International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 7 Issue 3, May 2021

Electrical Power Quality Enhancement of Grid

Interfaced with Wind Power System Using
STATCOM - Control Scheme

Prof. Rahatullah Khan Mamta Rathod Krupesh Vedpathak

Theem College Of Engineering, Boisar, Theem College Of Engineering, Boisar, Theem College Of Engineering, Boisar,
India India India
E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - Infusion of the wind power into an electric grid Power Quality is characterized as power that makes equipment to
influences the power quality. The exhibition of the wind turbine in work appropriately. A power quality issue can be characterized as
this way power quality are resolved based on guidelines and the any deviation of magnitude, frequency, or purity from the ideal
standards followed by the rule indicated in International Electro- sinusoidal voltage waveform. Great power quality is advantage to
technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The impact of the the activity of electrical gear; however poor power quality will
wind turbine in the grid connected wind energy generation system create extraordinary damage to the power system. In any case, the
are the active power, reactive power, voltage variations, harmonic created power from wind energy conversion system is continually
distortion, flicker. The paper study exhibits the power quality fluctuating because of the fluctuation nature of the wind.
issues due to establishment of wind turbine with the grid. In this Consequently infusion of the wind power into an electric grid
proposed paper, STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) is influences the power quality. The significant components to be
connected at point of common coupling (PCC) with a battery considered in power quality estimation are the active power,
energy storage system (BESS) to reduce the power quality issues. reactive power, voltage variation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
The STATCOM control scheme for the grid associated wind conduct of switching operation.
energy generation system for power quality improvement is
simulated utilizing MATLAB/SIMULINK. The viability of the STATCOM-based control technique for power quality change in
proposed control scheme reduces reactive power from the load and network is related with wind generation system and with the non-
induction generator. The advancement of the grid coordination rule linear load. The power quality issues on the sender-end and electric
and the plan for development in power quality standards as per utility are presented in this paper. Along these lines the proposed
IEC-standard on the grid has been introduced. scheme in the network related system fulfills the power quality
principles according to the IEC standard 61400-2l. The FACTS
INDEX TERMS- Power Quality, Renewable Energy, PCC (Power device based control technique for power quality change in system
of Common Coupling), STATCOM (Static Synchronous is related wind generating system and with non-linear load.
Compensator), BESS (Battery Energy Storage System). The compensator is expected to inject reactive power to beat
control quality issues and besides for better grid operations. The
connection of STATCOM into the system backings to keep up the
dynamic power, responsive power and terminal voltage are steady.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this proposed scheme Static Synchronous Compensator
Since the past decade, there has been an immense concern between (STATCOM) is connected at a Point of Common Coupling with a
certain countries on the sustainable power source for control time. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to relieve the power
The market progression and government's forces have also revived quality issues. Consequently, STATCOM gives Reactive Power
the sustainable power source segment advancement. As of late, backing to wind generator and load. The battery energy storage
wind energy has gotten quite possibly the most significant and system is connected to support the real power source under
promising sources of renewable energy, which requests extra fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the
transmission limit and better methods for looking after system grid connected wind energy generation system for power quality
reliability. To have practical development and social advancement, improvement is simulated utilizing MATLAB/SIMULINK.
it is important to meet the energy need by using the renewable
energy assets like wind. The need to integrate the renewable In this paper there will be the analysis of elements which are liable
energy like wind energy into power system is to make it for the power quality issues in the wind energy transformation
conceivable to limit the ecological effects. Wind energy conversion system and execution of the proposed control scheme for power
systems are the quickest developing renewable source of electrical quality improvement in the wind energy generation system
energy having huge natural, social, and financial advantages. connected to the grid. The paper is coordinated as follows. The

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 7 Issue 3, May 2021
section II presents the power quality standards and problems. The C. HARMONICS
section III presents the grid coordination rule for grid quality cut-
off points. The section IV depicts the system configuration for Harmonics are being caused because of operation of power
converters. The harmonic voltage and current should be accepted
power quality improvement. The section V depicts the control
to a limit at the point of wind turbine connection to the network.
scheme. The section VI and VII depicts the simulation, control According to the IEC-61400-36 guideline, limited contribution is
system performance and conclusion respectively. allowed by individual sources of harmonic current to ensure
harmonic voltage is within limits.
II. POWER QUALITY STANDARDS AND PROBLEMS
D. FLICKER
A. INTERNATIONAL ELECTRO- TECHNICAL
Electric power is required to run equipment and appliances in
COMMISSION GUIDELINES
domestic and industries. Power distribution system connected to
appliances and equipment should be measured through acceptable
The guidelines and norms are provided for measurement of wind quality which is electrical power. The IEC 610002-1 standard
turbine’s power quality. The International standards are distinguishes low frequency conducted disturbances in the
developed by the working group of Technical Committee-88 of subsequent 5 groups out of which flicker is one of them. Flicker is
the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), IEC a voltage fluctuation generated inside the illumination intensity of
Standard 61400-21 describes the procedure for determining the light source. Voltage fluctuations are cyclic variations in voltage
with amplitude below 100% of the face value. Flickers is
power quality characteristics of the wind turbine. illustrated in figure (2).

The standard norms are specified: Figure 2. Voltage Flicker

1) IEC 61400-21: Wind turbine generating system, part-21.

Assessment and Measurement of power quality characteristic of
grid connected wind turbine.
2) IEC 61400-13: Wind Turbine—measuring procedure in
determining the power behavior.
3) IEC 61400-3-7: Assessment of emission limit for fluctuating
load
4) IEC 61400-12: Wind Turbine performance.

The data sheet with electrical characteristics provides the base for
the utility assessment regarding a grid connection with electrical
network.

B. VOLTAGE VARIATION
Voltage variations are a power quality problem caused due to wind
velocity and to generator torque. The voltage variation is E. IMPACT OF POWER QUALITY ISSUES
distinguished under the following categories –
● Voltage sag Power quality can be basically characterized as represented in the
● Voltage Swell exhibited graph in figure (3).
● Long Time
● Voltage Interruptions Figure 3. Impact of Power Quality Issues
● Voltage spike
● Voltage Transients
The voltage flicker problem is caused by wind generators within
the network. So the power fluctuation from wind turbine causes
problems during the entire process throughout. Grid strength,
phase angle and resistance in a network define the magnitude of
fluctuations. Employment of ineffective methods of reactive power
management causes voltage swells/ voltage sag. Voltage transients
are caused due to fault in the power system network or sometimes
due to capacitor switching. STATCOM responds well to voltage
transients. Power disturbances can be classified as following
shown in figure (1)
Figure 1. Power Disturbances

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 7 Issue 3, May 2021
III. RULE FOR GRID COORDINATION ITHD= (5)

IEC-61400-21 defines the rules for grid coordination in a wind Where In is the nth harmonic current and is the
generator system at the grid connected electrical network. The fundamental frequency (50) Hz.
customer and the utility grid expects grid quality limits and
characteristics for references. The operator of the transmission grid
IV. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION
is responsible for the organization and for interconnected systems
PRINCIPLE:
as per Energy- Economic Law.
A. STATCOM PRINCIPLE:
1. Voltage dips (d): As the wind turbine starts, there are voltage The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) could be a
dips and it causes reduction of voltage suddenly. Switching shunt device of the adaptable AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
operation of wind turbine causes relative % voltage change. The family utilizing power gadgets to control power flow and improve
voltage changes nominally decreases as given in the equation (1) transient stability on power grids as displayed in figure 4. The
STATCOM is directing voltage at its terminal by controlling the
D= Ku . Sn/ Sk (1) measure of reactive power infused into or ingested from the power
system. When system voltage is low, the STATCOM produces
Where d is relative voltage change, Sn is rated apparent power, Sk reactive power (STATCOM capacitive). Once system voltage is
is short circuit apparent power, and Ku sudden voltage reduction high, it retains reactive power (STATCOM inductive). In
factor. synchronization with the interest to balance out the voltage of the
facility network.
2. Voltage rise (u): At the point of common coupling, there is a
voltage rise. It can be calculated as a function of maximum Typically a STATCOM is introduced to help electrical networks
apparent power Smax of the turbine, the grid impedances R and X that have a poor power issue and at times poor voltage guideline.
at the point of common coupling and the phase angle ɸ. It’s given The most widely recognized utilization of this device is for voltage
in the equation (2). stability. Basically it is a voltage source converter (VSC) based
device, with the voltage source behind a reactor. The voltage
Δu= Smax ( R cosɸ- Xsinɸ ) (2) source is framed from a DC capacitor and consequently the device
has minimal active power capability. Notwithstanding, its active
Where U is the nominal voltage of grid, Δu-voltage rise, Smax – power capability might be expanded if a reasonable energy storage
maximum apparent power, ɸ- phase difference. device is associated across the DC capacitor.

3. Flicker: The measurements are done for the maximum number

of specified switching operation of the wind turbine with 2h period
and 10 min period. It's been specified in equation (3)

PIt = C (Ψ K) Sn/ Sk (3)

Where PIt -Long term flicker, C(ΨK)-Flicker coefficient calculated

from the wind speed of Rayleigh distribution.

4. Grid Frequency: Frequency change in the grid connected

network is known as grid frequency. In India, grid frequency is
between the range of 47.5–51.5 Hz for wind generator networks.

5. Harmonics
At PCC (Point of Common Coupling), the harmonic
distortion is assessed for variable speed turbine with an Fig (4). single line diagram of the STATCOM
electronic power converter.
The total harmonic voltage distortion is given as in (4):
B. SYSTEM OPERATION
VTHD = (4)
The STATCOM interfaced with capacitance at DC side regulates
Where Vn is the nth harmonic voltage and V1 is the as a three phase voltage source inverter (VSC). The basic principle
of operation of STATCOM located in power system is to generate
fundamental frequency (50) Hz. controllable ac voltage source by a Voltage Source Inverter
connected to dc capacitor. Here the paralleled connected
THD of current is given as in (5) STATCOM is operated in current control manner and is connected
with non-linear load and wind turbine induction generator at the

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 7 Issue 3, May 2021
Point of Common Coupling (PCC) in the grid system as IV.III. ARRANGEMENTS MADE IN PROPOSED SYSTEM
represented in figure 5. The STATCOM based on current
controlled voltage source inverter inserts the current into the grid The shunt connection for STATCOM with Battery Energy Storage
in such a manner that the source current are free from harmonic System is connected at the interconnection of the induction
distortions leading to reduced Total Harmonic Distortions and they
generator and non-linear load at the Point of Common Coupling.
are accordance in phase-angle with regard to source voltage. The
inserted current will terminate their active part and harmonic part The Figure (5) presents the system operational scheme in grid
of the induction load current and generator current, thus it upgrades system. The STATCOM output is deviated in consonance to the
the system power quality. control strategy, so as to maintain the power quality norms in the
grid system according to IEC Standards. The current control
scheme for STATCOM practiced in the proposed paper is Bang-
Bang controller which is derived from the Hysteresis Current
Controller. A single STATCOM designed using Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistors (IGBT’s) is practiced to have a reactive power
support to the no-linear load and induction generator in the grid
system.

IV.IV. CONTROL SCHEME

In this proposed control scheme, bang- bang current controller is

being used to inject wind into a grid connected electrical network.
A hysteresis current controlled derived technique is used. By
Figure 5. System operational scheme in grid system utilizing this technique, the controller keeps the control system
variable between correct switching signals and boundaries of
hysteresis area for STATCOM operation. The current controller
IV.I. WIND GENERATING SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS IN block accepts reference current and actual current as inputs and are
PROPOSED SCHEME subtracted so as to start-up the operation of STATCOM in current
control mode.
In the presented system induction generator is utilized since
separate excitation field circuit in not required, it accepts constant IV.V. GRID SYNCHRONISATION
values and variable load values. Induction generator and Battery
Energy Storage System are interfaced at Point of Common In the three-phase balance system, the RMS source voltage
Coupling. The shunt connected STATCOM in the proposed system amplitude is calculated from the source phase voltages (Vsa, Vsb,
is preferred. This system has natural shielding against sudden Vsc) and is expressed as sampled peak voltage-Vsm :
occurring short circuits. The wind power available is represented
by: Vsm =√{2/3(Vsa²+Vsb²+Vsc²)} (4)
Pair = 0.5pAVwind2 (1)
Where Pair is represented as density (Kg/m3), A represents the Area In-phase unit vectors are calculated from source voltage in each of
swept out by turbine blade (m), Vwind represents the wind speed in the phases and the RMS value of unit vector is shown below:
m/s.
It is not practicable to draw out all kinetic energy of wind. Thus Usa =Vsa/Vsm
extraction of a fractional power is termed as Power Coefficient Usb =Vsb/Vsm (5)
‘Cp’ of the wind turbine which is given by: Usc =Vsc/Vsm
Pmech=Cp Pwind (2)
The mechanical power generated by wind turbine is given by: The in-phase reference currents produced are acquired using in-
Pmech= 1/2πR2VwindCp (3) phase unit voltage template as shown below:
Where R represents Radius of the Wind Turbine Blade (m).
isa*=I* Usa, I*sb=I*Usb, isc*= I* Usc ( 6)
IV.II. BESS INTEGRATION WITH STATCOM
Where ‘I’ represents the proportionality magnitude of filtered
The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is used as an energy source voltage for respective phases. This makes sure that the
repository element designed for the aim of better voltage source current is controlled to be sinusoidal.
regulation. The BESS will conventionally maintain dc capacitor
voltage constant and is best acceptance in STATCOM since it IV.VI. BANG – BANG CURRENT CONTROLLER
rapidly inserts or absorbs reactive power to stabilize the grid
system. When power fluctuation occurs in the system, the BESS is The proposed control system scheme of STATCOM-BESS is
used to maintain the level of power fluctuation by charging and bang-bang controller is shown in the figure (6). The reference
current is generated and actual current is detected by current
discharging operations. The battery is coupled in parallel to the dc
sensors. Then both the current are subtracted for obtaining a
capacitor of STATCOM. current error for a hysteresis based bang-bang controller. Thus the
ON/OFF switching signals for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
of STATCOM are obtained from hysteresis controller.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 7 Issue 3, May 2021
The switching function Sa for phase ‘a’ is expressed as: B. STATCOM—PERFORMANCE UNDER LOAD
VARIATIONS:
Isa < ( i*sa-HB ) SA = 0 (7)
The wind energy generating system is associated with grid having
Isa > (i*sa – HB ) SA = 1 (8) the non-linear load. The execution of the system is estimated by
exchanging the STATCOM at time t=0.5s in the system and how
This is similar for phases ‘b’ and ‘c.
the STATCOM reacts to the progression change order for
expansion in extra load at 1.0 s is appeared in the simulation.
At the point when STATCOM controller is made ON, without
change in some other load condition boundaries, it begins to
response for demanded harmonic current. This extra demanded
harmonic current is satisfied by STATCOM compensator .The
simulation model of proposed control scheme with STATCOM is
appeared in Figure (7). The Control system used for STATCOM
operation is appeared in Figure (8). The source current and load
currents waveform in simulated model is examined and displayed
in figure (9). Power Factor Improvement and Reactive power
Compensation is illustrated in figure (10) while the Source
currents, Load currents and STATCOM injected currents are
Figure 6. Control System scheme of STATCOM-BESS displayed in figure (11). The DC link voltage controls the source
current in the grid system, so the DC link voltage is kept up steady
across the capacitor which is displayed in figure (12). Total
V. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND ITS PARAMETERS Harmonics distortion with STATCOM and without STATCOM
operation is displayed in Figure (13) and (14) respectively.
The proposed control scheme is simulated utilizing SIMULINK in The above tests with proposed scheme have power quality
power system block set. The system parameter for given system is improvement include as well as has support capability to help the
given Table I. The system execution of proposed system under load with the energy storage system through the batteries.
dynamic condition is additionally introduced.
VI. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS:

Sr. Parameters Ratings Figure 7. MATLAB model of the proposed scheme

No

1 Grid Voltage 3-Phase, 415V, 50Hz

2 Induction 3.35kVA, 415V, 50Hz, P=4,

Motor/Generator Speed=1440rpm, Rs=0.01Ω,
Rr=0.015Ω, Ls=0.06, Lr=0.06H
3 Line Series 0.05mH
Inductance
4 Inverter DC Link Voltage=800V,
Parameters DC Link Capacitance= 100µF,
Switching Frequency=2kHz

5 IGBT Ratings Collector Voltage=1200V,

Forward Current=50A, Gate
Voltage= 20V, Power
Dissipation=310W
6 Load Parameter Non-Linear Load 25kW

Table 1. System Performance Parameters

Figure 8. Control System Design in MATLAB Model.

A. VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENT CONTROL—

INVERTER OPERATION:

The three phase injected current into the grid from STATCOM will
counterbalance the distortion brought about by the non-linear load
and wind generator. The IGBT based three-phase inverter is
coupled with grid through the transformer. The Generation of
switching signals from reference current is simulated inside
hysteresis band of 0.08. The decision of thin hysteresis band
switching in the system improves the current quality and control
signal of switching frequency inside its operating band.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 7 Issue 3, May 2021

Figure 9. Load currents and Source Currents Figure 13. Total Harmonics Distortion without STATCOM

Figure 10. Power Factor Improvement and Reactive power

Compensation

Figure 14. Total Harmonics Distortion with STATCOM

Figure 11. Source currents, Load currents and STATCOM injected

currents

VI. CONCLUSION

The paper analyses the elements which influences the power

quality in the wind energy generation system. Likewise this paper
examines the execution of STATCOM-Control scheme for power
quality improvement in grid associated wind energy generation
Figure 12. DC link Voltage system. The simulation of the proposed control scheme for the grid
associated Wind energy generation is simulated utilizing
MATLAB/SIMULINK. The control scheme has an ability to
dispense with the harmonic parts of the load current and reactive
power. Total Harmonic Distortion before the STATCOM
connected was observed to be 24.62%, whereas, after STATCOM
connection it was observed to be 2.54%. It additionally assists with
keeping up the source voltage and current in-stage which makes
maintaining power factor at source-end and thus supporting the
Figure 10. Total Harmonics Distortion without STATCOM demanding reactive power injection for the load at PCC and wind
generator in the grid interfaced wind energy generation system. It
allows an opportunity to upgrade the use factor of transmission
lines.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 7 Issue 3, May 2021
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