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Lab Report 1.

This lab report summarizes two experiments performed by a group to analyze errors in measurement. The first experiment calculated the perimeter, length, width and area of a wooden board. The second experiment measured the time of oscillations of a simple pendulum to calculate the value of g and analyze the error. Sources of error included imprecise measurement of the pendulum length, human reaction time with the stopwatch, distractions, and instability of the apparatus. Standard deviation and standard error were calculated to quantify the uncertainty and errors.

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Aazan Sheikh
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47 views8 pages

Lab Report 1.

This lab report summarizes two experiments performed by a group to analyze errors in measurement. The first experiment calculated the perimeter, length, width and area of a wooden board. The second experiment measured the time of oscillations of a simple pendulum to calculate the value of g and analyze the error. Sources of error included imprecise measurement of the pendulum length, human reaction time with the stopwatch, distractions, and instability of the apparatus. Standard deviation and standard error were calculated to quantify the uncertainty and errors.

Uploaded by

Aazan Sheikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB

REPORT

ERROR ANALYSIS
GROUP : F

M AAZAN SHEIKH

WAJAHAT KHAN

ATIF.

RAFEEQ AHMED
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS :
 ABSTRACT
 OBJECTIVE
EXPERIMENT 1
 INTRODUCTION
 APPARATUS
 PROCEDURE
 DATA ANALYSIS
 CONCLUSION
EXPERIMENT 2
 INTRODUCTION
 APPARATUS
 PROCEDURE
 ERROR ANALYSIS
 CONCLUSION
ABSTRACT
We have performed two experiments in this lab and
the the first one is about to calculate the the
perimeters which is length, width and area of a
wooden cardboard and also required to calculate the
error analysis in the calculations. The main purpose
for both of the experiments was to calculate the error
and the uncertainties in the measured values and for
this purpose we have taken different readings. In the
second experiment we have to calculate the error in
the value of g calculated for a simple pendulum.

OBJECTIVE
The process of evaluating experimental values
critically with respect to the real value is often
associated with the term uncertainty analysis or error
analysis. The aim of these experiments was to
pronounce and promote a certain understanding of
such uncertainties and errors. Various experiments
were performed by the class and a range of
percentage error readings from 5% to 25% were
observed. Different reasons for such huge and varied
errors were discussed. Possible explanations and
resolutions to these mistakes were also considered.
EXPERIMENT 2

INTRODUCTION:
In this experiment we have calculated error in the
value of gravitational acceleration by taking multiple
readings of swings of simple pendulum in the lab. A
simple pendulum was oscillated and time for each
cycle was noted. Average of every aspect was taken to
calculate exact value.
APPARATUS:
 METER RULE
 STRING
 METAL BOB
 RETORT STAND
 CALCULATOR
 STOPWATCH
PROCEDURE:
1. Firstly, we have to measure the length of the string
tied with the retort stand and take multiple
readings for the accuracy. We can measured the
string till the bob including with a approximate
measurement but the accurate way is to measure
the diameter of the bob with the help of Vernier
caliper and then include it in the reading of length.
2. Secondly, its turn to measure the time taken for
each trip.
3. After this we have to calculate ‘g’ for each reading
and take mean of ‘g’ and length and time.
4. At last we have to calculate the standard error
and standard deviation by help of formulas.

ERROR ANALYSIS:

NO. OF OBS. T-T(MEAN) L-L(MEAN)

1 -0.02 0.022

2 -0.03 0.01

3 -0.01 -0.02

=∑ (T-T(MEAN))*2 = 1.4 x 10-3 s


=∑( L-L(MEAN))*2 = 9.84 x 10-4 m

STANDARD DEVIATION FOR TIME:


Standard Deviation (S.D) = √ ∑ (𝑻−𝑻̅)*2 / N-1

Standard deviation (S.D) =0.02 s

STANDARD ERROR FOR TIME:


Standard error (S.E) = 𝑆.𝐷 / √𝑁
Standard error = 0.011 s

STANDARD DEVIATION FOR LENGTH:

Standard Deviation (S.D) == √ ∑ (L−L


(MEAN))*2 / N-1
Standard Deviation = 0.022m

STANDARD ERROR FOR LENGTH:


Standard error (S.E) = 𝑆.𝐷 / √𝑁
Standard error = 0.01m

ERROR ANALYSIS:
= √( 𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒍 )² 𝒙 𝝏𝒍² + ( 𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒘)² 𝒙 𝝏𝒘²
=0.59 m/s*2
g = (10.06 ±0.59) m/s2

CONCLUSION:
After performing the experiment we
can conclude that that the errors in
the reading are for multiple reasons as
follows:
 The retort stand was moving too fast
and could have fallen due to the weights
and less friction on the surface.
 Vernier calipers were not used to
measure the radius of the bob whereby
the value of “l” was not accurate.
 There was no starting and ending
point for the oscillations.
 There were multiple candidates
taking turns on the stopwatch therefore a
varied human reaction error was seen in
the readings of time which caused some
variation.
 We were slightly distracted due to
the commotion in class could also cause
some error in readings of time.

RETORT STAND STOPWATCH

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