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Physcis Class 12

An electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by using a magnetic field and coils of wire to induce electric current. Generators provide power for electric grids. They work by spinning a coil of wire within a magnetic field, which causes a voltage to build up across the ends of the coil. This voltage can then be used to power other electrical devices or send electricity over power lines. Generators have various applications including power generation, vehicles, appliances, and portable power. Their efficiency depends on factors like magnetic field strength, coil speed, and losses during energy conversion.

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201 views18 pages

Physcis Class 12

An electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by using a magnetic field and coils of wire to induce electric current. Generators provide power for electric grids. They work by spinning a coil of wire within a magnetic field, which causes a voltage to build up across the ends of the coil. This voltage can then be used to power other electrical devices or send electricity over power lines. Generators have various applications including power generation, vehicles, appliances, and portable power. Their efficiency depends on factors like magnetic field strength, coil speed, and losses during energy conversion.

Uploaded by

M. Bharath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

 An electric generator is a


device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical
energy. A generator forces
electric current to flow through
an external circuit. The source
of mechanical energy may be
are turbine steamengine, water
falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, aninternal
combustion engine, a wind
turbine, a hand
crank,compressed air, or any
other source of mechanical
energy.Generators provide
nearly all of the power for
electric power grids.
THEORY
1. The strong magnetic field is
produced by a current flow
through the field coil of the
rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor
receives excitation through the
use of slip rings and brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in
contact with the slip rings to
provide the continuous connection
between the field coil and
the external excitation circuit.
4. The armature is contained
within the windings of the stator
and is connected to the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one
completer evolution, one complete
cycle of AC is developed.
6. A generator has many turns of
wire wound in to the slots of the
rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage
generated by an AC generator
is dependent on the field strength
and speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated
at a constant speed; therefore,
the generated voltage depends on
field excitation, or strength.
CONSTRUCTION
First make the hollow-ended
box. Score the cardboard strip
like so: Fold it like this and
tape it securely. Use the nail to
poke a hole perfectly straight
through the center of the box,
going through both sides and
all(hole) three layers of
cardboard. Then pull the nail
out and use it to widen all the
holes slightly, so when you put
the nail back through, it will be
a bit loose and able to spin. At
this point you should clamp
four magnets round the nail
and give it a spin.
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This makes sure the box is
large enough. The nail and
magnets should spin freely.
The corners of the magnets
should NOT bump the inside of
the box as they spin. If the box
is a bit too small, start over
and make it a little bigger.
Either that, or try a thinner
nail. Pick the spool ofnumber-
30 magnet wire From the kit of
spools. This is the
thinnest.Tape one end of the
number-30 magnet wire to the
side of the box, then wind all of
the wire onto the box as
shown.

 It's OK to cover up the nail


hole.Pull the taped end of the
wire out,then tape down both
of the wires so the coil doesn't
unwind. You should have
about 10cm of wire left sticking
out. Use sandpaper or the edge
of a knife to scrape the thin
plastic coating off 2cm of the
wire ends.Remove every bit of
red coating, so the wire ends
are coppery.
Spread the wire away from the
nail hole and tapeit in place.
Stick the nail back through the
holes and make sure it can
spin. Take your four magnets,
stick them face to face in two
pairs, Then stick the two pairs
inside the box and on either
side of the nail so they grab the
nail. Push them around untilt
hey are somewhat balanced
and even,then spin the nail and
see if they turn freely. If you
wish, you can stick 2cm
squares of cardboard between
the magnets to straighten
them, andtape the magnets so
they don't movearound on the
nail Make sure that each end of
the generator's wires are totally
cleared of red plastic coating. If
there is a bit of plastic left, it
can act as an insulator which
turns off your light bulb
circuit.Twist the scraped end of
each generator wire securely
around the silver tip of each
wire from the small light bulb.
(If necessary, use a knife to
strip more plastic from the
ends of the light bulb wires.)
One generator wire goes to one
light bulb wire, the other
generator wire goes to the
other light bulb wire, and the
two twisted wire connections
should not touch together. In
the twisted wires, metal must
touch metal with no plastic in
between.
WORKING
 
The working of the transformer is
explained
 All metals contain a movable
substance called "electric
charge". Even uncharged wires are
full of charge!After all, the atoms
of the metal are made half of
positive protons and half of
negative electrons.Metals are
special because their electrons
don't stay connected to the metal
atoms, instead they fly around
inside the metal and form a type
of electric"liquid" inside the
wires.
All wires are full of electric fluid.
Modern scientists call this the
"electron sea" or"electron gas." It
is not invisible, it actually gives
metals their silvery shine. The
electron gas is like a silvery fluid.
When a circle of wire surrounds a
magnetic field, and the magnetic
field then changes,a circular
"pressure" called Voltage appears.
This circular voltage trys to force
the movable charges in the wire
to rotate around the circle. In
other words,moving magnets
create electric currents in closed
circles of wire. A moving magnet
causes a pumpingaction.
If the circuit is not complete, if
there is a break, then the pumping
force will cause no charge flow.
But if the circuit is "complete" or
"closed", then the magnet's
pumping action can force the
electrons of the coil to begin
flowing. This is a basic law of
physics, and it is used by all
coil/magnet electric generators.
When the circuit is closed and the
magnet is moving, charges in the
metal are forced to flow. The
charges of the light bulb's
filament are pushed along.
When the charges within the
copper wire pass into the
thin light bulb filament, their
speed greatly increases.
 

USES OF AC GENERATOR
1. Incraft auxiliary power generati
on, wind generators,high speed
gas turbine generators.
2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
drivesystems,automotive starter
generators.
3. n ac generator, or 'alternator', i
s used to produce ac voltages for
transmission via the grid system
or,locally, as portable generators.
4.all of our household appliances r
uns on accurrent,Ex: Refrigerator,
washing machines, oven,lights,
fanetc.

EFFICIENCY
 Expression for Instantaneous
e.m.f. Produced:Let position of
the coil at any time t. It make
angle q with vertical. If w is
uniform angular speed of the coil.
Then q = w t B be the strength of
magnetic field n be the number of
turns in the coil and A area of the
coil then magnetic flux with the
coil in this position is given by:f =
nBA Cos q = nBA Cos
wt.Differentiate w.r.t. time= nBA
(-Sin wt) w= -nBA w Sin wte = - (-
nBA w Sin wt)maximum value of
e.m.f. say E0e = E0 Sin wt.

 
1) Efficiency of an AC generator
is the ratio of the useful power
output to the total power input.
2) Because any mechanical process
experiences some losses, no AC
generators can be 100
percentefficient.3) Efficiency of
an AC generator can
be calculatedusingEquation.4)
Efficiency =(Output /Input )x 100

Conclusion
 AC generators do not generate
electricity; rather, it is
responsible for converting
mechanical energy into
alternating electrical energy.
The structure of an AC generator
includes a field magnet, armature,
slip rings, brushes and a source of
energy.

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