WORK

The Work Done(WD) by the force is defined to be the product of component of the
force in the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement.
OR
When a force acts on an object, and the object moves in the direction of force, then
the work is said to be done by the force.

Scalar/Dot Product (.) :

The scalar product or dot product of any two vectors A and B , denoted as A . B
( read as A dot B ), is defined as:
A . B = |A| |B| cos θ
|A| - Magnitude of A vector
|B| - Magnitude of B vector
θ - Angle between A and B vector
It is a scalar quantity. i.e. we'll get a scalar quantity as answer of dot product.

Scalar Product Properties:

Commutative Property - Scalar product is commutative, that is, a.b = b.a
Distributive Property - Scalar product of vectors follow the distributive
property:
A.(B + C) = A.B + A.C
(A + B).C = A.C + B.C
A.(B - C) = A.B - A.C
(A - B).C = A.C - B.C
Dot product of a vector with itself gives square of its magnitude i.e.
A . A = |A| |B| cos θ = |A|2
A ⋅ (λB) = λ(A ⋅ B), where λ is a real number
If

then,

Projection of a Vector: Scalar product is used to determine the projection of a

vector onto another vector.
The projection of a vector A onto vector B is given by: (A . B)/|B|
Solution:
F.d = (3)(5) + (4)(4) + (5)(3) = 16 unit
|F|=
|d|=

Now, as we know, A . B = |A| |B| cos θ

so, F.d = |F| |d| cosθ
=> cosθ = F.d / |F| |d|
= 16/ 50
θ = cos–1 (0.32)
Projection of F on d is, F.d / |d| = 16/

Work Done by CONSTANT Force

If the Force F is making an angle θ with the direction of displacement of
body, the the work done by the force is given by:
WD = F . d = |F| |d| cos θ

Special cases
If θ=0, then maximum work is done given by W = Fd .
If θ=90°, then work done =0
If θ is between 0° and 90°, the work done is positive.
If θ is between90° and 180°, the work done is negative.
Work is a scalar quantity, Its S1 unit is joule and CGS unit is erg.
Its dimensional formula is [ML2T-2].
Work done by a force is positive if angle between F and s is acute angle.
Work done by a force is negative if angle between F and s is obtuse angle.
Work done by a force is zero, if
body is not displaced actually, i.e., s = 0
body is displaced perpendicular to the direction of force, i.e., θ = 90°
Work done by a constant force depends only on the initial and final Positions
and not on the actual path followed between initial and final positions.
Because displacement is seen.
 Work Done by VARIABLE Force
There is no constant force in real life, It is the variable force, which is more
commonly encountered.
Work done by a variable force is given by
W= ∫ F * ds
It is equal to the area under the force-displacement graph along with proper
sign.

Sol: 1. The graph is

2. The work done by the women is WF= Area of rectangle ABCD + area of the
trapezium CEID:

The work done by the frictional force is area of rectangle AGHI:

Sol: Work done on the cycle by the road = the work done by the frictional force
on the cycle
Here ϴ =1800, F=200N, d=10m ,thus W = Fd cos ϴ = 200 x 10 x cos180°= -2000 J
1. The magnitude of the force on the road due to cycle is 200 N.
2. The displacement of the road = 0; Thus, work done by cycle on the road is
zero.

POWER
The time rate of work done by a body is called its power.
Power(P) = Rate of doing work = Work done / Time taken

Average Power Instantaneous Power

The average power of a force is The instantaneous power is defined
defined as the ratio of the work, W, as the limiting value of the average
to the total time t taken. power as time interval approaches
zero.

as dW= F.dr ; Therefore,

Power is a scalar quantity like work and

energy.
Its SI unit is Watt (W).
where v is the instantaneous velocity
when the force is F

Sol. The downward force on the elevator is F = m g + F f = (1800 × 10) + 4000 =

22000 N
The motor must supply enough power to balance this force.
Hence, P = F. v = 22000 × 2 = 44000 W = 59 hp
 ENERGY
Energy of a body is defined as its capacity of doing work.
It is a scalar quantity.
Its SI unit is joule and CGS unit is erg.

MECHANICAL ENERGY
Mechanical energy is the energy that is possessed by an object due to its motion or
due to its position.
Mechanical energy (ME) is of two types: Kinetic Energy (KE) & Potential Energy (PE).
such that,
ME = KE + PE

Kinetic Energy (KE) :

The energy possessed by any object by virtue of its motion is called its kinetic
energy. Kinetic energy of an object is given by:

where m = mass of the object, U = velocity of the object and p = mv = momentum

of the object.

Potential Energy (PE) :

The energy possessed by any object by virtue of its position or configuration is
called its potential energy.
Potential energy is defined only for conservative forces. It does not exist for non-
conservative forces.

There are three important types of potential energies:

1. Gravitational Potential Energy: If a body of mass m is raised through a height
h against gravity, then its gravitational potential energy = mgh
2. Elastic Potential Energy: If a spring of spring constant k is stretched through a
distance x. then elastic potential energy of the spring:
2
U = 1/2 k x
k= force constant of spring.
3. Electric Potential Energy: The electric potential energy of two point charges
q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in vacuum.

Principle of Conservation of Energy

The sum of all kinds of energies in an isolated system remains constant at all times.
Energy may be transformed from one form to another but the total energy of
an isolated system remains constant.

Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy:

For conservative forces the sum of kinetic and potential energies of any object
remains constant throughout the motion.

Area under the graph = work done by the

spring force

Thus, work done by the applied force is

And, potential energy of the spring is

Now, the total mechanical energy is

We can see that speed and the kinetic energy

will be maximum at the equilibrium position,
as x = 0 .

Therefore at x = 0, v = vm; where, Vm= maximum speed

The kinetic energy gets converted to potential

energy and vice versa, however, the total
mechanical energy remains constant.
This is graphically depicted in next page-
Parabolic plots of the potential energy V and kinetic energy K of a block attached to a spring obeying Hooke’s
law. The two plots are complementary, one decreasing as the other increases. The total mechanical energy
E = K + V remains constant.

WORK ENERGY THEOREM

Work done by a force in displacing a body is equal to change in its kinetic energy.

where, Ki = initial kinetic energy

and Kf = final kinetic energy

The above formula is used when constant force is applied, for variable force :.
We confine ourselves to one dimension. The
time rate of change of kinetic energy is
 SOME EXAMPLES OF ABOVE DERIVED FORMULAS

A rain drop of radius 2 mm falls from a height of 500 m

above the ground. It falls with decreasing acceleration (due to
viscous resistance of the air) until at half its original height, it
attains its maximum (terminal) speed, and moves with
uniform speed thereafter. What is the work done by the
gravitational force on the drop in the first and second half of
its journey ? What is the work done by the resistive force in
the entire journey if its speed on reaching the ground is 10 ms-
1?
Sol: The change in kinetic energy of the drop is
ΔK = 1/2 × 10−3 × 50 × 50 = 1.25J
where we have assumed that the drop is initially at rest.
Assuming that g is a constant with a value 10 m/s , the
work done by the gravitational
force is, Wg = mgh = 10−3 × 10 × 103 = 10.0 J

Now, From the work-energy theorem ΔK = Wg + Wr,

where Wr is the work done by the resistive force on the
raindrop.

Thus Wr = ΔK − Wg = 1.25 − 10 = −8.75 J is negative.

 COLLISION
A collision is an isolated event in which, two or more bodies exert strong forces on
each other for a short time.
Elastic collisions
The momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
It is an ideal collision.
Eg- Collision of two steel ball.

Inelastic collision
The momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not conserved.
Most of the collisions are inelastic.
E.g., When a soft mud ball is thrown against the wall.

COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION: (INELASTIC)

Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities v1 and v2
collide inelastically and stick together with each other. Let their common velocity
after collision be V. As momentum remains conserved in inelastic collision,
therefore, v1 v2
Before m1 m2
V
m1+
After m2
COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION: (ELASTIC)
According to principle of conservation of momentum,
u1 u2
Before m1 m2
According to principle of conservation of energy,
V1 V2

After m1 m2
From (1) -
From (2) -

Dividing (4) and (3) -

Thus the relative velocity after collision is numerically equal to relative velocity
before collision.
From (5)-
Substituting this in (5)-

Therefore,

Similarly,

Special Cases:
Case I: If the two masses are equal v1 = 0, v2 = v1. The first mass comes to rest
and pushes off the second mass with its initial speed on collision.
Case II: If one mass dominates, e.g., m2 >> m1; then
v1 ≃ −u1, v2 ≃ 0
The heavier mass is undisturbed while the lighter mass reverses its velocity.
COLLISION IN TWO DIMENSION:

In a two dimensional collision momentum along x and y direction should

be conserved.
Along x-direction:

Along y-direction:

If the collision is elastic , the conservation f kinetic energy gives

Various forms of Energy

Besides mechanical energy, the energy may
manifest itself in many other forms. Some of
these are:
I.Thermal Energy: A Body possess heat
energy by virtue of the random motion of its
molecules
ii.Chemical Energy: It is the energy by a
chemical compound by virtue of the
chemical bonding of its atoms
iii. Electrical Energy: It arises because work
is to be done in moving free charge carriers
in a particular direction inside a conductor.
iv. Nuclear Energy: This energy arises in
nuclear reactions either by fission of heavy
nuclei into lighter ones, or by the fusion of
light nuclei into heavier ones.