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Lecture Notes EMECH 5 - Lesson 1 NORMAL STRESS (AXIAL STRESS)

1. Normal stress is the stress caused by forces acting perpendicular to the cross-sectional area being considered. It is calculated as force divided by area and can be either tensile or compressive depending on whether the force stretches or compresses the material. 2. An example calculation is given to find the compressive stress in a column given the load it carries. Another example calculates the diameter of a cable if the axial stress is limited. 3. A third example involves finding the safe load on a compound rod made of different materials based on the working stress limits of each material.

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66 views

Lecture Notes EMECH 5 - Lesson 1 NORMAL STRESS (AXIAL STRESS)

1. Normal stress is the stress caused by forces acting perpendicular to the cross-sectional area being considered. It is calculated as force divided by area and can be either tensile or compressive depending on whether the force stretches or compresses the material. 2. An example calculation is given to find the compressive stress in a column given the load it carries. Another example calculates the diameter of a cable if the axial stress is limited. 3. A third example involves finding the safe load on a compound rod made of different materials based on the working stress limits of each material.

Uploaded by

Louise Defiño
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

LESSON 1 - NORMAL STRESS (AXIAL STRESS)

FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS


Statics – deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is at rest or
move with constant velocity. Normal stresses are caused by internal forces normal
Dynamics – is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies. (perpendicular) to the area under consideration.
Strength of Materials – deals with the internal effects and
deformations that are caused by the applied loads. Positive sign is used to represent tensile stresses and negative
sign is used to represent compressive stresses.
Statics and Strength of
Dynamics Materials Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension
force on the other hand will tend to lengthen the member.
Body Rigid Real/Deformable

Force External Internal Effects


Two Types of Normal Stress or Axial Stress
Effects 1. Tensile Stress – due to tensile force
2. Compressive Stress – due to compressive force
Analysis FBD, FBD, Equations of
Equations of Equilibrium,
Equilibrium Deformation
Conversion of Units
diagrams
The SI Units
Focus Identification Determining the
of loads that strength and
1 Pa (Pascal) = 1 N/m2
act on the rigidity of the body. 1 KPa (Kilopascal) = 1000 Pa = 1 KN/m2
body 1 MPa (Megapascal) = 1x106 Pa = 1 N/mm2
1 GPa (Gigapascal) = 1x109 Pa = 1x103 MPa
1 KN (Kilonewton) = 1000 N (Newton)
TYPES OF LOADS
1 m (meter) = 1000 mm (millimeter)
Loads classified with respect to time.
The English Units
1. Static load. A gradually applied load for which
1 psi = 1 lb/in2
equilibrium is reached in a relatively short time.
1 psf = 1 lb/ft2
Live or occupancy loads are considered to be statically applied.
1 k (kip) = 1000 lbs (pounds)
1 ksi = 1 kip/in2
2. Sustained load. A load that is constant over a
1 ft (foot) = 12 in (inches)
long period of time, such as the structure weight
(dead load) or material and/or goods stored in a
warehouse. This type of load is treated in the Sample Problems:
same manner as a static load. 1. Determine the compressive stress of the column shown if it
carries a load of 150 KN.
3. Impact load. A load that is rapidly applied (an
energy load). Vibration normally results from an
impact load, and equilibrium is not established
until the vibration is eliminated, usually by natural damping
forces.

Loads classified with respect to the area over which the load
is applied.

1. Concentrated load. A load or force that is


applied at a point. Any load that is applied to a
relatively small area compared with the size of
the loaded member is assumed to be a
concentrated load.

2. Distributed load. A load distributed along a


length or over an area. The distribution may be
uniform or non uniform.

Normal Stress (Axial Stress)

Concept of Stress The stress is defined as force per unit area


or intensity of the forces distributed over a given cross section.
In general, it is denoted by  (Greek lowercase letter sigma)

. = P/A

where:
 = the normal stress in the cross-section (MPa, KPa, Pa, psi,
psf)

P = the internal axial force at the section (N, KN, lbs)

A = the cross-sectional area of the rod (mm2 , m2 , in2 , ft2 )


Normal stresses are caused by internal forces normal
(perpendicular) to the area under consideration.
2. Compute the diameter of the cable at point B if the axial 3. Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is
stress is limited to 110 MPa. composed of aluminum segment rigidly connected between
steel and bronze segments. Find the safe value of P if the
working stresses are 340 MPa for steel, 72 MPa for
aluminum, and 120 MPa for bronze.

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