Bài So N - Syntax Lesson 4

I.
The structure of noun phrases:

Contents:
– Determiners
– Pre-determiners
– Pre-modifiers in NOM
– More on the structure
– Post-modifiers
– Modification of pronoun
– Structure of NPs consisting of just a PRONOUN or just

a NAME.
– They are the only NON-BRANCHING NPs allowed for - Họ là NP KHÔNG CHI NHÁNH duy nhất
in this book. được phép sử dụng trong cuốn sách này.
– All other NPs have branching representations. - Tất cả các NP khác đều có biểu diễn phân
– In the basic case, the two immediate constituents of NP nhánh.
are: DET (determiner) and NOM (nominal). - Trong trường hợp cơ bản, hai thành phần tức
thời của NP là: DET (xác định) và NOM (danh
nghĩa).
– DET always has NOM as its sister.

– DET determines NOM.
– NOM: INTERMEDIATE level between PHRASAL
(NP) level and the LEXICAL (N) level.
– All MODIFIERS of the head noun fall under NOM.
– MODIFIERS are optional => NOM can consist just of
N.
1. Determiners:
– A fixed set of ‘grammatical’ words that give - Một tập hợp các từ ‘ngữ pháp’ cố định cung
information relating to definiteness and indefiniteness and cấp thông tin liên quan đến tính xác định và tính
information about quantity and proportion. không xác định cũng như thông tin về số lượng
• ARTICLES (ART): definite article (the) and indefinite
article (a/an) và tỷ lệ.
• DEMONSTRATIVES (DEM): this, that, these, those
• Certain QUANTIFIERS (Q): some, any, no, each, every,
either, neither, a few, a little
• POSSESSIVES (POSS): my, your, its, her, his, our,
their, John’s
– The EMPTY DETERMINER gives the NP an

INDEFINITE and/or more GENERAL interpretation.
– Plural count nouns and mass nouns take the empty
determiner.
– A possessive determiner (POSS) can either be simple

(my, your, etc.) or consist of a full NP plus ’s. This is
called the POSSESSIVE, or GENITIVE, ’s.
the book’s cover

Hieronimo’s brother’s behaviour
Some determiners correspond to forms that can function

as pronouns.
2. Pre-determiners: all, both, half

– Pre-determiners co-occur with and precede determiners
– Pre-determiners determine an NP.
all men
both men
All mine are at the cleaner
3. Ways the NP node can be expanded:
4. Pre-modifiers in NOM:
– The most obvious pre-modifiers of the noun within
NOM are Adjective phrases (APs)
– The function of A is always head-of-AP.
– The AP has the modifying function.
– Quantifying adjectives (QA):
• Much, many, few, little
• NUMERALS: one, two, three… & first, second, third…
• QAs are head of AP. APs with a QA as head always
precede other APs in NOM
– Participle phrases (PartP):
• Since these forms are verbal rather than adjectival, they

are not gradable.
– Participle phrases (PartP):
the rapidly congealing gravy
• Certain true adjectives look very much like verb

participles: charming, pleasing, (un)interested, worrying,
(un)surprising, unexpected.
• How to distinguish them from participles? => They are
GRADABLE. EX: rather pleasing, very interested
They were very disturbed by the play
– Nouns (N):
• In a sequence of modifiers that includes a noun modifier, • Trong một chuỗi các bổ ngữ bao gồm một bổ
noun modifiers always appear last. They can’t be ngữ danh từ, các bổ ngữ danh từ luôn xuất hiện
separated from the head noun. sau cùng. Không thể tách chúng khỏi danh từ
• Such NOUN-NOUN combinations are COMPOUND đứng đầu.
NOUNS • Sự kết hợp NOUN-NOUN như vậy là DANH
TỪ GHÉP.
all those dusty gorilla suits
5. More on the structure of NOM:

– NOM is a recursive category. => NOM can have NOM - NOM là một phạm trù đệ quy (phân loại tương
as an immediate constituent. tự thứ tự OpSACOMP hoặc phân loại như very
– Apart from noun modifiers, every modifier must be charming / atomic scientist) => NOM có thể có
immediately dominated by a NOM. NOM là chất tạo thành ngay lập tức.
- Ngoài các bổ ngữ danh từ, mọi bổ ngữ phải
được thống trị ngay lập tức bởi một NOM.
Opinion - Size - Age - Shape - Color - Origin -
Material - Purpose.
some large greasy uneaten fritters
those two very charming atomic scientists
6. Post-modifiers:
– Prepositional Phrases:
An expedition to the pub
An expedition to the pub in the village
An expedition to the pub for more cherry brandy
an agreement between workers on overtime

• When NOM includes both a pre-modifying AP and a • Khi NOM bao gồm cả pre-modifying AP và
post-modifying PP, there are two possibilities. post-modifying PP, có hai khả năng.
• With some NPs, it doesn’t matter which analysis we • Với một số NP, không quan trọng chúng ta
give. For others, it does matter. đưa ra phân tích nào. Đối với những người
khác, nó thực sự quan trọng.
• The analysis that associates the more permanent and/or • Phân tích liên kết thuộc tính lâu dài hơn và /
intrinsic property more closely with the head noun will hoặc nội tại chặt chẽ hơn với danh từ đứng đầu
generally seem more natural. nhìn chung sẽ có vẻ tự nhiên hơn.
that tall student of maths in the hat
– More on Adjective Phrases:

• A few adjectives (including present, absent, responsible, • Một vài tính từ (including present, absent,
visible) can pre-modify or post-modify the head noun in responsible, visible) có thể sửa đổi trước hoặc
NOM. sửa đổi sau danh từ đứng đầu trong NOM.
• When, in an NP, a modifying AP includes a • Khi, trong NP, một AP thay đổi bao gồm một
complement, it always post-modifies the head noun. phần bổ sung, nó luôn bổ sung sau danh từ
đứng đầu.
7. Modification of pronouns:
– Indefinite pronouns such as something/one, - Các đại từ không xác định như something /
anything/one, nothing/no-one/none can only be post- one, anything / one, nothing / no-one / none chỉ
modified. có thể được bổ sung sau.
– The elliptical head analysis: - Phân tích đầu elip:

• When determiners or pre-determiners appear to have • Khi người xác định hoặc người xác định trước
changed into pronouns: dường như đã thay đổi thành đại từ:
– some of the animals - một số động vật
– those in the cabin - những người trong cabin
– all/ both/ half of the bottles - tất cả/ cả hai/ một nửa số chai
some of the animals
the two in the dungeons
[47] that nuclear scientist from Germany.

[48] the famous writer of detective stories.
[49] an anxious applicant for the job.
[50] structural engineers in disgrace.
[51] the personal assistant in the hat.
[52] their secret visits to the kitchen.
[53] Larry’s neat summary of the argument.
(a) Experts at syntax.

(b) Those ten paintings of his garden by Monet.
(c) More ferocious curries.
(d) The dying king’s final message.
(e) All Gulbenkian’s contributions to charity.
(f) Some rather off-putting gestures and remarks.
Set I
(a) Melancholy thoughts.
(b) Some very clever chess moves.
(c) The boat’s sudden move to the left.
(d) The word on the tip of my tongue.
(e) An invitation to the palace from the Queen.
(f) All performers absent from the rehearsal.
(g) Two of those city plans.
Set II
(a) Coffee and oranges. (See also Rhythm and blues.)
(Not ambiguous, but three analyses are possible. If you give only one of these, save ink and give the
simplest.)
(b) Three stars visible to the naked eye.
(c) The king of England’s short and turbulent reign.
(d) These smartly-dressed men and women. (ambiguous)
(e) Both the man’s eyes.
(f) Both the men’s behaviour.
((e) and (f) need care. (e) means ‘both eyes of the man’, not *‘the eyes of both the man’. (f) means ‘the
behaviour of both the men’, not *‘both the behaviour of the men’.)
Set III
(a) The few remaining pieces of kitchen furniture.
(b) Anyone capable of rational thought or reasonably sensitive.
(c) Some of those people at the back.
(d) These two coins and the three in the pocket of your coat.
(e) Three tall passengers angry about the altered height of the bulkheads.
(f) Many of the more successful chess players.
(a) Obviously, this calls for a thorough examination of the facts.

(b) Did the old man’s secretary open the mail on that particular day?
(c) You must always stop the vehicle at a red traffic light.
(d) Extra hands have been hired for no good reason, apparently.
(e) Bruno and the spy at the embassy might be the same person.
(f) The driver of a passing limousine didn’t stop or offer them a lift to the castle.
(g) Could Olaf be being investigated by the Intelligence Agency?
(h) Aren’t any students or staff signing up for the parachute jump?
(i) The essays must be submitted tomorrow but I won’t be marking them before April.

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I.

The structure of noun phrases:

– Structure of NPs consisting of just a PRONOUN or just

– DET always has NOM as its sister.

– The EMPTY DETERMINER gives the NP an

– A possessive determiner (POSS) can either be simple

the book’s cover

Some determiners correspond to forms that can function

2. Pre-determiners: all, both, half

All mine are at the cleaner

3. Ways the NP node can be expanded:

– Participle phrases (PartP):

• Since these forms are verbal rather than adjectival, they

• Certain true adjectives look very much like verb

all those dusty gorilla suits

5. More on the structure of NOM:

some large greasy uneaten fritters

those two very charming atomic scientists

An expedition to the pub for more cherry brandy

an agreement between workers on overtime

– More on Adjective Phrases:

– The elliptical head analysis: - Phân tích đầu elip:

the two in the dungeons

[47] that nuclear scientist from Germany.

(a) Experts at syntax.

(a) Obviously, this calls for a thorough examination of the facts.

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