Migration

The Contemporary World

Group 4
John Patric Dela Cruz
Leighmer Demonteverde
Desiree Delossantos
Dennis Em
Kimberly Manalo
Ella Mae Nolasco
Angelo Pagaspas
 WHAT IS MIGRATION IN GLOBALIZATION PERSPECTIVE?
The core idea is that growing social, economic, and cultural
interconnectedness epitomized by the concept of “globalization” has
facilitated migration in ever greater numbers between an increasingly
diverse and geographically distant array of destination and origin countries.
 Internal Migration V.S. International Migration
Internal migration- refers to people moving from one area to
another within one country; and

International migration- in which people cross borders of one

country to another.
 3 Internal Migration
1. Determinants of Internal
Migration- Age, Education, Distance,
Unemployed, and Wage differential

2. Return and Repeat Migration

3. Family Migration

Source- Migration, Economics of G.J.

Borjas, in International Encyclopedia of
the Social and Behavioral Sciences,
2001
5 Types of International Migration
1. IMMIGRANT- are those who move
permanently to another country

2. WORKERS- stays in another country

for a fixed period at least 6 months in a
year for work

3. ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS- violation of

the immigration laws of that country or
the continued residence without the
legal right to live in that country
5 Types of International Migration
4. PETITIONED- are migrants whose
families have them to move to the
destination county.

5. REFUGEES- refugees also known as

asylum-seekers, those unable or
unwilling to return because of a well-
founded fear of persecution on account
of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group,
or political opinion.
Internal Migration Rural-Urban: Industrialized Countries
P. Rees, in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2001

“The countries of North America and Australasia have higher rates

Of migration activity than those in Europe. Within Europe rates are
higher in North and Northwest Europe than in South and East Europe.”

“In many countries the direction of internal migration has

shifted to deconcentration from large cities to smaller towns
and rural settlements. However, this phenomenon, called counterurbanization”
 Migration to the United States: Gender Aspects
S. Pedraza, in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 2001
According to Parr in 1987 Emigration can be sex-selective and create sex imbalances in both the
old and new country

While Tyree and Donato in 1986 said that women predominate among immigrants to Argentina,
Israel, and the US, and are a growing share of migrants in West Africa and the Persian Gulf.

In Africa and South Asia, men migrate to cities and women stay in rural areas to farm, but in
Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Philippines, most urban migrants are women based upon Khoo et al.
1984, Lee 1989, Hojman 1989, Gugler 1989
• Demographers estimate that 247 million people are currently living outside the
countries of their birth.

• Ninety percent of them moved for economic reasons while the remaining 10 percent
were refugees and asylum-seekers.

• The top three regions of origin are Latin America 18 percent of global
total, followed by Eastern Europe and Central Asia 16 percent, and the
Middle East and North Africa 14 percent.
• On a per country basis, India, Mexico, and China are leading, with the Philippines,
together with Afghanistan, only ranking 6th in the world.

• The top 10 country destinations of these migrants are mainly in the West and the
Middle East, with the United States topping the list.

• Fifty percent of global migrants have moved from the developing

countries to the developed zones of the world and contribute anywhere
from 40 to 80 percent of their labor force.
• Their growth has outstripped the population growth in the developed countries 3
percent versus only 0.6 percent, such that today, according to the think-tank
McKinsey Global Institute first-generation immigrants constitute 13 percent of
the population in Western Europe, 15 percent in North America, and 48 percent in
the GCC countries.

• The majority of migrants remain in the cities. The percentages of

migrants in cities are 92 percent in the United States, 95 percent in the
United Kingdom and 99 percent in Australia. Once settled, they contribute
enormously to raising the productivity of their host countries.
• The migrant influx has led to a debate in destination countries over the issue of
whether migrants are assets or liabilities to national development. Anti immigrant
groups and nationalists argue that governments must control legal immigration
and put a stop to illegal entry of foreigners.

• Many of these anti-immigrant groups are gaining influence through

political leaders who share their beliefs.
FOR EXAMPLE

• Ex-US President Donald Trump and UK Prime Minister Theresa May, who have been
reversing the existing pro-immigration and refugee sympathetic policies of their
states.

• Most recently, Trump attempted to ban travel into the United States of people
from majority-Muslim countries, even those with proper documentation.

• He also continues to speak about his election promise of building a wall

between the United States and Mexico.
• Furthermore, the 2013 report on government welfare spending by Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development OECD clearly shows that native-born
citizens still receive higher support compared to immigrants.
• The massive inflow of refugees from Syria and Iraq has raised alarm bells once
again, but has not proved to be as damaging as expected.

• The International Monetary Fund predicted that the flow of refugees fleeing the
war in Syria and Iraq would actually grow Europe's GDP, albeit modestly.

• In Germany, the inflow of refugees from the Middle East has not affected social
welfare programs, and had very little impact on wages and employment.

• In fact, they have brought much-needed labor to the economy instead.

 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
Even if 90 percent of the value generated by migrant workers
remains in their host countries, they have sent billions back to
their home countries in 2014 their remittances totaled 580
billion.

ln 2014, India held the highest recorded remittance 70 billion,

followed by China 62 billion, the Philippines 28 billion, and
Mexico 525 billion.
 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
These remittances make significant contributions to the
development of small and medium-term industries that help
generate jobs.

Remittances likewise change the economic and social standing of

migrants, as shown by new or renovated homes and their
relatives' access to new consumer goods.

The purchasing power of a migrant's family doubles and makes it

possible for children to start or continue their schooling
 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
Yet, there remain serious concerns about the economic
sustainability of those reliant on migrant monies.

The Asian Development Bank or ADB observes that in countries

like the Philippines, remittances do not have a significant
influence on other key items of consumption or investment such
as spending on education and health care.”

Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting households out of

poverty, but not in rebalancing growth, especially in the long
run.
 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
More importantly, global migration is siphoning qualified
personnel, and removing dynamic young workers.

This process has often been referred to as brain drain.

According again to the McKinsey Global Institute, countries in
sub-Saharan Africa and Asia have lost one-third of their college
graduates.

Sixty percent of those who moved to OECD destinations were

college graduates, compared to just 9 percent of the overall
population in the country.
 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
Fifty-two percent of Filipinos who leave for work in the developed
world have tertiary education, which is more than double the 23
percent of the overall Filipino population.

Furthermore, the loss of professionals in certain key roles, such as

doctors, has been detrimental to the migrants home countries.

In 2006, some 15 percent of locally trained doctors from 21 sub

Saharan African countries had emigrated to the United States or
Canada; the losses were particularly steep in Liberia where 43 percent
of doctors left, Ghana 30 percent, and Uganda 20 percent.
 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
Governments are aware of this long term handicap, but have no choice but to
continue promoting migrant work as part of state policy because of the
remittances' impact on GDP - They are equally concerned with generating jobs
for an under-utilized workforce and in getting the maximum possible inflow of
worker remittances.

Governments are thus actively involved in the recruitment and deployment of

works, some of them setting up special departments like the Bureau of
Manpower, Employment and Training in Bangladesh: the Office of the Protector
of Emigrants within the Indian Labor Ministry; and the Philippine Overseas
Employment Agency POEA.

The sustainability of migrant dependent economies will partially depend on the

strength of these institutions.
 The Problem of Human Trafficking
On top of the issue of brain drain, sending states must likewise
protect migrant workers.

The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation lists human

trafficking as the third largest criminal activity worldwide In 2012.
 The Problem of Human Trafficking
the International Labour Organization or ILO identified 21 million
men, women, and children as victims of forced labor an appealing
three out every 1,000 persons worldwide. 90 percent of the victims
187 million are exploited by private enterprises and entrepreneurs,
22 percent 4.5 million are sexually abused; and 68 percent 14.2 Million
work under compulsion in agricultural, manufacturing,
infrastructure, and domestic activities.
 The Problem of Human Trafficking
Human trafficking has been very profitable, earning syndicates,
smugglers, and corrupt state officials profits of as high as 10 billion
a year in 2014.

Governments, the private sector, and civil society groups have worked
together to combat human trafficking yet the results remain uneven.

The state and elsewhere The drawback of these networks is that

instead of facilitating integration, they exacerbate differences and
discrimination.
 The Problem of Human Trafficking
Governments and private businesses have made policy changes to
address integration problems, like using multiple languages in state
documents in the case of the United States, Spanish and English.

Training programs complemented with counseling have also helped

migrant integration in Hamburg, Germany, while retail merchants in
Barcelona have brought in migrant shopkeepers to break down
language barriers while introducing Chinese culture to citizens,
Whether these initiatives will succeed or remains an open question.
 Conclusion
Hence, it is inevitable that countries will have to open up again to
prevent their economies from stagnating or even collapsing.

The various responses to these movements-xenophobia and extreme

nationalism in the receiving countries; dependency in the sending
countries will continue to be pressing issues.
Any question ?