KIOT – DEPARTMENT OF IT & CSBS POSSIBLE QUESTION MA8351-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

UNIT-4 ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURE

PART – A
Definition with example
(i). Group (vii). Cyclic Group (xiii). Commutative Ring
(ii). Semi Group (viii). Co-set (xiv). Integral Domain
(iii). Monoid (ix). Symmetric Group. (xv). Field
(iv). Abelian Group. (x). Group Homomorphism (xvi). Ring Homomorphism
(v). Subgroup (xi). Group Isomorphism
(vi). Normal Subgroup (xii). Ring
1. Prove that identity element is unique in a group.
2. Prove that in any group, identity element is the only idempotent element.
3. Show that the set of all real numbers R under usual addition as a binary operation is an abelian group.
4. Prove that every subgroup of an abelian group is normal.
5. Prove that the identity of a subgroup is the same as that of the group.
6. If a and b are any two elements of a group (G, *), show that G is an abelian group if and only if

(a * b)2 = a2* b2.

7. Obtain all the distinct left co-sets of {[0],[3]} in the group (Z6,+6) and find their union.
8. Let G={1,–1,i,–i} be a group and H={1,–1} is a subgroup of G under multiplication. Find all the co-sets of
H.

9. Let G = {1, a, a2, a3}, a4 = 1, be a group and H = {1, a2} is a subgroup of G under multiplication. Find all
the co-sets of H.
10. Show that the set of all elements a of a group (G,*) such that a*x=x*a for every x in G is a subgroup of G.
11. State Lagrange’s theorem in group theory.
12. State Cayley’s theorem in group theory.

13. If' a' is a generator of a cyclic group G, then show that a-1 is also a generator of G.
14. Is it true that (𝒁∗𝟓 , 𝑿𝟓 ) a cyclic group? Justify your answer.
15. Show that every cyclic group is abelian.
16. 𝒇: (𝑮,∗) → (𝑯, ∆) be a group homomorphism. Then prove that [𝒇(𝒂)]−𝟏 = 𝒇(𝒂−𝟏 ), ∀𝒂 ∈ 𝑮.
17. Prove that group homomorphism preserves identity
18. Show that (R, +, . ) is a ring, where R is the set of all real numbers.
19. Show that (Z, +, . ) is an integral domain where Z is the set of all integers.
20. Give an example of an integral domain which is not a Field.

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KIOT – DEPARTMENT OF IT & CSBS POSSIBLE QUESTION MA8351-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
PART – B
Group, Subgroup and Normal Subgroup:
21. If * is a binary operation on the set R of real numbers defined by x * y = x + y +2xy.
(1) Find (R, *) is a semi group.
(2) Find the identity element if it exists.

Which elements has inverse and what are they?

22. Let (S,*) be a semi group such that defined by x * y = y. for all x , y in S, then prove that
(1) x * y = y * x (2). y * y = y
𝒂𝒃
23. Show that (Q+,*) is an abelian group. Where * is defined by 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = , ∀𝒂, 𝒃 𝝐 𝑸+ .
𝟐

24. Provethatthenecessaryandsufficientconditionforanon-emptysubsetHofagroup

{G, *} to be a subgroup is a, b H a *b-1H.

25. Prove that (𝒂 ∗ 𝒃)−𝟏 = 𝒃−𝟏 ∗ 𝒂−𝟏 for all a, b in a group.

26. Show that (R – {1}, *) is an abelian group, where * is defined by a * b = a + b +ab, for all a,b
R.
27. Find all the non- trivial subgroups of (𝒁𝟏𝟐 , ⨁𝟏𝟐 )
28. Prove that intersection of any two subgroups of a group (G,*) is again a subgroup of (G,*).
29. Prove that union of any two subgroups 𝐻1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻2 of a group (G,*) is again a subgroup of (G,*) if
and only if H1 H 2 or H2 H1.

30. Prove the theorem: Let (G, *) be a finite cyclic group generated by an element a G.
If G is of order n, that is, Gn , then a n e , so that G = {a, a2, a3, a4, …, an e }. Further more n is a least
positive integer for which a n e.
31. Prove that intersection of two normal subgroups of a group (G, *) is a normal subgroup of a group
(G,*).
32. Prove that every cyclic group is an abelian group.
33. Prove that (𝒁∗𝟓 ,⊙𝟓 ) is an abelian group.
34. Prove that every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic.
Homomorphism and Isomorphism:
35. Every homomorphic image of a group G is isomorphic to some quotient group of G.
36. State and prove the fundamental theorem of group homomorphism.
37. State and prove Cayley’s theorem.
38. State and prove Lagrange’s theorem.
39. Let (G, *) be a group and a G, let f: G G be given by f(x) = a * x * a-1, for every xG. Prove that
f is an isomorphism of G onto G.
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KIOT – DEPARTMENT OF IT & CSBS POSSIBLE QUESTION MA8351-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

40. Show that the kernel of a homomorphism of a group (G, *) into an another group (H,) is a
Sub group of G.
41. Let f : G G be a homomorphism of groups with Kernel K . Then prove that K is a normal
subgroup of G and G / K is isomorphic to the image off.
42. Let (G, *) and (H, ) be two groups and g : (G, *) (H, ) be group homomorphism. Then
prove that the Kernel of g is normal subgroup of (G,*).
43. Prove that the set 𝒁𝟒 = { [𝟎], [𝟏], [𝟐], [𝟑]} is a ring with respect to the binary operation
addition modulo 4 and multiplication modulo 4.
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UNIT – V
LATTICE & BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
PART-A

1. Show that least upper bound of a subset B in a poset A, is unique is it exists.
2. Let A = {a, b, c} and (A) be its power set. Draw a Hasse diagram of ((A),).
3. The Hase diagram of (𝑫𝟐𝟎 ,/), where 𝑫𝟐𝟎 denotes the set of positive divisors of 20 and / is
the relation “divison”.
4. In any lattice (L,≤),∀𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑳, show that (𝒂 ∗ (𝒂 ⊕ 𝒃)) = 𝒂 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒈𝒍𝒃 𝒐𝒇 (𝒂, 𝒃)
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 ⨁𝒃 = 𝒃 = 𝒍𝒖𝒃 𝒐𝒇 (𝒂, 𝒃).
5. Show that in a lattice of a≤b andc≤d then 𝒂 ∗ 𝒄 ≤ 𝒄 ≤ 𝒅
6. Is it true that every chain with at least three elements is always a complemented lattice?
Justify your answer.
7. Draw Hasse diagram for {(a, b) a divides b} on X = {2, 3, 6, 12, 24,36}.

8. Draw the Hasse diagram of X, , where X = {2,4,5,10,12,20,25} and the relation

be such that x y is x and y.

9. Check whether the posets {(1,3,6,9),D} and {(1,5,25,125),D} are lattices or not. Justify your claim.
10. Is the poset (Z+, /) a lattice.

11. In a Lattice (L, , prove that a (a b) = a, for all a, bL.

12. Show that in a lattice if a b c, then a b=b c and (a b(b c)=(a b(bc).
13. Show that in a distributive lattice, if complement of an element exits then it must be unique.
14. Give an example of a distributive lattice but not complemented.
15. Give an example of a lattice that is not complemented.

16. Show that in a lattice if a ≤ b ≤ c, then a b = b c and (a b) (b c) = (a b) (bc).
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KIOT – DEPARTMENT OF IT & CSBS POSSIBLE QUESTION MA8351-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
17. Give an example of a lattice which is not distributive.
18. Determine 𝑫𝟖 is Boolean algebra.
19. In a Boolean algebra, prove that a +a =a , for all a in B.
Definition with example.
1. Lattice and Sub-lattice.
2. Complemented Lattice and bounded lattice
3. Distributive lattice. Give an example.
4. Modular inequality.
5. Demorgan’s law of lattice.
6. Boolean algebra
PART –B
1. Draw the Hasse diagram representing the partial ordering {( A, B) : A B} on the power set P(S) where
S = {a, b, c}. Find the maximal, minimal, greatest and least elements of the poset.

2. If ( A, R) is a partially ordered set, then show that set (A, R-1) is also a partially ordered set,

where 𝑅 −1 = {(𝑏, 𝑎)/(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅}

3. Let 𝐷100 = {1,2,4,5,10,20,25,50,100} be a divisor of 100.Draw the Hasse diagram of (𝐷100 ,/) where
/ is the relation “division”. Find

i). glb(10,20) ii). Lub (10,20) iii). glb (5,10,20,25) iv). Lub (5,10,20,25).

4. Let 𝐷50 = {1,2,5,10,25,50} be a partial ordered set with relation divisor ( / ) on 𝐷50

i). Draw the Hasse diagram of (𝐷100 ,/) where / is the relation “division”.

ii). Find all upper bounds of 5 and 10. iii). Find all Lower bounds of 5 and 10.

iv). glb (5,10) v). Lub (5,10).

5. Prove that every chain is a distributive lattice.

6. In a lattice prove that 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 if and only if a b = a and a b = b

7. Let (𝐿,∗,⊕) and (𝑀,∧,∨)be two lattices, then prove that (𝐿 × 𝑀,△, ⋀) is a lattice, where

(𝑥, 𝑦) △ (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑥 ∗ 𝑎, 𝑦⋀𝑏)

(𝑥, 𝑦) ∧ (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑥 ⊕ 𝑎, 𝑦⋀𝑏) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝐿 × 𝑀
8. State and prove distributive inequality of lattice.

9. Prove that a Lattice L is modular if and only if 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧𝐿 than 𝑥⨁(𝑦 ∗ (𝑥⨁𝑧)) = (𝑥⨁𝑦) ∗ (𝑥⨁𝑧)

10. Show that the De Morgan’s laws hold in a Boolean algebra

11. Prove that every distributive lattice is modular. Is the converse true? Justify your claim.
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