is unlikely to regain that function.

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23. Male boto dolphins often carry objects such as weeds or 25. Stallworth claims that she supported the proposal to
sticks. Researchers first thought this was play behavior, build a new community center. If Henning also
but it is more likely to be a mating display. If it were supported that proposal, it would have received
play rather than a mating display, we would expect government approval. Since the proposal did not gain
females andjuveniles to engage in the behavior, but government approval, Henning must have failed to back
only adult males do. it, despite his claims to the contrary.
The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most Which one of the following arguments is most similar in
similar to that in which one of the following arguments? its flawed reasoning to the argument above?
(A) If there is a lot of traffic today, then Phyllis will (A) According to the TV news, the haffic accident
probably be late to the meeting. But I expect occurred on Aylmer Street. But if the accident
light traffic today. So in all likelihood Phyllis occurred on Aylmer Street, Morgan could not
will arrive on time. have witnessed it from his kitchen window.
(B) I tree
expect the arborist to determine that this Thus, the newspaper report was mistaken in its
tree
is diseased. If the arborist finds that the claim that Morgan witnessed the accident from
is diseased, then the tree will definitely be his kitchen window.
cut down. So it is likely that the tree will be (B) According to the city govemment, 15 percent
cut down. of city residents are behind on their property
(C) Ifthe weather forecast called for heavy snow, taxes. But according to a private institute,
then I would have expected Roy to cancel his property taxes in the city are far higher than
trip to his mountain cabin. Indeed, Roy did the national average for cities of that size.
cancel the trip. So it is likely that the forecast Thus it is the city government that is to blame
called for heavy snow for the high percentage ofresidents who are
(D) If construction of that building were on behind on their taxes.
schedule, then I would expect the foundation (C) According to Kapoor, the hazardous-waste
to have been completed already. But work on disposal site does not pose an imminent danger
the foundation has just started, so construction to the community. But according to Galindo,
is probably behind schedule. the disposal site is located on an unsuitable
(E) If Tamika makes a big sale today, I would tract of land. Thus, if Galindo is correct,
expect her to celebrate tonight. So, since Kapoor's assessment is in error.
Tamika will probably make a big sale today, (D) According to Hanis's political rivals, she
she will probably celebrate tonight. consistently favors the interests ofproperty
developers. A good mayor must be willing to
24. Andy Warhol's Brillo Boxes is a stack of boxes that are stand up to the city's powerful interests,
visually indistinguishable from the product packaging of including property developers. Harris is thus
an actual brand of scouring pads. Warhol's Brillo Boxes a poor choice for mayor.
is considered a work of art, while an identical stack of (E) According to the latest government figures, the
ordinary boxes would not be considered a work of art. regional unemployment rate declined in the
Therefore, it is not true that appearance alone entirely last six months. But the region lost thousands
determines whether or not something is considered a of manufacturing jobs in that period. The
work of art. government's unemployment figures must
therefore be inaccurate'
The argument proceeds by
(A) highlighting the differences between things that
are believed to have a certain property and
things that actually have that property
(B) demonstrating that an opposing argument relies
on an ambiguity
(C) suggesting that two things that are
indistinguishable from each other must be the
same type of thing
(D) questioning the assumptions underlying a
particular theory
(E) showing that something that would be
impossible if a particular thesis were correct
is actually true

STOP
IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHBCK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.
DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.
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A SECTION II
2
Time-35 minutes
23 Questions

Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a scenario with a set of conditions. The questions are to be
iiiiffion the basis oi what can be logically inferred from the scenario and conditions. For each question, choose the
response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet.

Ouestions l-6 l. Which one of the following could be the schedule for
the conference?
Six speakers-Jacobs, Kennedy, Lewis, Martin, Navarro,
and Ota-will lecfure at an upcoming two-day conference, (A) Thursday: 1:00 Jacobs; 2:00 Kennedy; 3:00 Ota
held on a Thursday and Friday. Lectures will be given at Friday: l:00 Martin; 2:00 Navarro; 3:00 Lewis
1:00, 2:00, and 3:00 each day. Each speaker will lecture (B) Thursday: l:00 Jacobs; 2:00 Lewis; 3:00 Kennedy
exactly once, and only one speaker will lecture at a time. Friday: 1:00 Ota; 2:00 Martin; 3:00 Navarro
The schedule for the conference must conform to the (C) Thursday: l:00 Kennedy; 2:00 Lewis; 3:00 Martin
following conditions: Friday: l:00 Jacobs; 2:00 Navarro; 3:00 Ota
Jacobs lectures at 1:00. (D) Thursday: 1:00 Lewis; 2:00 Kennedy; 3:00 Ota
Martin and Navarro lecture on the same day as each other. Friday: 1:00 Jacobs; 2:00 Martin; 3:00 Navarro
Lewis and Ota do not lecture on the same day as each other (E) Thursday: l:00 Navarro; 2:00 Martin; 3:00 Ota
If Lewis lectures on Friday, Lewis lectures at I :00. Friday: l:00 Lewis; 2:00 Jacobs; 3:00 Kennedy

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2
2. If Martin lectures
A
at l:00, then any of the following
could be true EXCEPT:
5.
A
Which one of the following speakers CANNOT lecture
at l:00?
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2
(A) Jacobs lectures on Thursday. (A) Kennedy
(B) Kennedy lectures on Friday. (B) Lewis
(C) Lewis lectures on Friday. (c) Martin
(D) Martin lectures on Thursday, (D) Navarro
(E) Navarro lectures on Friday. (E) Ota

3. Which one of the following is a pair of speakers who 6. Which one of the following, if substituted for the
CANNOT lecture on the same day as each other? condition that Lewis and Ota do not lecture on the
same day as each other, would have the same effect
(A) Jacobs and Navarro
in determining the schedule for the conference?
(B) Jacobs and Ota
(c) Kennedy and Lewis (A) Jacobs and Kennedy lecture on the same day
(D) Lewis and Martin as each other.
(E) Navarro and Ota (B) Kennedy and Ota lecture on the same day
as each other.
4. If Kennedy lectures at 3:00 on Friday, which one of the (C) Navarro and Ota lecture on the same day
following must be true? as each other.
(A) Jacobs lectures at l:00 on Thursday.
(D) Jacobs and Martin do not lecture on the same
(B) Lewis lectures at 1:00 on Friday. day as each other.
(C) Martin lectures at l:00 on Thursday.
(E) Kennedy and Navarro do not lecture on the
(D) Navarro lectures at 2:00 on Thursday.
same day as each other.
(E) Ota lectures at 2:00 on Friday.

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Questions 7-12
A 7.
A
The earliest that the Kahlo could be auctioned is
2
An art auction will feature exactly six paintings, each by a
(A) first
different artist-Joysmith, Kahlo, Nieto, Rothko, Sugimoto,
(B) second
and Villa. Each painting will be auctioned separately, in an
(C) third
order consistent with the following:
(D) fourth
The Joysmith cannot be auctioned immediately before or
(E) fifth
immediately after the Villa.
The Villa must be auctioned earlier than the Kahlo, and
the Kahlo must be auctioned earlier than the Sugimoto.
The Nieto must be auctioned second or third.
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8. The Joysmith CANNOT be auctioned 11. If the Villa is auctioned fourth, then how many of the
paintings are there that could be the one auctioned
(A) first
second?
(B) second
(C) third (A) five'
(D) fourth (B) four
(E) fifth (c) three
(D) two
9. The Kahlo must be the fourth painting auctioned if (E) one
which one of the following is true?
12. If the Sugimoto is auctioned earlier than the Joysmith,
(A) The Joysmith is auctioned fifth.
then which one of the following must be true?
(B) The Nieto is auctioned third.
(c) The Rothko is auctioned second. (A) The first painting auctioned is the Rothko.
(D) The Villa is auctioned first. (B) The second painting auctioned is the Rothko.
(E) The Villa is auctioned second. (C) The second painting auctioned is the Villa.
(D) The third painting auctioned is the Nieto.
10. How many of the paintings are there that could be the (E) The fourth painting auctioned is the Kahlo.
one auctioned fifth?
(A) one
(B) two
(C) three
(D) four GO ON TO THENEXTPAGE.
(E) five
2
aa

Questions 13-17
A 13. Which
Aone of the following could be an acceptable
schedule for the team from June through October?
2
Every year, a mining company dispatches an engineering
team to work for three months at Grayson mine and for (A) June: Grayson; July: Grayson; August: Grayson;
three months at Krona mine. All six of the months occur September: headquarters; October: Krona
from March to November. In months when it is not at a (B) June: Grayson; July: headquarters;
mine, the team works at company headquarters. The team's August: Grayson; September: headquarters;
schedule also conforms to the following constraints: October: Krona
The team must work for at least one month at (C) June: Grayson; July: headquarters;
headquarters between any two months working at August: Krona; September: headquarters;
different mines. October: Krona
The team cannot work at the same mine for more than (D) June: headquarters; July: Grayson;
two months in a row. August: Grayson; September: headquarters;
The team must work at Grayson mine in August. October: Grayson
The team must work at Krona mine in October. (E) June: Krona; July: Krona; August: Grayson;
September: headquarters; October: Krona

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2 A
14. Which one of the following is a month in which
team must work at Krona mine?
the 16. If
A
the team works at Grayson mine in May, which one
of the following could be true?
-23-
2
(A) March (A) The team works at Grayson mine in March.
(B) May (B) The team works at Grayson mine in April.
(c) June (C) The team works at Grayson mine in June.
(D) September (D) The team works at Krona mine in April.
(E) November (E) The team works at Krona mine in June.

15. Which one of the following must be true? 17. If the team works at Grayson mine in July, which one
of the following could be true?
(A) The team works at Grayson mine in June.
(B) The team works at Grayson mine in July. (A) The team works at Grayson mine in April.
(C) The team works at headquarters in June. (B) The team works at Grayson mine in June.
(D) The team works at headquarters in September. (C) The team works at headquarters in May.
(E) The team works at Krona mine in May. (D) The team works at Krona mine in March.
(E) The team works at Krona mine in June.

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2 -24-

Questions 18-23
A 18. Which one of the following is an acceptable assignment
for the doctors, listed in order from Sunday through
2
A medical clinic is assigning doctors to shifts for the next Saturday?
seven days, Sunday through Saturday, with exactly one doctor
assigned to each day. Six doctors-Graham, Herrera, Koppel, (A) Herrera, Graham, Park, Leedom, Nelson,
Leedom, Nelson, and Park-will be assigned, each doctor Koppel, Herrera
assigned to at least one day, subject to the following conditions: (B) Herrera, Leedom, Park, Nelson, Graham,
The doctor assigned to Sunday must also be assigned Koppel, Leedom
to Saturday. (C) Herrera, Nelson, Park, Graham, Koppel,
Graham must be assigned to exactly one day. Leedom, Herrera
The day to which Graham is assigned must be (D) Leedom, Herrera, Park, Koppel, Graham,
immediately before or immediately after a day to which Nelson, Leedom
Koppel is assigned. (E) Leedom, Park, Herrera, Graham, Koppel,
Herrera cannot be assigned to a day immediately before Nelson, Leedom
or immediately after a day to which Nelson is assigned.
Park must be assigned to Tuesday.

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2 A
19. If Nelson is assigned to Sunday, which
following must be true?
one of the 21. If
-25-

Leedom is assigned to Wednesday, which one of the

following could be true?
2
(A) Herrera is assigned to Wednesday. (A) Graham is assigned to Monday.
(B) Herrera is assigned to Thursday. (B) Herrera is assigned to Sunday.
(C) Koppel is assigned to Thursday. (C) Koppel is assigned to Friday.
(D) Koppel is assigned to Friday. (D) Nelson is assigned to Sunday,
(E) Leedom is assigned to Wednesday. (E) Nelson is assigned to Thursday.

20. IfKoppel is assigned to Thursday, then any ofthe 22. If Leedom is assigned to Thursday, which one of the
following could be true EXCEPT: following must be true?
(A) Herrera is assigned to Friday. (A) Graham is assigned to Monday.
(B) Leedom is assigned to Sunday. (B) Herrera is assigned to Wednesday.
(C) Leedom is assigned to Wednesday. (C) Herrera is assigned to Friday.
(D) Nelson is assigned to Sunday. (D) Koppel is assigned to Sunday.
(E) Nelson is assigned to Wednesday. (E) Nelson is assigned to Monday.

23. Any of the following could be true EXCEPT:

(A) Graham is assigned to Friday.
(B) Herrera is assigned to Sunday.
(C) Herrera is assigned to Friday.
(D) Koppel is assigned to Sunday.
(E) Leedom is assigned to Friday.

STOP
IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY
DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.
3 -26-
3
SECTION III
Time-35 minutes
26 Questions

Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to be
a*swe..A on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or paii of passages.-For some quistions, more than one of the
choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, choose the response that
most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet.

Along with Egypt and Sumer, the third major the large empire disintegrating into many regional
early Bronze Age civilization was the Indus Valley cultures. Severe drought, ofwhich there is evidenceo
civilization, which flourished from 2600 B.C. to may have made some lands unfarmable. Without
900 B.c. In geographic size, the Indus Valley (55) enough grain to feed the large urban populations,
(5) civilization was the largest ancient urban civilization, many of the Indus Valley civilization's large cities
bigger than pharaonic Egypt. Centered on the Indus would probably have been abandoned. Or, a massive
River and the now dry Ghaggar-Hakra River, it earthquake in this seismically volatile region may have
comprised about 1,400 settlements across what is changed the course of rivers and disrupted many cities,
now Pakistan, Afghanistan, and northwestern India. (60) spurring a migration of refugees to the countryside.
(10) The Indus Valley civilization was long considered
archaeologically uninteresting because of its ordinary Which one of the following most accurately states the
urban architecture and lack ofpalaces or citadels, but main point of the passage?
recent excavations show the civilization to be without
parallel in history displaying characteristics not
(A) Recent evidence sheds new light on the Indus
(15) elsewhere united in a single civilization.
Valley civilization and calls into question some
The Indus Valley people, masters of urban
of the views held previously by archaeologists
planning, built brick cities on flood-proof terraces with regarding its significance and decline.
grids of long, straight streets and the first urban sewer (B) Bronze Age civilizations, including that of
systemsn made of masonry. No signs of dominant the Indus Valley, have not been properly
(20) rulers have been found, and the cities'living quarters recognized for their cultural achievements.
show little sign ofclass distinction, suggesting that (C) The Indus Valley civilization played an
their system of govemment waso at least in part, important role in the evolution of democracy
democratic. The civilization also apparently thrived and modern agriculfure.
without armies-there is, for example, no evidence of (D) The Indus Valley civilization is a historically
(25) weaponproduction. significant culture, but there is not enough
The Indus Valley people were the first to cultivate evidence to draw legitimate conclusions about
rice and cotton, and they developed a carefully the cultural practices of its people.
organized agricultural system to produce and distribute (E) Certain long-held assumptions about the decline
food. In addition, the Indus Valley civilization was of the Indus Valley civilization exemplifu how
(30) one of the ancient world's top traders. Examples of its scholars can be led to incorrect conclusions by
standardized weights have been found in many harbors incomplete data.
around the Arabian Sea, and Sumerian tablets
inscribed in 2300 n.C. provide evidence that the Indus 2. Which one of the following is NOT cited in the passage
Valley people maintained trade with Mesopotamia. as a characteristic ofthe Indus Valley civilization?
(35) The causes of the civilization's decline, however, (A) It was geographically the largest of the major
are not certain, and this has produced the most
Bronze Age civilizations.
contention among scholars. A long-standing theory
one that today still inhabits history booksn was
(B) Its people cultivated rice.
proposed by British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler
(C) Its people were generally nomadic.
(40) in the 1920s and points to a final massacre by (D) It was a major trader.
marauding Indo-Aryan invaders. But, in addition to a
(E) It was spread across an area that is now part of
lack ofwritten evidence ofsuch an event in any three nations.
ancient Indian records, there is no archaeological
evidence of battles within the cities. In facto new
(45) excavations show that Indo-Aryans were not even in
the region at the time the massacre was alleged to have
taken place. Archaeological evidence also shows a GO ONTO THENEXTPAGE.
later resurgence ofthe civilization a substantial
distance to the south of its original location. This
(50) suggests that the Indus Valley people most likely
relocated for catashophic environmental reasons, with
3
a1

3
3. Based on the passage, which one of the following most 5. The author would be most likely to agree with which
accurately describes the author's stance regarding one of the following statements?
Wheeler's theory?
(A) Because the Indus Valley region is prone to
(A) enthusiastic appreciation of its contributions to earthquakes, it is most likely that an earthquake
the field of archaeology destroyed the Indus Valley civilization.
.(B) grudging approval of those aspects of the theory (B) Only a disaster as catastrophic as an earthquake
that have not been refuted by recent research would have caused the demise of a civilization
(C) slight disagreement with its assumptions, mixed as sophisticated as the Indus Valley civilization.
with respect for its venerable status (C) Archaeologists' understanding of the decline of
(D) offhanded dismissal of it as a theory not worthy the Indus Valley civilization would benefit
of scholarly attention from a search for signs of earthquake damage
(E) unambiguous rejection of it in light of newly in its cities.
conducted excavations (D) The cities of the Indus Valley civilization
should have been better prepared for the
4. Which one of the following is cited in the passage as possibility of a major earthquake.
evidence that directly counters Wheeler's theory? (E) The demise of the Indus Valley civilization
(A) The Indus Valley is a seismically volatile region. was most likely caused by the catastrophic
(B) There are no findings that indicate battles alteration of the courses of its major rivers.
within Bronze Age Indus Valley cities.
(C) There is evidence of severe drought in the Indus
6. The author would be most likely to agree with which
one of the following statements about archaeological
Valley at the time of the Bronze Age.
investigations into the Indus Valley civilization?
(D) No signs of dominant rulers of the Indus Valley
civilization have been found at excavation sites. (A) Archaeological data on the civilization were
(E) The Indus Valley people practiced agriculture. controlled by a small group of scholars for
many years, leading to unfounded conclusions.
(B) It is only in recent years that scholars have
gathered evidence sufficient to enable them
to reach credible conclusions regarding the
civilization.
(C) The Sumerian tablets that provide evidence of
trade with the civilization contain the only
known (eferences to the civilization in ancient
written records.
(D) ' While an adequate amount of archaeological
data on the civilization has existed for many
decades, most of it has been misinterpreted.
(E) The most recent archaeological investigations
into the civilization are part of a broader trend
in archaeology to avoid overreliance on
written evidence.

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3 -28-
3
Film scholar David Bordwell refers to the years 7. Which one of the following most accurately states the
1917-1960 as the classical era of filmmaking in main point of the passage?
Hollywood. Bordwell defines the era's style as being
governed by straightforward narrative considerations,
(A) Despite some evidence to the contrary, Bordwell's
(5) i.e., the need to follow well-defined characters through
def,rnition of the classical style of filmmaking
a chronological sequence of events, or plot. The
is borne out by a more careful examination of
technical elements of fi lmmaking-camera movement, Hollywood film genres such as the musical.
lighting, editing, and sound-are all employed to tell (B) Contrary to Bordwell's claims, the musicals of
a realistic story one in which the world of the story is the 1930s such as Busby Berkeley's are not
(10) self-suffrcient and recognizably related to our own. realistic because they do not depict events in
Devices that draw attention to the film as film rather chronological order.
than to the story are avoided. (C) Because film genres such as the musical evolved
Within this definition, the musical films of the from popular theatrical forms, it can be argued
1930s are anomalous in that they intemrpt narrative to that they fit comfortably within Bordwell's
(15) present musical performances only tangentially related definition of the classical style of filmmaking.
to the plot. In one film directed by Busby Berkeley, for (D) The films of Busby Berkeley do not meet the
example, a scene begins with a shot of an audience requirements of Bordwell's definition of the
watching a singer. The singer's face then fills the . classical style of filmmaking and therefore
screen-a natural enough transition-but this image cannot be considered ex4mples ofthe classical
(20) soon dissolves into a fanciful sequence consisting of style of hlmmaking.
various aerial views of city life. Although the (E) The fact that Bordwell's definition of the
sequence illustrates the song being sung, it does not classical style of filmmaking is obliged to
contribute to the story Berkeley tells between musical treat musicals of the 1930s as realistic, despite
numbers. In such sequences, filmmaking techniques compelling evidence to the contrary illustrates
(25) are used not to advance a narrative but as a respite the misguided nature of Bordwell's approach.
from narrative; the people we see are not characters in
a plot but rather are abstracted figures; editing and 8. The passage identifies each of the following as a
camera movement function not to help tell a story but component of Bordwell's definition of the classical
to manipulate images into intricate patterns. Can the sfyle of filmmaking EXCEPT:
(30) musical-in which such differently motivated and
constructed sequences abut so closely-fit comfortably
(A) avoidance of filmmaking techniques that call
within Bordwell's definition of the classical sfyle? attention to the film medium
Bordwell's response is that the musical, no less (B) creation and presentation of clearly defined
than comedy or melodrama (two other staples of the characters
(35) classical era), evolved from popular live theater. The (C) portrayal of a self-sufhcient and relatively
musical's conventions, Bordwell argues, cue viewers realistic world
to expect a different structure-alternating narrative (D) use of nonnarrative interludes between episodes
scenes and self-contained performances-from that of of plot
other genres, a structure that audiences are prepared (E) depiction of a chronological sequence of events
(40) for and thus accept as "realistic." But raising the issue
of genre does not disguise the fact that Bordwell 9. The author uses the term "realistic" throughout the
stretches the definition of the term "realism," for there passageto refer to which one of the following qualities
is still the problem exemplified in films such as of a film?
Berkeley's by the fact that the musical performances (A) the quality that allows the narrative structure to
(45) are not merely self-contained but self-absorbed-the
convey the story being told in the film
selfish aesthetic ofthe interlude isn't intended to
advance the plot but instead to draw attention to its
(B) the quality that allows the world of the story
told in the film to resemble actual life
own artistic expertise. Even the viewer aware of the
film's genre cannot remain entirely unfazed by the
(C) the quality that allows the technical elements of
filmmaking to contribute to the story being
(50) break in the film's "reality." Bordwell too quickly
told in the film
dismisses the fact that watching a film is a perceptual
act and not an academic exercise in pigeonholing
(D) the quality that allows audiences to determine
geffes. Because knowledge of genre is acquired, it easily the geffe to which the film belongs
would be worthwhile for scholars like Bordwell to
(E) the quality that allows the film to employ a
(55) first consider how viewers process cinematic images variety of narrative structures to tell a story
and eventually come to accept them as conventions
before generalizing about the realism ofcertain
film styles.

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3 -29-
3
10. Which one of the following most accurately describes 12. The narrative structure of which one of the following
the organization ofthe passage? hypothetical novels is most closely parallel to that of the
musical films of the 1930s, as that geffe is described by
(A) The author states a scholai's thesis, counters
the author ofthe passage?
the thesis with an example, summarizes the
scholar's response to the example, points out a (A) a novel that depicts a series of events, moving
problem with the response, and criticizes the from one event to another without providing
focus ofthe scholar's research. information necessary for understanding the
(B) The author takes issue with a scholar's thesis, context or chronology of the events
provides.an example in support of a (B) a novel that follows a number of characters who
. counterthesis, summarizes the scholar's response do not know one another, depicting a single
to the example, and argues in favor ofreplacing event in each of their lives and concluding
the scholar's thesis with the counterthesis. with a final event that writes all of the characters
(C) The author states a scholar's thesis, illustrates (C) a novel that follows a number of characters who
the thesis with an example, summarizes the all reside in the same town, depicting a single
scholar's interpretation of the example, points event in each of their lives that together combine
out a problem with the interpretation, and to form a portrait of a typical day in the town
makes a suggestion for modifuing the (D) a novel that follows a protagonist through a
interpretation. series of events, pausing throughout to provide
(D) The author takes issue with a scholar's thesis, information relevant to the events by means of
provides an example illustrating the drawbacks fanciful flashbacks to the protagonist's youth
of the thesis, summarizes the scholar's response (E) a novel that follows a protagonist through the
to the example, points out a problem with the events of a single day, pausing throughout for
response, and offers a new thesis to replace the stylistically elaborate sections expressing the
scholar's thesis. protagonist's thoughts and fantasies about life
(E) The author states a scholar's thesis, presents in general
the results of research supporting the thesis,
counters the results with an example, 13. Which one of the following, if true, would most call
summarizes the scholar's response to the into question the position of Bordwell described in the
example, acknowledges the legitimacy of the first two sentences ofthe last paragraph?
response, but suggests that further research is
(A) evidence that reviewers of musical films in
needed to settle the matter.
the 1930s generally praised the hlms'
unrealistic elements
I 1. The author of the passage would most likely agree with
(B) evidence that audiences went to musical films
which one of the following statements?
in the 1930s primarily to enjoy the musical
(A) Busby Berkeley's films are unique among performances
musicals in that their performance sequences (C) evidence that viewers of musical films in the
do not contribute to their narratives. 1930s all experienced these hlms in the same
(B) The use of technical elements in films of the way, whether or not they had previously been
classical era was usually very simplistic. exposed to musicals
(C) The film genres popular in the classical era (D) evidence that audience members tend to have
were all derived from noncinematic popular longer attention spans when watching films
entertainment forms. with whose genres they are unfamiliar
(D) Audiences leam to accept certain cinematic (E) evidence that the musicals presented in popular
images as conventions primarily through live theater before the 1930s are stylistically
repeated exposure to such images. very similar to the musical films of the 1930s
(E) Most musical films of the 1930s concentrated
on telling realistic stories.

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D
3
-30-
r)
Passage A 14. Both passages are primarily concerned with answering
The legal system rests on the assumption that which one of the following questions?
people use conscious deliberation when deciding how
to act-that is, in the absence of external duress,
(A) Does the public support rehabilitation over
people freely decide how to act. But behaviors-even retribution as the purpose of criminal justice?
(5) highJevel behaviors-can take place in the absence of (B) Is the existence of free will compatible with the
free will. For example, someone with a neurological findings of brain science?
disorder might form afacial expression without (C) Does the legal system require the assumption
choosing to do so. that people choose freely?
The crucial legal question is whether all of our (D) Should the concept of blame be removed from
(10) actions are fundamentally beyond our control or criminal justice procedures?
. whether some little bit of you is "free" to choose, (E) Is criminal behavior comparable to a physical
independent of the rules of biology. After all, as affliction?
neurologists tell us, there is no spot in the brain that is
not densely interconnected with-and driven by- 15. Which one of the following most accurately describes
(15) other brain parts. And that suggests that no part is the attitude of the author of passage B toward the type
independent and therefore "free." of argument presented in passage A?
One thing seems clear: if free will does exist, it (A) sympathy with the premises, accompanied by
has little room in which to operate. It can at best be a
doubts about the feasibility of the policy those
small factor riding on top of vast neural networks premises are used to support.
(20) shaped by genes and environment. In fact, free will
(B) intellectual acceptance, coupled with fear of the
may end up being so small that we eventually think
consequences if such acceptance becomes
about bad decision-making in the same way we think
widespread
about any physical affliction.
Blameworthiness should thus be removed from
(C) forceful rejection, both of the argument's
conclusion and one or more of the premises
(25) the legal argot. It is a backwardJooking concept that
on which it is based
demands the impossible task of untangling the
hopelessly complex web of genetics and environment
(D) studied neutralify, with regard both to the
in order to isolate a factor of free will that may or may conclusion and to the steps by which it is
not exist. Instead ofdebating culpability, the legal arrived at
(30) system has to become forward looking, and address
(E) sympathy with the conclusion amid doubt that
how an accused lawbreaker is likely to behave in it follows from the premises
the future.
16. The meaning of the pkase "forward looking" (line 30)
Passage B as it is used in passage A is most closely related to
Here is a paradox: if people lack free will, then which one of the following concepts in passage B?
how can the law be moved away from what seems to
(35) be a deeply entrenched reliance on blame-related (A) entrenched (line 35)
concepts? Rational arguments will only get you so far. (B) rational (line 36)
Clinical research indicates that people will often (C) conditioned (line 39)
continue to make moral judgments even when they are (D) rehabilitation (line 45)
conditioned to think that human behavior is determined (E) backlash (line 47)
(40) by physical processes. The blaming urge is deeply
rooted in the human psyche, and I have considerable
doubt that any amount ofscientific evidence can
remove it from our criminal justice processes.
We have, of course, tried this before.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
(45) Rehabilitation was widely accepted by criminal justice
experts in the mid-twentieth century. But public
support waned, and a retributive backlash occurred in
the 1970s and 1980s. Criminal behavior may be a
matter of biology, not choice, but the public seems
(50) unwilling to incorporate this idea into the law.
My sense is that blaming performs some useful
social function, even if it is in some way "false."
Blaming seems too intrinsically a part of the social life
of human beings for me to see it as a worthless
(55) appendage that can be harmlessly amputated. As the
criminal justice system confronts the challenges of
brain science, it should also seek a better understanding
of why people blame and try to continue to respect the
underlying social needs.
D -31- e)
e..D a)
17. It is most likely that the authors of the passages would 19. Which one of the following conforms to the policy
disagree with each other about the truth of which one of advocated by the author ofpassage A but not advocated
the following statements? by the author ofpassage B?
(A) A significant portion of people's choices are (A) Parents should refrain from words and actions
made freely. that could cause their children to feel ashamed
(B) If free will does not exist, criminal law should ofbehavior that the parents regard as socially
not assign blame for any action. unacceptable.
(C) People should be imprisoned for actions from (B) Prosecutors should be allowed to exclude jurors
which they are not free to refrain. whose beliefs about free will make them
(D) Actions that are completely determined by unwilling to assign blame to anyone who is
physical processes are not free. accused of a crime.
(E) It is easy to eliminate the concept of blame (C) The admissibility of expert testimony regarding
from everyday life. a defendant's state of mind should be subject
to shict guidelines.
18. Which one of the following, if true, would cast the most (D) The findings of brain science should be viewed
doubt on the argument in passage B? with suspicion, since they imply that the brain
(A) A new drug enables patients with a particular scientists themselves did not arrive at them by
neurological disorder to exercise apparent conscious deliberation.
control over their symptoms. (E) Courts should be allowed to consider a
(B) In patients with a particular brain injury the convicted criminal's motives to determine the
two hemispheres of the brain become causally likelihood that the criminal will offend again,
isolated from one another. but not to determine degree of culpability.
(C) Subjects in a psychological experiment display
random responses to a repeated stimulus,
(D) Some governments restrict the legal concept of
blame to cases of disobedience to the
authorities. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
(E) There are societies that have no concept of
blame.
3 -32-
3
Physicists posit that at first our universe was 20. Which one of the following most accurately states the
infinitesimally small and infinitely hot and dense. It main idea of the passage?
then underwent a period of extremely rapid, massive
inflation (the Big Bang), and it has since continued to
(A) Canoll and Chen theorize that our universe is
(5) the result of an energy fluctuation in a high
expand and cool.
entropy multiverse.
According to physicists Sean Carroll and Jennifer
Chen, the Big Bang was not a unique event; events
(B) According to Carroll and Chen, entropy increases
like it happen periodically over an incredibly vast time because there are more ways for a system to
scale. This is based on the suggestion of some be disordered than for it to be ordered.
(10) physicists that the Big Bang was the beginning of our (C) Canoll and Chen challenge the prevailing view
universe as we know it, but not the beginning of a ofphysicists that our universe underwent a
larger Universe-or "multiverse"-that encompasses period of extremely rapid, massive inflation.
everything, including that which we can never see (D) According to Carroll and Chen, a small, hot,
because it is beyond our "cosmic bubble." and dense configuration is unlikely as a
(15) Carroll and Chen were initially interested in why random initial condition for a universe.
time flows in only one direction. In physics the flow of (E) Canoll and Chen posit that our universe is one
time is captured by the second law of thermodynamics, of many universes in an all-encompassing
which implies that entropy-a measure of total multiverse.
disorder-nafurally increases with time. Entropy
(20) increases because there are more ways for a system to 21. Which one of the following comes closest to capturing
be disordered than for it to be ordered. Therefore, if what the term "cosmic bubble" means in the last
change occurs, it is more likely to be change toward sentence ofthe second paragraph?
greater disorder. For example, in a moderately orderly
room, if one moves an object in the room randomly,
(A) all-encompassinglargeruniverse
(25) there are many more places one can put it that will (B) universe contained in the multiverse
make the room less orderly than there are places that
(C) inflation following a big bang
will make it more orderly. So if, over time, objects in
(D) theoretical preconceptions
the room are continually moved randomly, it is most
(E) low entropy state
likely that the room will get increasingly disordered.
(30) While the Big Bang process and what followed 22. The author's stance toward Carroll and Chen's theory
is most accurately characterized as that of
obey the second law of thermodynamics, it is a
mystery why there should have been a small, hot, and (A) an ardent adversary
dense universe to begin with. Such a low entropy (B) a dismissive critic
universe is an extremely unlikely configuration, not (C) a disinterested skeptic
(35) what scientists would expect from a randomly (D) a sympathetic reporter
occurring initial condition. Carroll and Chen's (E) a zealous proponent
innovation is to argue that the most common initial
condition is actually likely to resemble cold, empty 23. The claim in the fourth paragraph that an initial
space-not an obviously favorable starting point for condition is likely to resemble cold, empty space is
(40) the onset of inflation. most strongly supported by information in the
Recent research has shown that even empty space
has faint traces of energy that fluctuate on the
(A) first paragraph
subatomic scale. Physicists Jaume Garriga and
(B) second paragraph
Alexander Vilenkin have suggested that these (C) third paragraph
(45) fluctuations can generate their own big bangs in tiny (D) fifth paragraph
areas widely separated in time and space. Carroll and (E) sixth paragraph
Chen take our universe, and others, to be such
fluctuations in a high entropy multiverse.
On this view, while the initial state that produced
(50) our universe would appear to be, taken by itself, a
highly improbable one, in the vastness of the GO ON TO THENEXTPAGE.
multiverse the creation of our universe is not that
unlikely. Indeed it is likely not even a unique event.
.

3 3
24. The author's reference to a suggestion by Garriga and 26. It can be inferred
from the passage that the author
Vilenkin in the fifth paragraph primarily seryes to presumes which one of the following to be true?

(A) question a presupposition of the Big Bang theory (A) The multiverse originated in a big bang.
(B) raise a potential objection to Carroll and (B) The initial state of our universe resembles cold,
Chen's theory empty space.
(C) illustrate an implication of Carroll and (C) A hot and dense state is a state of low entropy.
Chen's theory (D) The multiverse is part of a larger system of
(D) show how apuzzle raised by Carroll and Chen
. multiverses.
is resolved within Canoll and Chen's theory (E) The second law of ther-modynamics was
(E) suggest an alternative explanation of the formulated to answer a question about time.
evidence upon which Carroll and Chen's
theory is based

25. The primary pu{pose of the passage is to

(A) draw novel consequences from an established
principle
(B) challenge a dominant point of view
(C) chronicle the history of a dispute
(D) adjudicate between two theories
(E) give the rationale for a theory

STOP
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DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.
4 -34-
4
SECTION IV
Time-35 minutes
25 Questions

Directions: Each question in this section is based on the reasoning presented in a brief passage. In answering the questions, you
should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. For
some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best
un.*"r; that is, choose the response that most accurately and completely answeis the question and mark that response on yi.t.-
answer sheet.

1. Researcher: It is widely believed that, given its northerly 3. Consumer: A new law requires all cigarette packaging
latifude, England's mild winters must be due to to display health warnings, disturbing pictures of
the Gulf Stream, which brings warm water smoking-related diseases, and no logos. This law
flowing northeastward across the Atlantic Ocean. will not affect the smoking habits of most people
But this belief is mistaken. While it is true that who smoke cigarettes regularly, since most of
the Gulf Stream brings tropical water to England, these people rarely look at the packaging when
in the Pacific Ocean the analogous Kuroshio they take out a cigarette.
Current brings tropical water only as far north as
The conclusion of the consumer's argument follows
Oregon. Yet North America's west coast has mild
logically if which one of the following is assumed?
winters well north of that point.
(A) If implementing cerlain. regulations on the
Which one of the following most accurately expresses packaging of cigarettes would affect the
the conclusion drawn in the researcher's argument?
smoking habits of those who smoke
(A) It is widely believed that England's mild cigarettes regularly, those regulations should
winters must be due to the Gulf Stream. be implemented.
(B) The belief that England's mild winters must be (B) If those who regularly smoke cigarettes look
due to the Gulf Stream is mistaken. at disturbing pictures of smoking-related
(C) It is true that the Gulf Stream brings tropical diseases frequently, it is likely to affect their
water to England. smoking habits.
(D) In the Pacific Ocean, the Kuroshio Current (C) Almost all people who regularly smoke
brings tropical water only as far north cigarettes are already familiar with the risks
as Oregon. that smoking poses to their health.
(E) North America's west coast has mild winters (D) The new packaging cannot affect the smoking
well north of Oregon. habits of people who regularly smoke
cigarettes unless they frequently look at the
2. Edgar: Nurses who have been specially trained in packaging when taking out cigarettes.
administering anesthetics should be allowed to (E) Most people who regularly smoke cigarettes
anesthetize patients without having to do so under would be unable to describe the logo of their
a doctor's supervision. After all, anesthesia has usual brand of cigarettes if asked to do so.
gotten remarkably safe in recent decades.
Janet: Although it's true that nurse anesthetists receive
excellent training, only doctors have the broader
medical training to handle the rare emergencies
that can arise. GO ON TO THENEXTPAGE
The dialogue provides the most support for the claim
that Edgar and Janet disagree over whether
(A) nurses should ever be allowed to anesthetize
patients
(B) emergencies that can develop from anesthesia
ate fafe
(C) nurses should be given more training in
administering anesthetics
(D) the safety of anesthesia has improved in
recent decades
(E) the administration of anesthetics by a nurse
should always be supervised by a doctor
4 -35-
4
4. Warner: Until recently, most competitive swimmers 6. Psychologist: Thinking can occur without language.
were high school or university students. Now, Researchers have demonstrated that three-month-
more and more competitive swimmers are old infants, who obviously have no knowledge of
continuing well beyond their university years. language, can detect anomalies in picfures-in a
Clearly, better training regimens have allowed picture displaying a human face with three eyes,
today's competitive swimmers to stay fitter for example. The infants probably compare this
longer than swimmers of the past. picture with an internal representation of a fypical
Young: Not necessarily. No one has the time to both be human face. Thus, a thought of a typical human
a competitive swimmer and hold an outside job. face must exist in the infants'minds.
But unlike in the past, today's competitive The statement that a thought of a typical human face
swimmers can make a living at their sport. must exist in the infants' minds plays which one of the
Young responds to Warner's argument by following roles in the psychologist's argument?

(A) attempting to demonstrate that the evidence (A) It is a conclusion drawn and used in turn as a
Wamer advances actually undermines premise to support a more general conclusion.
Warner's conclusion (B) It is attributed to certain researchers as the main
(B) presenting a counterexample in order to weaken conclusion of their reasoning.
the evidence offered in support of Warner's (C) It is the main point of the psychologist's argument.
conclusion (D) It is used to refute the claim that infants have
(C) arguing that a condition that Wamer takes to no knowledge of language.
be sufficient to account for a phenomenon is (E) It states the hypothesis to be explained by the
necessary but not suffrcient psychologist's argument.
(D) maintaining that the evidence presented in
support of Warner's conclusion presupposes 7. Nutritionist: Contrary to popular belief, a high-calcium

the truth ofthat conclusion diet does not prevent osteoporosis (decrease in
(E) offering an alternative to Warner's explanation bone density). Rather, a low-protein diet with an
of a certain phenomenon abundance of fruits and vegetables and a minimum
quantity ofmeat and dairy products is essential
5. Businessperson: Brenner and Chen are the only for the prevention of the condition. Weight-bearing
applicants who have the qualifications we require. exercise, such as walking or climbing stairs, is
But Brenner has a history ofnot getting along also essential, since bones thicken when they
with coworkers, so we should hire Chen. withstand regular resistance.

Which one of the following arguments is most similar Each of the following, if true, would support the
in its reasoning to the businessperson's argument? nutritionist's view EXCEPT:

(A) Jennifer has long been interested in visiting the (A) Astronauts who have lived in the weightless
historical sites in Mexico and Peru. The cost environment of space have exhibited decreases
oftraveling to these countries is currently very in bone density despite vigorous physical activity.
low. So she should book a trip now rather than (B) Certain medical therapies that do not involve
continue to put it off. special diets can be effective means of
(B) Jennifer has been planning to visit the historical preventing osteoporosis.
sites in either Mexico or Peru. Floods have (C) Populations in countries with the lowest per
made it difficult to get to the historical sites in capita rates of protein consumption have some
Peru. So she should visit the sites in Mexico. of the lowest incidences of osteoporosis.
(C) Jennifer would like to visit historical sites in (D) Arctic peoples, who consume large amounts of
either Mexico or Peru on her next vacation. calcium, exhibit one of the highest rates of
This might be her only opportunity to take this osteoporosis in the world.
sort of vacation. So Jennifer should choose (E) The incidence of osteoporosis is unusually low
the destination that she finds most interesting, among strict vegetarians with low-protein diets.
regardless of cost.
(D) Jennifer has been planning to visit historical
sites in either Mexico or Peru. Travel to
Mexico and Peru is cunently inexpensive.
So she should instead plan to visit both. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
(E) Jennifer would like to visit historical sites in
Mexico and Peru. Travel to Mexico is
cunently cheaper than to Peru. So she should
visit the historical sites in Mexico now and
visit the sites in Peru at a later date.
4 -36-
4
8. Quartzbrook Farms wanted to test all of its cattle for a 9. Office manager: Every vacation an office worker takes
rare disease so it could export beefto a country that signifi cantly reduces the psychological exhaustion
requires such testing. However, the government of experienced on thejob. Therefore, to reduce the
Quartzbrook's country prohibited it from testing its amount of psychological exhaustion as much as
cattle, on the grounds that there is no scientific evidence possible over the course of a year, office workers
that the risk posed by the disease justifies such testing should divide their vacation time into several
and that the public could be misled into thinking that short vacations spaced throughout the year, rather
the testing was scientifically warranted if Quartzbrook than into one or two long vacations.
performed the tests.
The offtce manager's argument is most vulnerable to
The government's prohibition of testing is most at odds criticism on which one of the following grounds?
with which one of the following principles?
(A) It takes for granted that each short vacation
(A) Governments can rightfully require product taken by an offrce worker during a year
testing deemed necessary to protect public reduces the psychological exhaustion
safety but cannot rightfully prohibit testing experienced on the job by an equal amount.
even if such testing is not justified by the (B) It overlooks the possibility that there are
risk involved. methods office workers can employ to reduce
(B) Governments should seek to determine when the amount of psychological exhaustion
product safety testing is justified by the risk experienced on the job that are as effective
posed and should provide this information to as taking vacations.
companies that are considering such testing. (C) It overlooks the possibility that individual office
(C) A government should not allow a company to workers may differ substantially in the extent
perform unnecessary product safety tests ifthat to which taking vacations reduces the amount
company's doing so will give consumers the of psychological exhaustion they experience
impression that such tests should be performed. on the job.
(D) A govemment should not spend taxpayers' (D) It fails to consider that for oftice workers the
money performing product safety tests if the total amount of vacation time taken over the
risk posed by the products does notjusti$r the course of a yeat may have a much greater
expense of the tests. effect on the amount of psychological
(E) It is fair for a country's government to require exhaustion experienced on the job than does
foreign companies to test the products they the number ofvacations taken during the year.
export to that country as long as it requires (E) It fails to consider that a long vacation may
domestic companies to perform the same tests. reduce the psychological exhaustion an office
worker experiences on the job much more than
a short vacation does.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

4 --t t-
4
10. A traditional view of Neanderlhals is that they lacked 12. The Amazon River flows eastward into the Atlantic
the ability to think symbolically. However, recent Ocean from its source in the westem parl of South
evidence suggests this view is mistaken. Using an America. The land through which the Amazon flows is
innovative new technique, researchers established that now cut off from the Pacific Ocean to the west by the
a cave painting in norlhern Spain was created at least Andes Mountains. Yet certain freshwater fish that
40,800 years ago. It is therefore likely the painting was inhabit the Amazon are descended from now-extinct
made by a Neanderthal. saltwater fish known to have inhabited the Pacific
Ocean but not the Atlantic. For this reason, some
Which one of the following is an assumption required
scientists hypothesize that the Amazon River once
by the argument?
flowed into the Pacific Ocean.
(A) Neanderthals are known to have possessed the
Which one of the following, if true, provides additional
manual dexterity required to create cave
evidence in support of the hypothesis that the Amazon
paintings like the one in northern Spain.
River once flowed into the Pacific Ocean?
(B) No species of hominid other than Neanderthals
inhabited arry paft. of Europe 40,800 years ago. (A) In many cases, species of freshwater and
(C) The ability to create cave paintings like the saltwater fish that share certain characteristics
one in northern Spain indicates the abilify to do not in fact share a common ancestor.
think symbolically. (B) Most of the fossilized remains of the
(D) The recent evidence regarding the cave painting now-extinct saltwater fish from the Pacific
in norlhern Spain is the first evidence to Ocean date to a period prior to the formation
suggest that Neanderlhals possessed the ability of the Andes Mountains.
to think symbolically. (C) Many species of fish that inhabit the Atlantic
(E) Any species of hominid that cannot create Ocean are related to fish species that are
cave paintings must lack the ability to think known to inhabit the Pacific Ocean.
symbolically. (D) The Andes Mountains extend from the
northemmost to the southemmost extremes
11. To be considered for this year's Gillespie Grant, of the South American continent.
applications must be received in Gillespie City by (E) There are very few fish species that are known
October 1. It can take up to ten days for regular mail to be able to survive in both fresh and salt water.
from Greendale to reach Gillespie City. So if Mary is
sending an application by regular mail from Greendale, 13. Columnist: Banning performance enhancing drugs
she will be considered for the grant only if her (PEDs) from sports will not stop their use. They
application is mailed ten days before the due date. provide too big a competitive advantage. And top
athletes will do whatever it takes to gain a big
The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the
competitive advantage. So PEDs should be
argument
allowed, but only if administered under a doctor's
(A) does not establish that Mary is applying for care to make sure they are taken only in safe
the Gillespie Grant or mailing anything doses. When handled in this fashion the health
from Greendale risks from PEDs disappear.
(B) does not determine how long it takes express
Which one of the following is an assumption required
mail to reach Gillespie City from Greendale
by the columnist's argument?
(C) does not consider the minimum amount of time
it takes regular mail from Greendale to reach (A) Spectators would not lose respect for athletes
Gillespie City who they know are taking PEDs.
(D) presumes, without providing justification, that if (B) PEDs would not improve the performance of
Mary's application is received in Gillespie City some athletes more than others.
by October 1, she will satisfy all of the other (C) Athletes do not take PEDs thinking they help
requirements of the Gillespie Grant application performance in cases in which they do not help.
(E) overlooks the possibility that Mary cannot be (D) Athletes currently using PEDs cannot find
cefiain that her application will anive in doctors willing to prescribe them.
Gillespie City unless she sends it by (E) Using PEDs at unsafe levels does not create a
express mail big competitive advantage over using them at
safe levels.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

4 -38-
4
14. Max: As evidence mounts showing the terrible changes 15. Commentator: The reported epidemic of childhood
wrought on the environment by technology, the obesify in our country is a myth. Over the last
conclusion that humans must return to a natural 8 years, there was only a I pound (0.45 kilogram)
way of living becomes irrefutable. increase in children's average weight. This is not
Cora: It is natural for humans to use technology to effect a substantial increase, so the proportion of
changes on the environment-humans have used children who are obese cannot have increased
technology in that way for many thousands of substantially.
years. Therefore, your criticism is misguided.
Which one of the following contains flawed reasoning
Cora's claim that it is natural for humans to use most similar to the flawed reasoning contained in the
technology to effect changes on the environment plays argument above?
which one of the following roles in her response to Max? (A) The average summer temperature over the past
(A) It is used to suggest that the alleged cause of five years must have increased, since most
tenible changes to the environment cannot be people believe that summers are getting hotter.
conectly described as unnatural. (B) The proportion of employees who earn very
(B) It is used to suggest that humans have benefited high salaries must not have increased more
from many ofthe changes that they have than slightly over the last year, since the
wrought on the environment. average salary has increased only slightly
(C) It is used to suggest that Max's conclusion that over that time.
technology has wrought terrible changes on the (C) The proportion of apartment buildings in the
environment has not been supported. downtown area must have increased substantially
(D) It is used to suggest that the conveniences of in recent years, since a substantial number of
modern life will make it difficult for humans office buildings have been converted to
to retum to a natural way of living. apartment buildings during that time.
(E) It is used to suggest that it is a mistake to take (D) The average weight of adults must have
the environmental changes caused by increased in the last few years, since restaurants
technology to be a moral issue. have increased the proportion of high-calorie
dishes on their menus in recent years.
(E) The average price of a house must be
increasing, since the proportion of household
income spent on housing has increased over
the last eight years.

GO ON TO THENEXTPAGE.
4 -39-
4
16. Editorial: The main contention of Kramerns book is that 18. Etiquette helps people to get along with each other.
coal companies are to blame for our region's For example, it prevents people from inadvertently
economic diffrculties. Kramer bases this contention offending one another. While many people criticize
primarily on allegations made by disgruntled coal etiquette because they believe it has no beneficial eflects
company employees that the companies made no for society, these same people think that kindness and
signihcant investments in other industries in our social harmony are good.
region. Yet the companies invested heavily-
albeit sometimes indirectly-in road building and
The statements above, if true, most strongly support
which one of the following?
manufacfuring in the region. Thus, the book's
main contention is simply false. (A) Many people who criticize etiquette have
contradictory views about etiquette.
The reasoning in the editorial's argument is flawed in
that this argument
(B) Many people have respect for etiquette even
though they criticize it.
(A) concludes that one party is not to blame for a (C) Many people who criticize etiquette are mistaken
particular outcome merely on the grounds that about its beneficial effects for society.
another party is to blame for that outcome (D) If people were more considerate there would be
(B) concludes that a person's statement is false no need for etiquette.
merely on the grounds that, if accepted as (E) Kindness and social harmony are highly
true, it would impugn the reputation of an beneficial to society,
important industry
(C) rejects an argument merely on the grounds 19. European wood ants incorporate large quantities of
that the person offering the argument has an solidified conifer resin into their nests. Conifer resin is a
ulterior motive for doing so natural disinfectant that has been shown to kill strains of
(D) takes a suffrcient condition for the coal bacteria that can cause disease in wood ants. Thus, the
companies' having made significant investments wood ants' use of conifer resin probably came about as
in other industries in the region to be a a disease-protection measure.
necessary condition for their having done so
Which one of the following would be most useful to
(E) concludes that a person's statement is false
know in order to evaluate the strength of the argument?
merely on the grounds that an inadequate
argument has been given for it (A) whether conifer resin retains its disinfectant
properties over very long periods of time
17. Health-care facilities have a duty to protect their patients (B) whether the nests of European wood ants
from unnecessary harm. So, since influenza viruses pose generally contain more conifer resin at some
substantial risks to patients, and since vaccines can times of the year than at others
significantly reduce the spread of these viruses, (C) whether any ar;rt species other than European
health-care facilities must institute policies that make wood ants use conifer resin in their nests
influenza vaccinations mandatory for all employees. (D) whether the use of conifer resin affords structural
benefits to European wood ants' nests
Which one of the following is an assumption required
by the argument?
(E) whether the disinfectant properties of conifer
resin evolved as a disease-protection measure
(A) Health-care facility employees do not regard for conifer trees
mandatory vaccination policies as violating
their rights.
(B) Influenza viruses are the most harmful airbome
pathogens to which patients risk exposure
when entering a health-care facility.
(C) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
Most patients in health-care facilities are not
vaccinated against influenza.
(D) Voluntary vaccination policies at health-care
facilities would not adequately protect patients
from the risks posed by influenza viruses.
(E) Society has already accepted the idea of
mandatory vaccination in other contexts.
4 -40-
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20. Coming up with secure passwords for confidential 22. Economist: Gifts of cash or gift cards, which allow the
computer files is difficult. Users prefer passwords that recipient to choose the actual gift, are more highly
are easy to remember, such as birth dates or relatives' valued by recipients than are gifts chosen for them
names. Unfortunately, these are the easiest to guess for by others. In a study, when people were asked
an outsider who wants to gain access to valuable how much they would have been willing to pay
information. Random configurations of letters and for gifts chosen for them by others, they responded
numbers are the hardest to guess, but these are also the by citing amounts that were on average only
easiest for legitimate users to forget. Users who forget about two-thirds of the actual price of the gifts.
their passwords use up the system administrator's time;
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
furthermore, passwords that are very diffrcult to
weakens the economist's argument?
remember are generally written down by users, and
hence pose the greatest security tkeat of all. (A) The rate at which gifts are returned to retailers
has been steadily increasing since the rate was
If the statements above are true, which one of the
first measured.
following must also be true?
(B) Gifts of cash and gift cards currently represent
(A) Computer users should not write down their only about 14 percent of all gift giving.
passwords even if the passwords are hard (C) People in the study would have been willing to
to remember. pay more for gifts chosen for them by close
(B) It is expensive to have system administrators friends and relatives than for gifts chosen for
constantly resetting forgetful users' passwords. them by others.
(C) Passwords that are very easy to guess pose less (D) People are unwilling to sell gifts chosen for
of a security threat than passwords that are them by others unless offered about one and
very difficult to remember. a half times the gift's actual price.
(D) Passwords that are random configurations of (E) Most retailers require receipts before people
letters and numbers are the least likely to can retum gifts for refund or exchange.
result in security breaches.
(E) The easier a password is to remember, the more 23. An antitheft device involving an electronic homing
secure the computer account. beacon has been developed for use in tracking stolen
automobiles. Although its presence is undetectable to a
21. If you use a wood stove to heat your home, you should car thief and so does not directly deter theft, its use
use a wood-pellet stove rather than a regular wood greatly increases the odds of apprehending even the
stove. Because wood pellets are made from by-products most experienced car thieves. The device is not yet used
of manufacturing processes that would otherwise go to by a large percentage of car owners, but in cities where
landfills, heating a home with a wood-pellet stove will only a small percentage of car owners have the device
not cause more trees to be felled. The same cannot be installed, auto thefts have dropped dramatically.
said for regular wood stoves. So wood-pellet stoves are
Which one of the following, if true, would most help to
better for the environment than are regular wood stoves.
explain the dramatic impact of the antitheft device?
Which one of the following most accurately expresses
the overall conclusion drawn in the argument?
(A) Car thieves will tend to be less cautious if they
are unaware that a car they have stolen
(A) Wood pellets are made from waste products of contains a homing beacon.
manufacturing processes that would otherwise (B) Typically, the number of cars stolen in cities
not be recycled. where the homing beacons are in use was
(B) Heating a home with a wood-pellet stove is below average before the device was used.
better for the environment than is heating a (C) Before the invention of the homing beacon,
home with a regular wood stove. automobile thieves who stole cars containing
(C) Using a wood-pellet stove to heat one's home antitheft devices were rarely apprehended.
does not cause trees to be felled. (D) A large proportion of stolen cars are stolen
(D) Using a regular wood stove to heat one's home from people who do not live in the cities
causes trees to be felled. where they are stolen.
(E) People who use wood stoves to heat their (E) In most cities the majority of car thefts are
homes should use wood-pellet stoves instead committed by a few very experienced car thieves.
of regular wood stoves.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

4 -4t-
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24. Takel as a whole, the computers that constitute the 25. Editorial: Any democratic society is endangered by
Internet form a complex, densely interconnected segmentation into classes of,widely differing
collection that transmits information like the neurons incomes between which there is little mobility.
that form the human brain. And like a developing Such class divisions strengthen divisive political
human brain, the Intemet is growing at millions of factions that stand in the way ofgood governance.
points. So we can expect that the Internet itself will Since economic expansion gives people more
someday gain a humanlike intelligence. opportunities to improve their economic standing,
The reasoning in the argument is most wlnerable to democratic societies should adopt policies that
criticism on the grounds that it ensure constant econoinic expansion.

(A) Which one of the following, if true, would most

equates the complexity of an entity with the
strengthen the reasoning in the editorial?
intelligence of that entity
(B) fails to consider the possibility that other (A) Discord within a society tends to increase
technologies may simulate human intelligence inequities in the distribution of wealth.
before the Internet does so (B) Political factions are sometimes willing to
(C) draws a dubious analogy between the overlook their differences to back policies that
information that is processed by the human are conducive to economic expansion.
brain and the information that is hansmitted (C) Economic expansion results in a proportionally
on the Intemet greater increase in earnings for people at
(D) fails to give an indication of why the low income levels than for people at other
characteristics it focuses on are sufficient for income levels.
' the eventual development of humanlike (D) Economic expansion cannot occur unless there
intelligence is significant frnancial investment in the economy
(E) presumes, without providing justification, that by people at the highest income levels.
the people administering the Intemet are (E) The presence ofdivisive political factions can
interested in developing a system with be an obstacle to economic expansion.
humanlike intelligence

STOP
IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY
DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.