Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

In global scenario, the prime question in every girls mind is about her safety and the
harassment issues. The only thought haunting every girl is when they will be able to move
freely on the streets even in odd hours without worrying about their security. This project
suggests a new technology to protect women. This project focuses on a security for women
so that they will never feel helpless. The system consists of various modules such as GPS,
memory card, switch, camera, Raspberry pi0 module. In this project we are using wireless
technology for security purpose. An electronic wearable deice for women safety means that
allow users to protect while travelling odd hours or when they feel helpless.

This project is based on women’s security as it is reported that every day there is
many cases about women harassment. Although an Android based application on Women
security is already out in the market but for non-android users, here is an idea for developing
a project based on women security using Raspberry pi module. Raspberry pi module receives
the signals from GPS system which has present location information and then the Raspberry
pi controller allows the system to send the Alert Message to the predefined persons email ID.
A camera used for the capturing image of an attacker and external memory card is used for
the capturing image is save on this card.

1.1 Problem Statement

Women are the subject of exploitation inside and outside the home say whether on
roads, trains, cabs, schools etc. Women occupy almost half the globe. But their survival has
always been a question, when it comes to existence with honour and dignity. Women’s
empowerment in the country can be brought once their safety and security is ensure, either it
may be at home, publics places or during travelling.

The status of women in India has gone through many great changes over the past few
millennia. In modern India, women continue to face social challenges and are often victims
of abuse and violent crimes and, according to a global poll conducted by Thomson Reuters,

1
India is the “fourth most dangerous country” in the world for women, and the worst country
for women among the G20 countries.

This project focuses on a security system that is designed solely to serve the purpose
of providing security and safety to women so that they never feel helpless while facing such
social challenges. When the emergency situation occurs then women cannot protect and
operate the smart phones. Also, she cannot be set alert function, when they are in risk
situation & immediately they cannot pass and send their location to the police & family
members.

1.2 Objective

This system for individuals to avoid crimes in alone or being in badly lit areas:

1. Implementation of a real time monitoring device can solve the problem to an extent.

2. The basic approach is to intimate instant location and a distress message to the cops and
registered number like parents, friends, media, and women cell etc. so that unfortunate
incidents would be averted and to provide real time evidence for swift action against the
perpetrators of crime against women

1.3 Feasibility Study

With respect to time, gives quick response and does not lag. It doesn’t require any
implementation cost, only for the purpose of sending mail each time requires internet
connectivity.

2
 Chapter-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Electronic jacket for women safety: Women safety application using android mobile.
In this paper system can show exact location to relatives, parents, friends and track every
time interval.

[1]Emergency panic button using microcontroller. In this paper panic button is used for
protection while emergency situation occurs.

[2]AVR microcontroller based wearable jacket for women safety .In this paper unified
combination of wearable jacket and mobile technology for safety of women in the society.
This system helps to alert family members and people closest to the victim by using buzzer,
GPS, GSM module.

[3]All in one intelligent safety system for women security In this paper the authors have
reviewed of various existing systems on women security. The GPS module tracks the
longitude and latitude to trace an exact location of a user and sends the pre-stored emergency
message including location to the registered contact numbers. The Audio Recording module
starts the recording of the conversation for five minutes and stored as evidences. The message
goes in queue if network problem and send when network gets available.

[4]Mobile based women safety application. In this paper Some app created to know whether
a woman is safe or not? Which indicates the present state of affairs of the woman by touching
the option, which also indicates the location of the endangered woman they gave a phone
call, video forwarding, fake calls, and location of the person, first-aid details, and application
having the instructions that is the way to use the application.

[5]Automated security system using surveillance AUTHOR: -P.Vigneswari et.al. The world
is experiencing a vast implementation of home security. And automation plays a vital role in
the day to day life. The aim of this paper is to provide high level security and automation of
appliances. This paper “Automated security system using surveillance” uses raspberry pi
board which itself acts as a mini computer. Whenever a person enters into the room, the fans
and light will automatically switch on. At the same time camera is also switched on and it
takes the image of the person who has interrupted. The user is alerted by sending an SMS

3
with the link using GSM modem. The image can be viewed by clicking on this link. In the
absence of a person the fans and lights will automatically be switched off.

[6]Smart girls security system AUTHOR:-Prof. Basavaraj Chougula et.al- Today in the
current global scenario, the prime question in every girl’s mind, taking into account the ever
rising increase of issues on women harassment in recent past, is only about her safety and
security. The only thought haunting every girl is when they will be able to move freely on the
streets even in odd hours without worrying about their security. This paper suggests a new
perspective to use technology to protect women. The system resembles a normal belt which
when activated, tracks the location of the victim using GPS (Global Positioning System) and
sends emergency messages using GSM (Global System for Mobile communication), to three
emergency contacts and the police control room.

[7]All in one intelligent safety system for women security AUTHOR:-AbhijitParadkar et.al.
According to the reports of WHO, NCRB-social-government organization 35%Women all
over the world are facing a lot of unethical physical harassment in public places such as
railway-bus stands, foot paths etc. In this paper the authors have reviewed of various existing
systems on women security. The authors have felt a need of advanced women security system
to provides the safety measure in public places as well as travelling alone through public
transports (school buses, company vehicle etc). This paper proposed a new model for the
women security in public places which aims to provide the 100% safe environment.

[8]Women security system Author :-Shaik Mazhar Hussain. This article surveys about the
security system for women which allows immediate response in case of any harassment and
mainly focuses on two different parts, one is surveying the recently developed mobile
applications for women safety and protection and secondly, the proposed work .The users can
press a button that is located on watch with RFID technology that is, RFID tag is embedded
in the watch or locket that contains information about unique ID and name. The RFID reader
is embedded in mobile phone that receives radio waves and once the RFID tag is activated
and emits radio waves, the RFID reader takes the information and triggers the mobile phone
where the processor will perform the task and sends the messages to 4 or 5 predefined
contacts in which one is for police women cell where they can get the information about
location of the victim through GPS and message alert “HELP”.

4
2.1 Concept

Women Safety system offers the added protection of being track by relatives on
different time interval and different location. The main objective of the system is to track the
current location of the person which has an SECURITY SYSTEM by extracting the longitude
and latitude of that target person. The primary objective of our system is to track the person
and plot the location on real time system like Google map. The proposed system should
overcome all the disadvantages of the existing system. The existing system is not functioning
well due to manual process. Thus the proposed system should minimize the manual efforts.
In such a way that it should pass their location immediately when emergency situation occurs
and protect the Smartphone by not using it after the services started.

5
 Chapter 3

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure No 3.1 Block Diagram Description

3.1.1 Block Diagram Description

The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer
monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It has the ability to interact with the
outside world, and has been used in real time applications. This board is the central module
of the whole embedded image capturing and processing system as given in figure. Its main
parts include: main processing chip, memory, power supply HDMI Out, Ethernet port, USB
ports and abundant global interfaces.

3.2 Circuit Diagram

In this system a 12v battery is used to provide required power to the circuit for its
desired operation. A microcontroller used in this system and other components in the circuit
require a constant 5v supply. This 5v supply is obtained from the regulated IC 7805. This
regulator provides constant and regulated power of 5v. The capacitor filters are used to
eliminate the ripples present in the supply.

6
 The output of the regulator is constant irrespective of the input voltage. An LED is
connected in between the regulator and the controller to indicate whether the power is on or
off. The power supply is provided to the pin number 2 which is VCC pin of the raspberry pi
as shown in circuit diagram.

Figure No 3.2: Circuit Description

The hardware of the system consists of a camera interfaced with the raspberry pi as
shown in the circuit diagram above. The VCC pin of the camera module is connected to the
pin number 4 of the raspberry pi controller which has a 5V supply. And the ground supply is
provided to the ground terminal of the camera as shown in the above circuit diagram of the
system. This pi camera is used to capture the image of the culprit. The camera scans and
captures the image and sends it to the raspberry pi controller for processing.

In order to detect the current location of the user in case of any danger, we make use
of a GPS receiver whose function is to receive the current latitude and longitude data from
the satellite. This GPS is interfaced with the raspberry pi controller as shown in the above
circuit diagram. The transmitter receiver pins of the GPS are connected to the transmitter

7
receiver of the raspberry pi controller board. The VCC pin of the GPS modem is connected to
the 5V supply and ground pin is connected to the 0V i.e. ground potential as shown in the
circuit diagram.

In this system a push button i.e. a switch is interfaced with the controller board as
shown in the diagram. This switch is connected to the GPIO4 of the controller board. This
switch is used to intimate and activate the GPS modem in case of danger sensed by the user.

3.3 Flow Chart

Figure No: 3.3 Flow Chart

8
3.4 Algorithm

STEP 1: - Power Up hardware.

STEP 2: - Initialize hardware Module.

STEP 3: -When Switch is pressed, signal send to microcontroller.

STEP 4: -Camera captures the image

STEP 5: - GPS take the information of location

STEP 6: -IOT module mail that image and location.

9
 Chapter -4

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

4.1 Raspberry Pi Zero

Figure No: 4.1 Raspberry Pi Zero

The Raspberry Pi is a popular Single Board Computer (SBC) in that it is a full

computer packed into a single board. The Raspberry Pi comes in an even smaller form factor.
The introduction of the Raspberry Pi Zero allowed one to embed an entire computer in even
smaller projects. Unlike the previous models of the Raspberry Pi which use a standard HDMI
connector, the Zero uses a mini HDMI connector to save space. To connect the Zero to a
monitor or television, you will need a mini HDMI to HDMI adapter or cable.

To save space, the Zero has opted for a USB On-the-Go (OTG) connection. The Pi
Zero uses the same Broadcom IC that powered the original Raspberry Pi A and A+ models.
This IC connects directly to the USB port allowing for OTG functionality, unlike the Pi B,
B+, 2 and 3 models, which use an onboard USB hub to allow for multiple USB connections.

To connect a device with a standard male USB connection, you will need a USB OTG
cable. Plug the micro USB end into the Pi Zero, and plug your USB device into the standard
female USB end Like other Pis, power is provided through a micro USB connector. Voltage
supplied to the power USB should be in the range of 5-5.25V.

As with the Raspberry PI 3, the Zero W offers both 802.11n wireless LAN and
Bluetooth 4.0 connectivity. This frees up many of the connections that would have been
made over USB, such as a Wi Fi dongle and a USB keyboard and mouse if substituting a

10
Bluetooth keyboard/mouse. The Raspberry Pi Zero V1.3+ and all Zero Ws have an onboard
camera connector. This can be used to attach the Raspberry Pi Camera module. However, the
connector is a 22pin 0.5mm and different than the standard Pi. You will need a different
cable to connect the camera to the Pi Zero W.

Last, you may notice two sets of thruhole pads labelled TV and Run. The TV pads
allow you to connect an RCA jack to the board instead of using the HDMI out. The Run pins
connect to the chips reset pin and will either turn the board off or turn it back on once it has
been shut down. Connecting a button here is a good way to power cycle your board.

Specification of RPi

Table No 4.1: Raspberry Pi Specification

Parameter Value Unit

Operating Voltage 9-12V V AC/DC Power Supply
Operating Current 150 mA
Sensitivity -160 dBm
Channels 65 65 Parallel channels all in view
searching L1 C/A code
Protocol output boud rate 9600 Bps no handshaking (8-N-1)
Protocol format NMEA0183 V 3.01 GGA,GLL,GSA,GSV,RMC,VTG
Output Voltage level RS232 level +12/- Can connect directly to PC serial
12 port
Frequancy 1,1575.42 Mhz
C/A Code 1.023 Mhz chip rate
Accuracy in Position 5 Meters
Accuracy in Velocity 0.1 Meters/Second
Accuracy in Time 0.1 Microsecond.Sync GPS time
Datum WGS84(Default) Total 219 datum’s
Time to First Fix for first power 33 Second Approx.
on
Time to Reacquisition 2 Second
Update Rate 1 Hz
Acceleration Limit 4 G
Altitude Limit 18,000 Meters
Velocity Limit 515 Meters/Second
Jerk Limit 20 Meters/Second3
Operating Temperature -40 to +85 Degree Celcius

11
Features

 High sensitivity -160dBm

 Searching up to 65 Channel of satellites

 LED indicating data output

 Low power consumption

 GPS L1 C/A Code

 Supports NMEA0183 V 3.01 data protocol

 Real time navigation for location based services

 Works from +12V DC signal and outputs 9600 bps serial data

 Magnetic base active antenna with 3 meter wire length for vehicle rooftop installation

4.2 Technical Specification

These can be found elsewhere on element14 already, but it seems like they ought to be here
too, for the sake of completion.

 CPU: Broadcom BCM2835, which can run at up to 1GHz.

 RAM: 512MB

 Power: 5V, supplied via micro USB connector, drawing 160mA (even when
connected to an HD display).

 Dimensions: 65mm x 30mm x 5mm

 Video & Audio: 1080P HD video output. Audio output via mini-HDMI connector.

 Storage: MicroSD card.

 Operating System: Linux, installed via NOOBS.

 1GHz, single-core CPU

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  512MB RAM

 Mini-HDMI port

 Micro-USB On-The-Go port

4.3 Working

The system is designed for women safety and alert to their family and police in case
of danger sensed by the system. We have used a push button i.e. a switch and this switch is
interfaced with the raspberry pi zero board. This is a wearable device; the woman has to wear
it during the navigation in odd hours. When the user senses a danger she needs to press the
switch in the system.

As soon as the switch gets pressed the system gets activated. At this stage the
controller board activates the GPS modem to gather location coordinates of the system i.e.
user and also activates camera which will capture the image of the culprit or any danger in
front of the user. The raspberry pi controller collects all the data from GPS and image from
the camera and by using email services send these data to the family members of the user as
well as to the police for providing immediate help to her.

 Micro-USB power

 HAT-compatible 40-pin header

 Composite video and reset headers

 CSI camera connector

 802.11n wireless LAN

 Bluetooth 4.0

4.4 ARDUINO Mega

We successfully implemented the system and acquired the desired output. The safety
system for women has been developed with such a motivation that the women are provide
with safe environment under all circumstances. The MEGA 2560 is used for more complex
projects. With 16 analog inputs, 54 digital I/O pins and a larger space for our sketch it is the

13
recommended board for 3D printers and robotics projects. This gives our project plenty
opportunities.

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board which is based on the

ATmega2560. It consist 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), 54 digital
input/output pins, 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a power jack, a USB connection, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. Which needed to support the microcontroller; simply connecting
it to a system with a USB cable or power it with an adapter (AC- to-DC) or a battery to get
started. The Mega 2560 board is compatible.

Arduino Boards have revitalized the automation industry with their easy to use
platform where everyone with little or no technical background can get started with
learning some basic skills to program and run the board. All other boards function similarly
in one way or the other. There are some basic features like PCB layout design, size,
number of analog pins and breadboard friendly nature that make them different from each
other. In terms of coding, all these boards are programmed in Arduino IDE software and
we don't need to attach extra components or devices to put them in the running condition.
Everything is already built in the board that t makes this device readily available. Just plug
and play with the board as per our requirement.

All the boards mentioned above work perfectly for a number of Arduino Projects
when we require a simple task to be completed with less number of I/O pins and memory.
However, when the nature of project goes complex, a board with less memory fails to
complete the task. This is where Arduino Mega 2560 comes handy. Thanks to technology
that keep our covered in every aspect and provides support in any way when it comes to
fulfilling your technical needs.

One of the feature of Arduino mega is Multitasking which comes handy.

However, Arduino IDE Software doesn't support multitasking feature but you'll use other
operating systems like FreeRTOS and RTX to jot down computer programme for this
purpose. this provides you the pliability of using your own custom build program using ISP
connector.KSE-100 index is an index of 100 companies selected from 580 companies on
the basis of sector leading and market capitalization.

14
 Figure No 4.2: ARDUINO Mega

It represents almost 80% weight of the total market capitalization of KSE. It reflects
different sector company’s performance and productivity. It is the performance indicator or
benchmark of all listed companies of KSE. So it can be regarded as universe of the
study.Non-financial firms listed at KSE-100 Index (74 companies according to the page of
KSE visited on 20.5.2015) are treated as universe of the study and the study have selected
sample from these companies.

The study comprised of non-financial companies listed at KSE-100 Index and 30

actively traded companies are selected on the bases of market capitalization.And 2015 is
taken as base year for KSE-100 index.

GPS satellites circle the world twice day after day in an exceedingly precise orbit.
Each satellite transmits a completely unique signal and orbital parameters that allow GPS
devices to decode and compute the precise location of the satellite. To calculat e a user's
exact location, GPS receivers use this information and tri-lateration. Essentially, the GPS
receiver measures the space to each satellite by the amount of some time it takes to receive
a transmitted signal. With distance measurements from some more satellites, the receiver
can determine a user's position and display it electronically to measure your running route,
map a links, find how home or adventure anywhere.To calculate your 2-D position (latitude
and longitude) and track movement, a GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of a
minimum of three satellites. With 4 or more satellites seeable, the receiver can determine
your 3-D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Generally, a GPS receiver will track 8
or more satellites, but that depends on the time of day and where you're on the earth.
Some devices can do all of that from our wrist.

15
 There are two basic sorts of services offered through GSM: telephony (also brought
up as telleservices) and data (also observed as bearer services). Telephony services are
mainly voice services that provide subscribers with the whole capability (including
necessary terminal equipment) to speak with other subscribers. Data services provide the
capacity necessary to transmit appropriate data signals between two access points creating
an interface to the network. additionally to normal telephony and emergency calling, the
subsequent subscriber services are supported by GSM:

a) dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF)—DTMF could be a tone signaling scheme

often used for various control purposes via the phone network, like remote of an
electronic device. GSM supports full-originating DTMF.

b) facsimile group III—GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. As standard fax

machines are designed to be connected to a telephone using analog signals, a special
fax converter connected to the exchange is employed within the GSM system. this
allows a GSM–connected fax to speak with any analog fax within the network.

c) short message services—Convenient facility of the GSM network is that the short
message service. A message consisting of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric
characters is sent to or from a mobile station. This service will be viewed as a
sophisticated type of alphanumeric paging with variety of benefits. If the customer
mobile phone is switch off or not reachable area, the information is stored and send
back to the sender when the mobile is switch on or has reached the signal coverage
area of the network. This function ensures that the text message are going to be
received.

d) cell broadcast—A variation of the short message service is that the cell broadcast
facility. A message of a maximum of 93 characters may be broadcast to any or all
mobile subscribers in a very certain geographic region. Typical applications include
traffic jam warnings and reports on accidents.

e) voice mail—This service is truly an electronic device within the network, which is
controlled by the subscriber. Calls may be forwarded to the subscriber's voice-mail
box and therefore the subscriber checks for messages via a private security code.

16
 f) fax mail—With this service, the receiver can get a fax messages from any other fax
machine. The messages are stored during a service center from which they will be
retrieved by the subscriber via a private security code to the specified fax number.

4.5 Heart beat sensor

The bright infrared (IR) LED and a phototransistor is used to detect the pulse of the
finger, a red LED flashes with each an every pulse. The working of Pulse monitor: The
LED(Light emitting diode) is on the light side of the finger, and on the another side of the
finger is phototransistor, which is used to obtain the flux emitted, when the blood pressure
pulse by the finger when the resistance of the photo transistor will be slightly varied.

The project's schematic circuit as shown in the Fig. 4, Here we choose a very high
level resistance resistor R1, because mostly the light passes through the finger which is
absorbed, it is useful that the phototransistor is sensitive enough. The fore most important
thing is to keeping the shield stray light into the phototransistor. For that the home lighting
is particularly important hence the lights at home mostly based 50HZ or 60HZ fluctuate, so
heartbeat will adding considerable noise. When running the program the measured values
are printed. To getting a real heartbeat from this could be a very challenging

4.6 Night vision camera

In This System We Are Attaching A Camera On this device which will Capture The
Image Of Culprit. So That It Will Be Easy For Police To Search The Culprit. A webcam is a
camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through internet. When "captured" by
the camera, may be saved, viewed or sent via systems such as the internet, and email as an
attachment. In this module, Raspberry Pi zero is used to connect the web camera to capture
the footage and to connect to the Internet for sending and receiving data. Raspberry Pi
executes the processing of all the data and after the data is analysed then the set actions are
triggered. Night visibility: 8 PCS LEDs for IR illumination. Vision extends up to 8
meters at night. Input/Output: Mic&Speaker built-in. Supports bidirectional audio, simple
contact.

17
 Figure No 4.3: Camera

Camera ov7677:

 Optical size 1/6 inch

 Resolution 640×480 VGA

 On-board regulator, only single 3.3V supply needed

 Standard 0.1inch (2.54mm) pin pitch header connector

 Mounted with high quality F1.8 / 6mm lens

 Output support for Raw RGB, RGB (GRB 4:2:2, RGB565/555/444), YUV
(4:2:2) and YCbCr (4:2:2) formats

 High sensitivity for low-light operation

 Low operating voltage for embedded portable apps

 Standard SCCB interface compatible with I2C interface

 Supports image sizes: VGA, CIF, and any size scaling down from CIF to 40×30

 VarioPixel® method for sub-sampling

 Automatic image control functions including: Automatic

 Band Filter (ABF), and Automatic Black-Level

18
 Calibration (ABLC)

 Image quality controls including color saturation, hue, gamma, sharpness (edge
enhancement), and anti- blooming

 ISP includes noise reduction and defect correction

 Supports LED and flash strobe mode

 Supports scaling

 Lens shading correction

 Flicker (50/60 Hz) auto detection

 Saturation level auto adjust (UV adjust)

Table No 4.2: Camera Specification

Camera Module v1 Camera Module v2

Net price $25 $25
Size Around 25 × 24 × 9 mm
Weight 3g 3g
Still resolution 5 Megapixels 8 Megapixels
Video modes 1080p30, 720p60 and 640 × 1080p30, 720p60 and 640 ×
480p60/90 480p60/90
Linux integration V4L2 driver available V4L2 driver available
C programming API Open MAX IL and others Open MAX IL and others
available available
Sensor Omni Vision OV5647 Sony IMX219
Sensor resolution 2592 × 1944 pixels 3280 × 2464 pixels
Sensor image area 3.76 × 2.74 mm 3.68 x 2.76 mm (4.6 mm
diagonal)
Pixel size 1.4 µm × 1.4 µm 1.12 µm x 1.12 µm
Optical size 1/4" 1/4"

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Full-frame SLR lens 35 mm
equivalent
S/N ratio 36 dB
Dynamic range 67 dB @ 8x gain
Sensitivity 680 mV/lux-sec
Dark current 16 mV/sec @ 60 C
Well capacity 4.3 Ke-
Fixed focus 1 m to infinity
Focal length 3.60 mm +/- 0.01 3.04 mm
Horizontal field of 53.50 +/- 0.13 degrees 62.2 degrees
view
Vertical field of view 41.41 +/- 0.11 degrees 48.8 degrees
Focal ratio (F-Stop) 2.9 2.0

Table No 4.3: Camera Feature

Available Implemented
Chief ray angle correction Yes
Global and rolling shutter Rolling shutter
Automatic exposure control (AEC) No - done by ISP instead
Automatic white balance (AWB) No - done by ISP instead
Automatic black level calibration (ABLC) No - done by ISP instead
Automatic 50/60 Hz luminance detection No - done by ISP instead
Frame rate up to 120 fps Max 90fps. Limitations on frame size for
the higher frame rates (VGA only for
above 47fps)
AEC/AGC16-zone size/position/weight No - done by ISP instead
control
Mirror and flip Yes
Cropping No - done by ISP instead (except 1080p

20
 mode)
Lens correction No - done by ISP instead
Defective pixel cancelling No - done by ISP instead
10-bit RAW RGB data Yes - format conversions available via
GPU
Support for LED and flash strobe mode LED flash
Support for internal and external frame No
synchronization for frame exposure mode
Support for 2 × 2 binning for better SNR Anything outputs res below 1296 x 976
in low light conditions will use the 2 x 2 binned mode
Support for horizontal and vertical sub- Yes, via binning and skipping
sampling
On-chip phase lock loop (PLL) Yes
Standard serial SCCB interface Yes
Digital video port (DVP) parallel output No
interface
MIPI interface (two lanes) Yes
32 bytes of embedded one-time No
programmable (OTP) memory
Embedded 1.5V regulator for core power Yes

Table No 4.4 Camera Software Feature

Picture formats JPEG (accelerated), JPEG + RAW, GIF, BMP, PNG, YUV420,
RGB888

Video formats raw h.264 (accelerated)

Effects negative, solarize, posterize, whiteboard, blackboard, sketch,

denoise, emboss, oil paint, hatch, glen, pastel, water color, film,

21
 blur, saturation

Exposure modes auto, night, night preview, backlight, spotlight, sports, snow,
beach, very long, fix edfps, antishake, fireworks

Metering modes average, spot, backlit, matrix

Automatic white off, auto, sun, cloud, shade, tungsten, fluorescent, incandescent,
balance modes flash, horizon

Triggers Keypress, UNIX signal, timeout

Extra modes demo, burst/timelapse, circular buffer, video with motion

vectors, segmented video, live preview on 3D models

Features:

 Fixed focus lens on-board

 5-megapixel native resolution sensor-capable of 640 × 480-pixel static images

 Supports 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 video

 Size 25mm x 23mm x 9mm

 Weight just over 3g

 Connects to the Raspberry Pi board via a short ribbon cable (supplied)

 Camera v2 is supported in the latest version of Raspbian, Raspberry Pi's preferred

operating system

Applications

 Car Navigation and Marine Navigation, Fleet Management

22
  Automotive Navigator Tracking, Vehicle Tracking

 AVL and Location-Based Services

 Auto Pilot, Personal Navigation or touring devices

 Tracking devices/systems and Mapping devices application Emergency Locator

 Geographic Surveying

 Personal Positioning

 Sporting and Recreation

 Embedded applications which needs to be aware of its location on earth

4.7 Rechargeable Battery

Solar power can be stored in the rechargeable battery and can be further used for the
grass cutting machine to run. A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or accumulator is a type
of electrical battery. It comprises of one or more electrochemical cells, and is a type of
energy accumulator. It is known as a secondary cell because its electrochemical reactions are
electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes,
ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical
distribution network.

Figure No 4.4 Rechargeable Battery

Features:

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Rechargeable.
Recyclable.
No Memory Effect.

Able to use for most of the 12V controllers, motors or any other appliances.

Specification:

 Voltage: 12V

 Capacity: 1.3Ah

 Size: 98mm x 43mm x 52 mm

 Weight: 0.450kg

4.8 Power Supply

In this system since the unit is implemented on the jacket and moving with the soldier
a 12V battery is used to provide the required power supply to the soldier unit. Since a
microcontroller and some other circuit components requires 5v regulated supply a regulator
IC is used in the power supply field.

4.8.1 Voltage Regulator 7805

Features

 Output Current up to 1A.

 Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

 Thermal Overload Protection.

 Short Circuit Protection.

 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

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 Figure No 4.5: Voltage Regulator 7805

Description

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in

the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a
Wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown
and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat
sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as
fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain
adjustable voltages and currents.

4.9 Absolute Maximum Ratings

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 Table No 4.5: Ratings of the Voltage Regulator

Parameter Symbol Value Unit

Input voltage (for VO=5V to 18V) VI 35 V

(for VO=24V) VI 40 V

Thermal Resistance Junction-Cases ReJC 5 0

C/W
(TO-220)
Thermal Resistance Junction-Air ReJA 65 0
C/W
(TO-220)
Operating temperature Range TOPR 0 ~ +125 0
C
(KA78XX/A/R)
Storage temperature Range TSTG -65 ~ +150 0
C

Filter

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
battery and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains
voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage
received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of
this filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power
supplies for cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from
the supply. This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not
critical and can be relatively high.

4.10 Nerve Stimulator Sensor

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 It’s an electrifying time to be in neuroscience. Using implanted devices that send
pulses of electricity through the nervous system, physicians are learning how to influence
the neural systems that control people’s bodies and minds

Figure No 4.6: Nerve Stimulator Sensor

Fig
ure
No

4.7: Nerve Stimulator Sensor

These devices give neurologists new ways to treat patients with a wide range of
disorders, including epilepsy, chronic pain, depression, and Parkinson’s disease. So far,
these stimulators have been one-way devices that deliver a steady sequence of pulses to the
nervous system but can’t react to changes in the patient’s body. Now, at last, medical
device companies are coming out with d ynamic neural stimulators that have a bit of brain
themselves.

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4.11 Zigbee Protocol

Figure No 4.8: Zigbee Protocol

The nRF24L01+ is a single chip 2.4GHz transceiver with an embedded baseband

protocol engine (Enhanced ShockBurst™), suitable for ultra-low power wireless
applications. The nRF24L01+ is designed for operation in the world wide ISM frequency
band at 2.400 - 2.4835GHz.

To design a radio system with the nRF24L01+, you simply need an MCU
(microcontroller) and a few external passive components. We can operate and
configure the nRF24L01+ through a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The register map,
which is accessible through the SPI, contains all configuration registers in the nRF24L01+
and is accessible in all operation modes of the chip.

The embedded baseband protocol engine (Enhanced ShockBurst™) is based on

packet communication and supports various modes from manual operation to advanced
autonomous protocol operation. Internal FIFOs ensure a smooth data flow between the r
adio front end and the system’s MCU. Enhanced Shock- Burst™ reduces system cost by
handling all the high speed link layer operations. The radio front end uses GFSK
modulation. It has user configurable parameters like frequency channel, output power
and air data rate. NRF24L01+ supports an air data rate of 250 kbps, 1 Mbps and 2Mbps.
The high air data rate combined with two powers saving modes make the nRF24L01+ very

28
suitable for ultra-low power designs. NRF24L01+ is drop-in compatible with nRF24L01 and
on-air compatible with nRF2401A, nRF2402, nRF24E1 and nRF24E2.

Inter modulation and wideband blocking values in nRF24L01+ are much improved
in comparison to the nRF24L01 and the addition of internal filtering to nRF24L01+ has
improved the margins for meeting RF regulatory standards. Internal voltage regulators
ensure a high Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) and a wide power supply range.

4.12 Buzzer

A "piezo buzzer" is basically a tiny speaker that we can connect directly to an

Arduino. "Piezoelectricity" is an effect where certain crystals will change shape when you
apply electricity to them. By applying an electric signal at the right frequency, the crystal
can make sound.

Figure No 4.9: Buzzer

If our buzzer has a sticker on top of it, pull the sticker off. Connect one pin (it
doesn't matter which one) to the Arduino' s ground (Gnd) and the other end to digital pin 8.
From the Arduino, we can make sounds with a buzzer by using tone. we have to tell it
which pin the buzzer is on, what frequency (in Hertz, Hz) we want, and how long (in
milliseconds) we want it to keep making the t one.

4.13 LCD

29
 The Liquid Crystal library allows us to control LCD displays that are compatible
with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually
tell them by the 16-pin interface. The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the
microcontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at once to control the display.
The interface consists of the following pins: A register select (RS) pin that controls where
in the LCD's memory you're writing data to. You can select either the data register, which
holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction register, which is where the LCD's
controller looks for instructions on what to do next.

A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode. An Enable pin
that enables writing to the registers. 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or
low) are the bits that you're writing to a register when you write, or the values you're
reading when you read. There's also a display constrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V
and Gnd) and LED Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD,
control the display contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively

Figure No
4.10: LED

The
process of
controlling the
display
involves
putting the data that form the image of what you want to display into the data registers, then
putting instructions in the instruction register. The Hitachi-compatible LCDs can be
controlled in two modes: 4-bit or 8-bit. The 4-bit mode requires seven I/O pins from the
Arduino, while the 8-bit mode requires 11 pins.

4.14 Sound sensor

One type of module is used to detect the sound is a sound sensor. This module is
usually used for measuring the sound strength. This system uses a microphone to provide
buffer data, peak detector, and an amplifier. This sensor detects a vibration and processes a
microcontroller’s voltage signal to o/p.

30
 Figure No 4.11: Sound Sensor

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC

 LM393 comparator with threshold preset

 PCB Size: 3.4cm * 1.6cm

 Induction distance: 0.5 Meter

 Operating current:  4~5 mA

 Microphone Sensitivity (1kHz): 52 to 48 dB

 Easy to use with Microcontrollers or even with normal Digital/Analog IC

 Small, cheap and easily available

In this system we have used a microphone module interfaced with the microcontroller.
This module is used in emergency when there is any danger sensed by the woman she can
speak in this microphone or make any noise for help. The microcontroller receives signal
from this microphone and sends an email which includes the picture of the surrounding and
the GPS location of that woman to provide help.

4.15 12v DC Gear motor

Specifications and Features:-

 RPM: 100.

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  Operating Voltage: 12V DC

 Gearbox: Attached Plastic (spur)Gearbox

 Shaft diameter: 6mm with internal hole

 Torque: 2 kg-cm 

 No-load current = 60 mA(Max)

 Load current = 300 mA(Max).

Figure No 4.12: 12v DC Gear motor

4.16 Infrared sensor

An electronic infrared sensor system that problems certain elements of the

atmosphere to be sensed. An IR sensor can calculate the heat of a given object and can also
detect the motion. Such sensors forms monitor only for infrared radiation, rather than the so
called passive IR sensor emitting it

32
 Figure No 4.13: Infrared Sensor

4.17 GPS Module

GPS Modem (Global Positioning System) for our esteemed customers. Their compact
board size makes it easy to integrate them with handheld devices. Suitable for embedded
applications, these modems have caught the attention of a large number of customers. Owing
to their energy efficiency and immaculate design, these modems are highly appreciated by the
customers. GPS is used to track the device. GPS gives a position of a device in terms of
latitude longitude and altitude. GPS is used to track moving device using satellite signal.
When GPS is used there is communication between GPS transceiver and GPS satellite.

GPS module acts as the satellite and receives the data frequently and transmits
similarly to the RS32.It is developed by US department of defense (DOD) .The
antenna input of the module receive the GPS signals, and a complete sequential data
message with area , acceleration, and time information is pressed at the serial line.
altitude, speed, and travel direction among other data and can be used in many
applications including navigation, fleet management, tracking system, mapping and robotics.

Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS
receivers, use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus
precise time. GPS receivers provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to
worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the
Earth.

Ultra-sensitive GPS receiver can acquire GPS signals from 65 channels of satellites
and output position data with high accuracy in extremely challenging environments and
under poor signal conditions due to its active antenna and high sensitivity. The GPS
receiver’s -160dBm tracking sensitivity allows continuous position coverage in nearly all
application environments. The output is serial data of 9600 baud rate which is standard
NMEA 0183 v3.0 protocol offering industry standard data messages and a command set for
easy interface to mapping software and embedded devices.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is global navigation satellite system which uses
a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise

33
microwave signals that enable GPS receivers to determine their location, speed, direction,
and time.

GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for
map-making, land surveying, commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance, and
hobbies such as geo-caching and way marking. Also, the precise time reference is used in
many applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a time synchronization
source for cellular network protocols. GPS has become a mainstay of transportation systems
worldwide, providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime operations. Disaster
relief and emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities in their
life-saving missions. The accurate timing that GPS provides facilitates everyday activities
such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids. Farmers,
surveyors, geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely,
economically, and accurately using the free and open GPS signals.

Figure No 4.14: GPS Block Diagram

The GPS Receiver consists of two units, first is active antenna which receives RF
signals and amplifies it. The antenna is active in the sense it takes power from the module
and amplifies the signal for high sensitivity. The RF signal is filtered and processed to
generate NMEA format serial data output.

Software Description

The Arduino (IDE), An Integrated Development Environment is a software

application that provides facilities the computer programmer for software development.
It containing text editor to a write code, message area, text console, toolbar with buttons

34
for common functions and a series of menus. To upload programs and communicate with
them by connecting to the Arduino and Genuino hardware.

Writing a Program using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These
sketches allowing a programmer to write a program within the text editor which is saved
with the file extension of .ino. The editor has cutting/pasting and searching/replacing text
features. The message area provides the feedback while saving the program and exporting
and also displaying the errors. The Input and output console displays the text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), which includes the complete error messages and other
information. the another side mid corner of the window displays the configuration oft
boards and ports. The toolbar buttons allow us to check and upload programs, create, open,
and save sketches, and open the serial monitor

When we upload a sketch, by using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that
has been loaded on to the microcontroller on our board. It allows us to upload code
without using any additional hardware. When the board resets, the bootloader is active
for a few seconds; then it starts whenever sketch recently uploaded to the microcontroller.
The boot loader will blink the on -board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board
resets).

4.18 Advantages

 Safety Device which can be carried by everyone

 Ultra low power consumption.

 Compact in size.

 Wireless connectivity.

 Easy and fast to install.

4.19 Applications

 Can be used for the safety of women.

 Can be used for the safety of children.

35
  Can be used for the safety of elderly aged people.

 Can be used for the safety of physically challenged people.

Chapter-5

CONCLUSION

The proposed design will deal with critical issues faced by women in the near past
and will help to solve them with technologically sound equipments and ideas. This system
can overcome the fear that scares every women in the country about her safety and security.
The existing applications for women security and comes out with an innovative idea for
security and protection for women and more research is possible with introducing IoT
technology where people and objects form a network. Women’s security is a critical and
social issue in today’s world. The crime against the women can be now brought to an end
with the help of real system implementation of propose model.

36
 FUTURE SCOPE

In future, we also interface this system with Smart Phone or Mobile 

A solar cell can be inserted in the wearable device and used to power the band to
extend the battery life. The band can then be worn around the clock, seven days a week,
without needing to be recharged. Instead of sending text messages using the victim's own
phone number, we can use the GCM and XMPP servers to allocate a specific ID and send
messages over a packet data network, preserving the victim's identity.

The wristband would also have a small camera mounted in it to provide better proof
of the crime and evidence against the defendant. The camera will record the crime and serve
as proof of the assailant's identity, which can be used in court.

37
 REFERENCES

[1] Saranya M.C.A, Mr. K. Karthik MCA., PG Scholar, Assistant Professor “Women Safety
Application Using Android Mobile.”

[2] Daniel Clement, Kush Trivedi, Saloni Agarwal, shikha Singh “AVR Microcontroller
Based Wearable Jacket for Women Safety”.

[3] Deepak Sharma ,Abhijit Paradkar “All in one Intelligent Safety System for Women
Security”

[4] Dr. Sridhar Mandapati, Sravya Pamidi, Sriharitha Ambati.” A Mobile Based Women
Safety Application”.

[5] Vigneswari, P., et al. "Automated Security System using Surveillance''." International
journal of current engineering and technology 5.2 (2015): 882-884.

[6] Chougula, Basavaraj, et al. "Smart girls security system." International Journal of
Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management 3.4 (2014).

[7] Paradkar, Abhijit, and Deepak Sharma. "All in one Intelligent Safety System for Women
Security." International Journal of Computer Applications (0975–8887) Volume (2015).

[8] ShaikMazharHussain. " Women Security System.", International Journal of Advanced

Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 3 Issue 3, March
2014

[9] Shruthi, G., et al. "Smart Safety Device for Security of Women." i-Manager's Journal on
Embedded Systems 5.2 (2016): 1.

[10] Shreyas, R. S., et al. "Design and Development of Women Self Defence Smart Watch
Prototype." International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication
Engineering 5.4 (2016).

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