F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Sampaloc, Manila

HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING 1 maintain an angular velocity of 2π radians/sec. Assume the

Prepared By: Engr. Christiane Jercel E. Junio velocity gradient to be a straight line.

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS SURFACE TENSION:

- Is a phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid, where
Fluid Mechanics – is a branch of science that deals with the the liquid is in contact with a gas, acts as a thin elastic
properties and behavior of fluids. sheet.
-
Fluids – are defined as substance that flow of deform under the Problem 5:
applied shear stress. A water strider is an insect known to float to water surface. Its
foot transmits a vertical force of 2.29𝑥10−4 due to its own
Fluid Density – Defined as mass per unit volume. weight. The foot is 4 mm in diameter and has an angle of contact
mass m from the vertical of 75 degrees. What is the surface tension of
ρ= =
volume v water?

Specific Weight – Defined as weight per unit volume. Problem 6:

mg
γ= = ρg Determine the height to which the water will rise in a capillary
v
tube of diameter 3 mm. Use σ = 0.0728 N/m and γ =
Specific Volume – Defined as volume per unit mass. 9810 N/m3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑣̅ = = 1/𝜌 Problem 7:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Determine the true static height of a glass tube 2 mm in diameter
Specific Gravity – It is the ratio of the density of a substance to when immersed in mercury if its height is 24 mm. Assume σ =
the density of water at a reference temperature of 4°C. 0.5 N/m and the contact angle for mercury is 130°.

ρsubstance γsubstance Problem 8:

S= =
ρmedium γmedium Two plates that are 3 mm apart are inserted in water which makes
an angle of 30° with the vertical. Determine the height that the
Problem 1: water will climb up if the surface tension of water is σ =
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of 0.073 N/m and its specific weight is γ = 9810 N/m3
0.952 cu. m.
a. Determine its weight. Problem 9:
b. Determine its unit weight. Calculate the internal pressure if a 10 mm diameter droplet if the
c. Determine its mass density. surface tension is 0.6 N/m.
d. Determine its specific gravity.
e. Determine its specific Volume Problem 10:
Calculate the internal pressure of a 30 mm diameter soap bubble
Practice Problem: if the tension in the soap film is 0.6 N/m.
If the specific weight of a fluid is 50 lb/ft 3, what it is density?
GAS LAWS:
Problem 2:
A certain gas weighs 20 N/m3 at a certain pressure and Boyle’s Law (Robert Boyle) – States that in a given quantity the
temperature. Determine the following: volume is inversely proportional to its pressure.
a. The mass density of the gas.
b. The specific volume of Carbon Tetrachloride. Charles’ Law (Jacques Charles) – states that in a given quantity
c. The specific gravity of gas with respect of air. the volume is directly proportional to its temperature.

FLUID VISCOSITY (𝝁): Gay – Lussac’s Law (Joseph Louis Gay – Lussac) – states that in
- Is the fluid’s resistance to flow, which is caused by a a given quantity the pressure is directly proportional to its
shearing stress within a flowing fluid and between a temperature.
flowing fluid and its medium.
Ideal Gas Law – also called the general gas equation, is the
Problem 3: equation of state of a hypothetical gas.
A 150 mm x 600 mm plate slides on oil (𝜇 = 0.75 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑠/𝑚2 )
over a large plane surface. What force F is required to drag the Problem 11:
plate at a velocity of 1.6 m/s. if the thickness of the separating oil a. Find the approximate height of water upstream of the dam or
film is 0.5 mm? the headwater in meters, such that an air bubble, upon reaching
the water surface has a volume of 3 times than it had at the
Problem 4: bottom.
A cylinder of 125 mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed b. Compute the absolute pressure at the bottom of the dam.
cylinder of 130 mm radius. Both cylinders are 300 mm long.
Determine the viscosity of the liquid which fills the space
between the cylinders if a torque of 0.88 N-m is required to
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Sampaloc, Manila

Problem 12: Problem 16:

A tank with a volume of 0.18 m3 contains 0.6 kg of nitrogen Assuming a specific weight of air to be constant at 12 N/m3 , what
(R = 0.2968 kJ/kg ⋅ K). The temperature is 32°C. Calculate is the approximate height of Mount Banahaw if a mercury
the resulting pressure barometer at the base of the mountain reads 645 mm and at the
same instant, another barometer at the top of the mountain reads
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (𝐄𝐁 ) and Compressibility (𝜷): 480 mm.

∆𝑃 Problem 17:
𝐸𝐵 = − Pistons A has a cross-section of 1,200 sq. cm while that of piston
∆𝑉
𝑉0 B is 950 sq. cm with the latter higher than piston A by 1.75 m. If
the intervening passages are filled with oil whose specific gravity
1 is 0.8.
𝛽=
𝐸𝐵

Problem 13:
A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at a
pressure of 1 MPa and a volume of 0.995 liter at a pressure of 2
MPa.
a. Determine its Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (𝐸𝐵 ).
b. Determine its Compressibility.

Problem 14:
A rigid cylinder, inside a diameter of 20 mm, contains a columns a. Determine the difference in pressure between A and B.
of water 500 mm long. What will the column length be if a force b. If a 600 N force is applied at piston B, determine the weight
of 2 kN is applied to its end by a frictionless plunger? Assume that can be carried at piston A.
no leakage. Take EB = 320,000 psi.
Problem 18:
PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS In the figure shown determine the weight W that can be carried
by the 1.5 kN force acting on the psiton.
FLUID STATICS
- Is the study of fluids in which there is no relative motion
between fluid particles.

PASCAL’S LAW (BLAISE PASCAL)

- States that the pressure applied at any point in a liquid
at rest is transmitted equally and undiminished in all
directions to every other point in the liquid.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Absolute and Gage Pressure: Problem 19:

From the setup shown in the figure, determine the following.
Pabs = Pgage + Patm
Assume standard atmospheric pressure.
Where:
Pgage = ρgh = γh

Patm = 101.325 kPa

= 14.7 psi
= 760 mmHg
= 29.9 inHg
= 1atm

Variations in Pressure:
P2 = P1 + ∑ γh

Problem 15: a. If the manometer reads 60 mm, determine the gage pressure
A pressure gage 6 m above the bottom of the tank containing a at B.
liquid reads 90 kPa. Another gage height 4 m reads 103 kPa. b. If the pressure at B is 3.5 kPa, determine the manometer
Determine the specific weight of the liquid. reading at B.
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Sampaloc, Manila

Problem 20:
In the figure shown, the deflection of mercury is initially 250 mm.
If the pressure at A is increased by 40 kPa, while maintain the
pressure at B constant, what will be the new mercury deflection?

HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON PLANE SURFACES

HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVE SURFACES
Problem 21:
A 3 – m square plate is immersed vertically in water such that Problem 24:
the two edges of the square are horizontal. The center of The crest gate shown consists of a cylindrical surface of which
pressure is located 8 cm from the centroid of the square plate. AB is the base supported by a structural frame hinged at O.
The length of the gate is 10 m. Compute the magnitude and
a. Determine the distance of the top edge from the water
surface. location of the horizontal and vertical components of the total
pressure on AB.
b. Determine the distance of the center of pressure from the
water surface.
c. Determine the total hydrostatic pressure on one side of the
gate.

Problem 22:
A trapezoidal gate having dimensions shown in the figure is
hinge at its top A. If the gates rest on a frictionless surface at B.

Problem 25:
Refer to the given figure. The curve surface shown is subjected
to a hydrostatic pressure on one side. The length of the gate is 5
m.

a. Determine the hydrostatic force acting on the gate.

b. Find the location of hydrostatic force measured from the
hinge at A.
c. Determine the force to be applied at B to open the gate.

Problem 23:
Determine the magnitude of the total hydrostatic force acting a. Calculate the magnitude of the horizontal component of the
on the 2 m x 4 m gate shown. force acting on the curved surface.
b. Calculate the magnitude of the vertical component of the
force acting on the curved surface