MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

Name: Akmal Danish Bin Abd Zulfika

Matric No: D2022110440 Group: E

What Will You Learn from This Module?

In this module, you will learn about the cell and tissue. You will know what its parts are and
how these parts operate. You will also find out some diseases that can harm the cell and
tissue and how you can best take care of it.

There are two lessons in this module.

Part 1 - The cellular level of organization
Part 2 - The tissue level of organization

Upon completion of this module, students will be able to:

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the microscopic organization and relationships of

cells, tissues and organs of the human body;
2. Identify cells and tissues and describe their functions;
3. Develop problem solving skills to evaluate both normal and pathologic structure and
function of cells and tissues that comprise the organs of the human body; and
4. Demonstrate critical thinking skills to describe possible pathologic outcomes of
dysfunctional cells and tissues.

BACKground: Life processes of the human body are maintained at several levels of
structural organization. These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and
the organism level. Higher levels of organization are built from lower levels. Therefore,
molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs,
organs combine to form organ systems, and organ systems combine to form organisms.

Part 1 - The cellular level of organization

1. Draw the levels of organization in living systems and order them by level from atoms
to cells to organisms (8 levels in all). Give a summary of each level and a functional
example.

1
MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

ATOM

 The atoms is the basic unit that makes up all matter. This includes living thing and
also in organic matter. Atoms are made up of protons, neurons and electrons, these
elements do not themselves make up a complete unit of matter, so the atom is
considered to be the smallest unit.

MOLECULES

 The formations of bonds between two or more atoms make up the molecules and
these constitute one of the most important and stable components of matter. The
organic molecule, are formed mainly by bonds between carbon atoms with other
elements lilie hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, among others.

2
MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

ORGANELLES

 Organelles are small structure that exist inside the cells to fulfill functioning. For
example mitochondria and the chloroplasts are parts of type cells that perform
indispensable functions in the development of life. Mitochondrion produce energy
that feeds cells and chloroplasts are parts of the cells that perform indispensable
functions in the development of life. Mitochondrion produce energy that feeds
cells and chloroplasts allow plants to perform photosynthesis.

CELLS

 Cells are the smallest units within the structure and functioning of living things,
these are classified into prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells look the cell
nucleus and in their majority constitute in themselves a complete organism of the
unicellular type.

TISSUES

 A tissue is a groups of cells of the some types and cells working together to form
a structure and functional unit between types of tissues such of epithelium tissues,
intermediate tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.

3
MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

ORGAN

 In turn, tissue are organized into organ that perform a specific function within each
organism. All living beings, plants and animal, have organs of lower or greater
complexity that are in charge of carrying out specific activities for functional of
the organism. For example, humans have organs such of the heart, lungs, stomach,
intensetives etc. Each of these organs has individual functions but related to other
organs.

ORGAN SYSTEM

 The different organs connect and relate to each other, forming systems of organs
to complete certain functions, for examples in humans the process of digestion
occurs through the relationship between different organ such as the stomach and
intestimes.

ORGANISM

 This set of organs composes organisms, which are individual living entities of a
species, for example, every plant, very tree and very human being are organism,
unicellular being, lack organs, however they are also considered complete
organisms because the function independently.
4
 MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

2. Draw a cell and label its organelles. Give a summary of each organelle.

1. PEROXISOME
Peroxisome function is to convert pure in the cell, assisting in respiration, converting for
into carbohydrates, and contributing to light absorption.

2. ENDOSOME
Endosomes are heterogeneous collection of organelles that function in the sorting and
delivery of internalized material from the cell surface and the transport of material from
Golgi to the lysosome or vacuole.

3. MITOCHONDORIA
Generates ATP and rebased energy during the oxidation.

4. CELL NUCLEOUS
Control and regulates the activities of the cell.

5. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.

6. RIBOSOMES
The site of protein synthesis in the cell.

7. GOLGI APPARATUS
A factory in which protein received from the Er are futher processed and surted for
transport to them eventual destination.

5
 MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

8. CYTOLASM
Medium for chemical reaction.

9. CYTOSKELETON
Cell movement, intracellular transportation.

10. CELL MEMBRANE

Define the inside and outside of cell.

11. LYSOME
Protein construction.

12. CENTROSOMES
Centrosomes are organelles that only appear during mitosis and serve as the main
microtubule organic center (MTOC).

13. AUTOPHAGOSOME
Autophagosome is an important cotublise process that delivery cytoplasmic material to
the lysosome for degradation. Autophagy promotes cell survival by elimination of
damaged organelles, as well as by facilitating bio energetic homeostasis.

3. What is needed for culture system cells to stay alive?

 For cells in culture to survive, they needed important nutrients such of amino acids,
carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral.

4. What is the difference in how cells appear when viewed with an ordinary light
microscope, an electron microscope, and a scanning electron microscope?

 The difference now cells appears when viewers with an ordinary light
microscope is cells appears of a bright object against a dark background
while cells appears in higher resolution images and reveal smaller details
in electron microscope while cells appear in 3 dimension images and
displayed on a computer screen in scanning electron microscope.

5. How do problems in cells lead to disease?

 Diseases was produces when the cell cycle proceeds without control, cells divide without
order and accumulate genetic errors that can lead to cancerous tumor.

6
 MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

Part 2 - The tissue level of organization

BACKGround: Cells are the smallest units of life. In complex organisms, cells group
together with one another based on similar structure and function to form tissues. Tissues
provide the numerous functions of organs necessary to maintain biological life. The study of
tissues is called histology, and is important to the understanding of how the human body is
able to function as a unit. The human body is composed of four basic types of tissues;
epithelium, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
 Epithelium- lines and covers surfaces
 Connective tissue- protect, support, and bind together
 Muscular tissue- produces movement
 Nervous tissue- receive stimuli and conduct impulses

I. Identify each tissue type by inserting the correct name in the blank below it on the
diagram.

7
 MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

I. Identify each tissue type by inserting the correct name in the blank below it on the diagram.

A. Squamus Epithelium
B. Cuboidal Epithelium
C. Cardioc Muscle
D. Dense Connective Tissue
E. Bone Tissue
F. Skeletal Muscle
G. Simple Squamous Spithelium
H. Waline Cartilage
I. Smooth Muscle
J. Adipure Tissue
K. Transitional Epithelium
L. Areolan Tissue

Section A: EpITHELIAl tissues

1. Where are epithelial tissues found within the body?

 Epithelial tissues found on all internal and external surface of the body. For example, respiratory
tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.

2. What are the functions of the epithelial tissues?

 The function of epithelial tissue is to protect against radiation and harmful chemical,
furthermore, it aids absorption in the digestive tract.

3. What do you call the bottom layer that is attached to connective tissues?

 Basal lamina, The basal lamina provides support the overlying epithelium, limits contact
between epithelial cells and other cells types in the tissues and acts as a filter allowing only
water and small molecules to pass through.

Section B: Connective Tissue

1. What characteristics do all connective tissues share in common?

 Variations in blood supply and extracellular matrix.

2. Identify the functions of connective tissues.

 Connective tissue serves as a link between tissues and also can hold tissues together to make

8
 MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

them stronger.

3. What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made up of?

 Collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers.

Section C: Nervous Tissue

1. What are the two types of cells and how are they different?

 Two types of cell in nervous tissue are neurons which functions to receive and conduct
electrochemical impulse from one part of the body to another and supporting cells or can be
called of glial which function to insulate, support and protect the delicate neurons.

2. Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?

 Axon

3. What are the functions of dendrites, cell body and axon of the neuron?

 Dendrites receive input signal axon conducts nerve impulse and transmits the message to
another neuron by releasing a neurotransmitter. Cell body links the dendrites to the axon.

Section D: Muscle Tissue

1. What are muscle cells called?

 Muscle fibers

2. What are the functions of muscular tissue?

 Muscle tissue acts organ active movement tool, moving bones and protecting the body internal
organs.

3. Check the appropriate space(s) in the following table to indicate which muscle type exhibit the
listed characteristic(s). Some characteristics may have more than one correct answer.

Muscle type CHARACTEristics Muscle type CHARACTEristics

Striated Skeletal Voluntary Skeletal
No striations Smooth Found in the walls of hollow organs Smooth
Multinucleated Skeletal Attached to connective tissue Smooth
Uninucleate Cardiac Found in the heart Cardiac
Involuntary Cardiac
Notes: Characteristics: Skeletal @ Cardiac @ Smooth.

9
 MODULE 1: CELL AND TISSUE

What Have You Learned?

Write True if the statement is correct and write False if the statement is incorrect.

1. Blood is a tissue ( True )

2. Elastic cartilage is found in the ears, nose, epiglottis and larynx (True )
3. If you have a neoplasm you hope it is benign ( True )
4. All cancers are neoplasms but not all neoplasms are cancer (True)
5. Plasma cells produce Histamine (False)
6. The liver is one organ that can partially regenerate because it is made of epithelial cells
(False)
7. Keratin is a waterproofing protein found in epithelial cells (True)

“Every great story on the planet happened when someone decided not to give up,
but kept going no matter what”.

1
0