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Types of Scales: Sheet No. 2

1. The document discusses different types of scales used in technical drawings including plain scales, diagonal scales, vernier scales, and scales of chords. 2. Plain scales represent two measurement units through a line divided into equal parts. Diagonal scales represent three units or measurements to two decimal places. Vernier scales can measure to two decimal places through a short auxiliary scale along the main scale. 3. Scales of chords can be used to set or read angles by drawing arcs from the 60 mark on a compass, copying the required angle from the scale.

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Tushar Mudgal
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82 views5 pages

Types of Scales: Sheet No. 2

1. The document discusses different types of scales used in technical drawings including plain scales, diagonal scales, vernier scales, and scales of chords. 2. Plain scales represent two measurement units through a line divided into equal parts. Diagonal scales represent three units or measurements to two decimal places. Vernier scales can measure to two decimal places through a short auxiliary scale along the main scale. 3. Scales of chords can be used to set or read angles by drawing arcs from the 60 mark on a compass, copying the required angle from the scale.

Uploaded by

Tushar Mudgal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SHEET NO.

TYPES OF SCALES

Introduction
Dimensions of large objects must be reduced to accommodate on standard size drawing
sheet. This reduction creates a scale of that reduction ratio, which is generally a fraction &
such a scale is called Reducing Scale and the ratio is called Representative Factor.

Representative Fraction:
The ratio of the dimension of the object shown on the drawing to its actual size is called the
Representative Fraction (RF).

For computing R.F, the numerator and denominator should be in same units
Metric Measurements:
10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm)
10 centimetres (cm) = 1 decimetre (dm)
10 decimetre (dm) = 1 metre (m)
10 metres (m) = 1 decametre (dam)
10 decametre (dam) = 1 hectometre (hm)
10 hectometres (bm) = 1 kilometre (km)
1 hectare = 10,000 m2

Types of Scales
The types of scales normally used are:
1. Plain scales.
2. Diagonal Scales.
3. Vernier Scales.
4. Scale of Chords

Plain Scales
A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the first
of which is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either two units or a
unit and its fraction such as km and hm, m and dm, cm and mm etc.

Diagonal Scales
Plain scales are used to read lengths in two units such as metres and decimetres,
centimetres and millimetres etc., or to read to the accuracy correct to first decimal. Diagonal
scales are used to represent either three units of measurements such as metres,
decimetres, centimetres or to read to the accuracy correct to two decimals.

Vernier Scales
The vernier scale is a short auxiliary scale constructed along the plain or main scale, which
can read upto two decimal places. The smallest division on the main scale and vernier scale
are 1 msd or 1 vsd repectively. Generally (n+1) or (n-1) divisions on the main scale is
divided into n equal parts on the Vernier scale.
(n  1)  1
Thus, 1 vsd  msd or 1   msd
n  n
When 1 vsd < 1 it is called forward or direct vernier. The vernier divisions are numbered in
the same direction as those on the main scale.
When 1 vsd> 1 or (1 + l/n), It is called backward or retrograde vernier. The vernier divisions
are numbered in the opposite direction compared to those on the main scale.
The least count (LC) is the smallest dimension correct to which a measurement can be
made with a vernier.
For forward vernier, L C = (1 msd - 1 vsd)
For backward viermier, LC = (1 vsd - 1 msd)

Scale of Chords
A scale of chords may be used to set or read an angle in the absence of a protractor. To
draw an angle, compasses describe an arc from origin with a radius taken from the 60 mark.
The required angle is copied from the scale by the compasses, and an arc of this radius
drawn from the sixty mark so it intersects the first arc.

Questions

Question 1 On a survey map the distance between two places 1 km apart is 5 cm.
Construct the scale to read 4.6 km.
Answer 1

Question 2 An area of 144 sq cm on a map represents an area of 36 sq Km on the


field. Find the RF of the scale of the map and draw a diagonal scale to show Km,
hectometres and decametres and to measure upto 10 /an. Indicate on the scale a
distance 7 /an, 5 hectometres and 6 decametres.
Answer 2

Question 3 Construct a forward reading vernier scale to read distance correct to


decametre on a map in which the actual distances are reduced in the ratio of 1 :
40,000. The scale should be long enough to measure upto 6 km. Mark on the scale a
length of 3.34 km and 0.59 km.

Answer 3

Forward Reading Vernier Scale


Question 4 Construct a vernier scale to read metres, decimetres and centimetres and
long enough to measure upto 4m. The RF of the scale in 1120. Mark on it a distance of
2.28 m.

Answer 4

Question 5 Construct 25o and 1150 angles with a horizontal line, by using scale of
chords.

Answer 5

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