Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Techno-Environmental Feature-based Sun Tracking

Model: Fabrication & Optimal Analyses by Precise
Position Algorithm
1
Trina Som, 2Saksham Jain
1
Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology & Management (FC-26, Panduk Shila Marg, Zero Pusta Rd, Shastri Park,
Shahdara, New Delhi, Delhi 110053)
2
Device support engineer in BPM Microsystems, Houston, Texas.

Abstract:- A hardware model of a solar tracker has been Many residential localities comprising of small enclaves
developed to explore different technical and have started their own power generation by installing solar
environmental aspects to generate maximum power. The panels as backup power systems [3]. As the solar rays are a
proposed model consists of a dual-axis structure, whose never-ending source, this type of energy is considered the
operation is based on maximum solar irradiance for a most promising electrical power producing option in the
specific location. Three modes of operation differing in future [4]. Besides electrical energy, other forms of energy,
the degree of freedom of axes movement were tested using such as heat, light, and sound, can also be obtained from solar
two distinct control strategies. Further, different tilt energy [5]. The most important aspect of solar energy is the
angles were considered for this study. The software associated reduction in the emission of different pollutants
platform used to operate the hardware model is Arduino like CO2, NOX, etc., which further helps protect the
Pro Mini. To analyse the effect of the above approaches geosphere and forest cover of the Earth from getting damaged
on the output voltage and to further assess the [6]. A solar tracker system is one of the most effective
implications on the all-day efficiency and cost, an in-house methods for utilizing solar energy [7,8]. The solar tracker
computer code written in the C programming language is basically helps the solar panel orient towards the sun's rays.
used as the basic controller. The code interfaced with The solar intensity varies from time to time. Hence, the solar
Arduino UNO. The Precise Position Algorithm was tracker helps the unit focus and utilize maximum solar
implemented to improve the utilization of solar rays irradiation for a particular position and time [9]. The use of a
further. The single-axis tracker harnessed 25% less tracker improves the critical irradiance value relative to a
power than the dual-axis tracker, while the fixed-axis fixed solar system [10, 11]. These fixed array systems
tracker captured 51% less. Tilting the axis at an angle of generally result less efficiently in comparison with the tracker
28o degrees provided the maximum power. The use of the system having non-zero degrees of freedom in axis motion
Precise Position Algorithm resulted in 11% more all-day [12]. An annual extra electrical power of 40% can be
power and 40% more efficiency than the C programming- generated using a variable boost solar tracker [13]. Despite
based Arduino UNO. various models of solar trackers available in the market, the
single-axis tracker and the dual-axis tracker are still the most
Keywords:- Solar tracker; Fabrication; Optimization, popular in applications [14]. The movement of a single-axis
Precise Position Algorithm. tracker involves locating the sun's position on one axis, i.e.,
either horizontal or vertical, while the dual-axis tracker can
I. INTRODUCTION move over both axes. The authors in [15] have also fabricated
such a model. With all such features of solar trackers, the
The electricity demand is increasing daily, hand-in-hand analyses of operational parameters such as all-day efficiency,
with the burgeoning number of automated units. At the same optimal power, and cost estimation with different tilt angles
time, the conventional energy sources are falling behind due considering Indian geographical location are sparse in the
to the fast-depleting reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas. literature. Fabrication of such solar tracker-based systems
Renewable sources are coming up to compensate for such using open-source hardware such as Arduino Pro Mini is
shortfalls. Rain, tides, geothermal fossils, bio-masses, solar quite rare, which motivated the present work.
rays are the most common sources which replenish
themselves naturally [1]. Among the renewable sources, solar II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
energy can be considered a plentiful source that can be used
to generate electrical power by several technologies. The The present work fabricates a dual-axis solar tracker and
work reported here is undertaken in India, a tropical country further analyses its performance. The performance analysis is
with abundant solar irradiation where almost a fifth of the based on solar voltage, solar power, cell temperature with
world population resides. The Indian government has varying slopes and climatic conditions. The fabricated solar
prioritized solar energy as a technology of interest for tracker model is mainly divided into three parts: input,
meeting the majority of the electricity demand [2]. controller, and output. The light-dependent resistors (LDRs)
provide the input data, while the electrical power corresponds
to the output. The controller is implemented through the C
programming-based Arduino Pro Mini. The efficiency of the

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
solar photovoltaic module has also been monitored. The
prototype of the developed dual axis tracker is shown in 𝜂𝑝𝑣
figure 2.1. In figure 2.2, the block diagrams of LDRs and µ
= 𝜂𝑝𝑣,𝑆𝑇𝐶 (1 + (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 )
servo motors have been represented along with the data flow 𝜂𝑝𝑣 𝑎
among different decision blocks. µ 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑉𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇 𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇 − 20 1
+ (−𝜂 ) 𝐺𝑇 )𝛹
𝜂𝑝𝑣,𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑉 800 𝑝𝑣,𝑆𝑇𝐶
(2.2)

where β is the tilt angle, the operating cell temperature

is Ta under ambient condition and TSTC under test condition
(20o C). The efficiency corresponding to maximum power at
standard test condition is ηpv,STC. VNOCT is the wind speed
at nominal operating temperature. The software calculations
involve µ as temperature coefficient of power [16]. The
symbols a and b stand for constant parameters and Ψ is a
correction factor. GT is evaluated through equation (2.3)
below.
𝐺𝑇 = (𝐺𝐵 + 𝐺𝐷 𝐴𝑖 ) 𝑅𝐵
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
+ 𝐺𝐷 (1 − 𝐴𝑖 ) ( ) [1
2

𝐺𝐵 𝛽 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
+ √ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ( )] + 𝐺𝜌𝑔 ( )
Fig 2.1. Concept behind fabrication of the dual-axis solar 𝐺 2 2
tracker
(2.3)

where the ground reflection is given as ρg. Gd and Gb are

the diffused radiation and beam radiation in kW/m 2; Rb is the
ratio of the beam radiation on a tilted surface to that on a
horizontal surface, and Ai is the anisotropy index. The slope
of the location is given by tan(β). Though it has been noticed
that the solar panel operates most effectively when the sun
rays fall perpendicularly on it, certain aspects such as the
angle of the shadow and the height have also been considered
in the present work. This evaluation is expected to have a
more significant effect on a larger power plant. However,
through this process, the right area of maximum luminous
Fig 2.2. Data Flow across units intensity is achieved, which allows the calculation of the
actual vector of the sun. The angle subtended by the solar rays
The design of the track movement-based solar module with the vertical axis is generally defined as the solar zenith
was done with the objective of efficiency improvement. The angle, whereas that subtended with the horizontal axis is
rated solar power is generated under normal conditions known as the altitude angle. Mathematically these angles can
having standard solar intensity and operating temperature for be represented as the cosine of one equal to the sine of the
a specific place. The governing equation is shown below as other. Further, cost estimation is one of the most critical parts
equation (2.1) of the operational analysis. Hence the economic evaluation
has been made using the equation mentioned below in (2.4)
𝐺𝐶
𝑃𝑃𝑉 = (2.1) [17].
𝐺𝑆𝑇𝐶

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐶𝑖
where PPV is the solar power output under standard
(2.4)
conditions, GC and GSTC are the solar irradiances at a
particular place over day hours, and solar irradiance at
where Ci and CO are the initial and operating costs,
standard conditions, respectively. The operating temperature
respectively. The operating cost is evaluated based on power
is fixed at 25°C, considering the tropical latitudes of India. A
generated at different hours along with the maximum value
power temperature coefficient of k and an optical quality of
detected by the tracker. The initial cost involves the
1.5 have also been considered in this regard. Further, the
purchasing capital, depreciation cost, and the depreciation
efficiency(PV) of the solar unit can be calculated on the factor [18].
basis of temperature, wind speed, and certain geographical
parameters of a specific location. The working formula is
given below in equation 2.2 as [16]:

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Although many techniques have been used in maximum
power point tracking, the conventional controller-based solar
tracker model needs validation and still has considerable
scope for improvement. In this regard, the Precise Position
Algorithm (PPA) has been implemented to analyse maximum
power generation with different solar tracking criteria. In the
context of renewable energy resources, the uncertain
parameters have already been dealt with by both conventional
and unconventional controlling methods [19][20]. Among
many soft computing methods, AI techniques play important
roles in predicting, modelling, and analysing the renewable
energy processes through their performance [21]. Various
complicated practical problems are being solved by AI-based Fig 3.1. 3-D chassis for servo motor
techniques in different technological contexts, making them
a popular option. Though the neural network is a very Again, a 3D printed socket with four segments is
effective method in predicting maximum solar power, it designed to provide an easy way for the input data of LDRs,
involves longer computational time and larger complexity, as shown below in figure 3.2.
which sometimes slows down other accompanied functions
of the solar module [22]. However, sun position algorithms
are more advantageous for achieving a low cost and high
precision output [23]. Moreover, these algorithms can encode
a multitude of trigonometric relationships.

III. SYSTEM REALIZATION AND

EXPERIMENTATION

At first, a dual-axis solar tracker was fabricated with

Arduino Pro Mini. This solar tracker model has been analysed
with different parameters of solar power generation. The
environmental aspects have been studied with varying slopes
and climatic conditions. The components used to develop the Fig 3.2. 3-D sockets for LDRs
mentioned model are DC motors, PLC, photosensors,
encoders, power relays. These components were assembled During the design and fabrication process, three new
in developing the dual-axis solar tracker. The wireless desirable features were incorporated into the present model.
controlling technique is adopted for the required operation. These are hardware chassis, mechanical stability, and
Four photoresistors were used and were mounted on both tolerance range. A tolerance range has been engrained in the
sides. The accurate position of solar rays was detected by controller section to reduce dysfunctional portions and
these photoresistors, resulting in improved sensitivity. enhance mechanical stability. With the increased range, the
Moreover, the Precise Position Algorithm has also been used control unit behaves as a PID controller and reduces the
to evaluate solar power generation for different geographical oscillations if any is noted in the output. The power
angles and climatic conditions. consumption of the control unit has also been designed
carefully to make the system more energy efficient. The
The dual-axis solar tracker developed, operates, and current rating is in the microampere range, which involves
tracks the solar rays on the basis of two axes. The altitude less power consumption, thereby increasing the working
angle is monitored from up to down or down to up. While the hours of the battery. Finally, the hardware chassis provides
change in azimuth angle is followed and monitored using the an excellent grip to LDRs, servo motors, and other
left-to-right movement of the tracker, a 3D printed chassis equipment, with negligible errors in the output data.
was used to tag the Arduino Pro Mini in fabrication. The
movements of the track were designed to improve efficiency. IV. SYSTEM MODELLING AND CONTROL
The developed model is shown below in figure 3.1. a 3D MECHANISM
chassis is used in a segment-wise fashion to get a good
mechanical grip and hold the servo motors at their correct The software model has been developed, using the same
position when they are in action. This arrangement also components as those used in the hardware model for three
provides ease of assembly for the various other components. cases, in terms of solar tracking with tilt angle variation.
These are: (I) setting the tilt angle at a fixed value, (II) varying
the tilt angle over a single axis, and (III) varying the tilt angle
over dual axes. Further, in focus towards environmental
parameters, the variation in cell temperature has also been
considered, as mentioned in equation (2.2) for this study.
Different slopes (β) of different places have been considered
pertaining to the change in temperature resulting in variation

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
of power generation. The cases studied with different cell Vavr=(Vdr+Vur)/2;
temperatures at different slopes were done using two control Loop 1;
techniques, namely (i) The proteus Arduino library-based C If
programming and (ii) Precise Position Algorithm. Vavu-Vavd>=tolerance
Vavl-Vavr>=tolerance
In the present work, the controller has been developed Continue
on software interfacing with the Arduino library. The C Else
programming based on Proteus Arduino detects the optimal stop
point of operation corresponding to maximum solar If
irradiance. The optimal detection further provides the driving Vavu>Vavd
signal to the trackers at the maximum power point. Real-time Servo vertical =up
operation is performed by simulating the model developed else
over Proteus 8. This approach gives point-to-point input- Servo vertical=down
output results. Figure 4.1 shows the real-time operation If
model, which speeds up the assembly portion. Vavl>=Vavr
Servo horizontal=left
else
Servo horizontal=right
else
stop
end

The Precise Position Algorithm was implemented to

determine the sun's position at any given time for a given
specific location. In order to achieve a more accurate result,
the calculation is based on National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) and is classified as an astronomical
algorithm. Latitude, longitude, declination, surface azimuth
Fig 4.1. Simulation circuit of dual-axis solar tracker angle, solar azimuth angle, elevation angle, zenith angle,
angle of incidence and angle of reflection, hour angle based
The prototype model developed for the analyses of the on solar time are considered to determine the exact position
different modes of operations of the solar tracker is depicted of the sun in generating maximum solar power. The block
in figure 4.2. diagram of the PPA-based controller is shown below in figure
4.3.

The governing equation related to the sun vector

considering the sun angle and elevation for a specific Global
Positioning System (GPS) orientation on the Earth [24].
Depending on the longitude (ζ) and latitude (φ) position of
the solar concentrator installation site on the surface of the
Earth, the PLC uses Equations from (4.1) to (4.6)

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 4 × (𝜁𝑠𝑡 − 𝜁𝑙𝑜𝑐 ) + 𝐸 ,

(4.1)

Fig 4.2. Final Prototype E=229.2(0.000075+0.001868×𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 − 0.04089 ×

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝐵 )
(i)The pseudo-code of the C programming of proteus Arduino (4.2)
360
library has been mentioned below in the following steps: 𝐵 = 365 × (𝑛 − 1)
(4.3)
At first, the LDRs are set up so that the direction of
maximum solar input can be detected. Next, according to the 360
estimated direction, the servo motors are aligned. The system 𝛿 = 23.45 ×𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (365) × (284 + 𝑛)
should stop when it reaches the optimal position. (4.4)
cos θz = (cosφ × cosδs × cosω) + (sinφ × sinδs),
Input Data:
Analog inputs: Vul; Vdl;Vur; Vdr (4.5)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑍 ×𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿𝑍
Operating Logic: ϒ𝑆 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝜔)23.45 × ( ) ,
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 ×𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑍
Vavu=(Vur+Vul)/2;
Vavd= (Vdr+Vdl)/2;
(4.6)
Vavl=(Vdl+Vul)/2;

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
small (80 mm × 80 mm), the area of light absorption reduces,
where ϓs is the azimuthal angle for horizontal and thus the average power of the prototype resulted as 1450
alignment, θz is the zenith elevation, 𝛿𝑠 is the angular position mW per 64 mm2. Hence, it was further mapped per Indian
of sun with respect to equator, 𝜔 is solar time and n is the territory using PVSVST software, and the average input
sequence number of the current month. power was received as 1380 mW per 64 mm2.

A cost evaluation is conducted using the following

ratings and rates of the components. The light-dependent
resistor sensors of 10 KW were considered. Servo motors of
1 Watt (SG 90) were used. Lithium-ion batteries rated at 3.75
V along with a solar panel were utilized. Solar tracker with
one chassis and Arduino UNO R3 was used. The rate of
chassis was Rs 300, while that of Arduino pro mini is Rs 150.
The battery costs Rs 40 per cell, LDRs cost Rs 20 each, servo
motors cost Rs 20 each. The solar panel costs Rs 50, and the
Arduino Pro Mini costs Rs 150.

V. RESULTS

The present study was conducted by developing a

hardware model and further analyses of the results with
software control logic. The analyses of the solar tracker were
made by considering three different operating modes. These
modes are defined based on the motion of the control axis. In
the first mode, the setting of the axis is kept fixed, while the
second mode operation is made with single-axis control. Both
Figure 4.3. Block diagram of precise position algorithm- the axes are movable in the third mode, wherein dual-axis
based controller control has been implemented. The key output variables are
voltage, current, power, and efficiency. In the first mode, the
The system efficiency based on the two methods experiment was done at several angles, but with a setting of
mentioned above has also been calculated by considering the 60 degrees, the average power obtained was maximum
solar energy corresponding to the hourly irradiation of a compared to other settings. The values of voltage, current,
particular place in India. As the size of the panel frame is and power for the first mode (Case I) at a 60-degree setting
are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1. Results for case I

Time
8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th
(hours)
Voltage 6.8 6.84 7.0 6.91 6.94 6.82 6.8 6.84 6.82 3.0
Current 42.0 57.0 80.0 90.0 85.00 85.00 80.0 60.00 40.00 10.0
Power 285.6 389.8 560.0 621.9 589.90 579.7 544 410.40 272.80 30.0

The best values of voltage, current, and power as obtained in the second mode (Case II) are shown in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2. Results for case II

Time(hours) 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th
Voltage 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.6 6.3 5.3 3.6 3.0 -
Current 30.0 35.0 50.0 58.0 60.0 56.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 -
Power 180.0 213.5 305.0 360.0 396.0 352.8 159.0 72.0 30.0 -

The results achieved in the third mode of operation have been represented in Table 5.3. The all-day power output calculated
as per the data evaluated by Arduino-based programming for Cases I, II, and III are 2068.3mW, 3208.5mW, 4284.2 mW,
respectively.

Table 5.3. Results for case III

Time(hours) 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th
Voltage 6.0 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.2 5.0 2.0

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
Current 30.0 40.0 65.0 70.0 80.0 65.0 63.0 60.0 20.0 15.0
Power 180.0 248.0 422.5 462.0 536.0 429.0 409.5 372.0 100.0 30.0

In order to explore the possible gain achieved, the fixed axis and single-axis orientation were kept almost the same. Further,
three modes of operation are conducted with the variation of slopes. The tilt angle of only one axis can be controlled in the first and
second modes. As the tilt angle can be varied only for a tracker having one axis fixed, the effect of tilt angle was not studied for the
dual-axis tracker. Hence, case III has been studied by implementing both the Precise Position Algorithm and the Arduino-based
programming. When the axis under control was put under varying slopes, the orientation of the other axis was automatically
controlled by Arduino based program.

In order to validate the experimental data, as well as explore a more precise and accurate result, simulating models have been
further developed using the PVSYST software. The latitude of 28.613939 N and longitude of 77.209023 E corresponding to the
place New Delhi have been considered for this study. The study includes varying slopes in generating maximum power for a
particular time and controller.

Further, the values of power for different slopes for Cases I and II are shown below in Tables 5.4 and 5.5, respectively.

Table 5.4. Case I evaluated by Precise Position Algorithm

Tilt Voltage Current (mA) Power
(V) (mW)
27⁰ (8 AM) 6.1 35 213.5
27⁰ (12 PM) 6.8 68 462.4
27⁰ (4PM) 4.5 14 63.0

Table 5.5. Case II evaluated by Precise Position Algorithm

Tilt Voltage Current Power
(V) (mA) (mW)
27⁰ (8 AM) 6.2 35 217
30⁰ (12 PM) 7.0 90 630
25⁰ (4 PM) 5.7 30 171

As the tilt angle has been varied over the axis, which is
under control at a time, the fixed axis control (case I) and
single-axis control (case II) have been studied with different
slopes resulting in different power outputs. It has been
observed that, as in fixed axis control, both the axes come
under complete control for the same value of tilt; hence table
IV shows the best possible tilt angle for different hours of a
day. Power generation varies depending on the intensity of
solar irradiance for different hours of the day. A maximum
power generation of about 462.4mW is achieved at 12.00
noon. The precise solar angle obtained for maximum average
power is 27.85 degrees. However, a tilt angle of 30 degrees
corresponding to noon of a particular day generated a solar
power of about 630 mW. Figure 5.1. Power output from fixed axis tracker Vs. single-
axis tracker
The annual optimum horizontal tilt angle for New Delhi
was found as 27.95° using the program PVSYST. Estimated
gains in annual average solar radiation (based on monthly,
seasonal, and annual optimum tilt angles) were 13.13%,
11.80%, and 7.58% for New Delhi.

For the Arduino-based algorithm, a comparative study

has been conducted between Cases I and II, as shown in
Figure 5.1. Similar comparisons between Cases I and III and
Cases II and III are shown in Figures 5.2 and 5.3.

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Figure 5.2. Power output from fixed axis tracker Vs. dual- Figure 5.3. Power output from single-axis tracker vs. dual-
axis tracker axis tracker

The all-day power obtained in the first mode, i.e., fixed

angle tracking, is 51% less than that obtained in the third
mode, i.e., dual-axis tracking. Again, the all-day power
achieved in the second mode of operation, i.e., single-axis
tracking, is 25% less than that resulting from the dual-axis
operation. The performance of the developed model was
further explored with two different sets of data. These data
sets correspond to summer and winter conditions in the Indian
seasonal cycle. Table 5.6 represents the voltage, current, and
power values for both seasonal conditions. It has been noted
that winter solar irradiance resulted in 10 to 15% less power
than that obtained on a summer day. The solar panels
somehow deliver more energy to the setup during a winter
day relative to a summer day, thereby reducing the heat loss.

Table 5.6 Comparative Results for case III

Time
Summer Time Winter Time
(Hours)
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
(V) (mA) (mW) (V) (mA) (mW)
9.00 6.120 39.9 244.1880 6.8 42.0 285.6
10.00 6.156 54.15 333.3474 6.84 57.0 389.5
11.00 6.300 76.00 478.8000 7.00 80.0 560.0
12.00 6.219 85.50 531.7245 6.91 90.0 621.9
13.00 6.246 80.75 504.3645 6.94 85.0 589.9
14.00 6.138 80.75 495.6435 6.82 85.0 579.7
15.00 6.120 76.00 465.1200 6.80 80.0 544.0
16.00 6.138 38.00 233.2440 6.82 40.0 272.8
17.00 2.700 9.50 25.6500 3.00 10.0 30.0

Comparative analyses in power generation with varying

slopes and single and dual-axis tracking have been shown
below in Table 5.7.

TABLE 5.7. Comparative Results for case II using two

different methods
Generic Program Precise Position
Solar Parameter
Arduino Algorithm
Power (All Day) 3208.5 mW 3562.2 mW
Voltage (avg) 5.83 V 6.3 V
Current (avg ) 50.8 mA 65 mA

The comparative results in table V show that an all-day Fig 5.4. Power output as evaluated by C programming and
power gain of 11% can be achieved using the Precise Position the Precise Position Algorithm
Algorithm with respect to that of the generic program
Arduino. The results show a better power profile obtained on an
hourly basis by the Precise Position Algorithm in comparison
A pictorial comparison between the power generated by to the C programming-based Arduino controller. This can be
the implementation of two methods on an hourly basis is explained as follows: unlike the C programming, the Precise
shown below in figure 5.4. Position Algorithm considers the latitude, longitude,
azimuthal angle, zenith angle, elevation angle along with
solar irradiances. Apart from more power generation, the
implementation of the Precise Position Algorithm resulted in
more accurate data corresponding to power, voltage, and
current. Moreover, the energy efficiency calculated by the
Arduino C program is obtained as 37%, while that obtained
by the Precise Position Algorithm is 41%. Further, the cost
calculated for developing the proposed model, rated 100 mA,

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
7 V, is Rs. 620 for installation and Rs. 120 as monthly [8]. Hidayanti, Fitria, Fitri Rahmah, and Malika Ikrimah.
operating cost. "Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Efficiency for
Hydroponics Pump." International Journal of Emerging
VI. CONCLUSION Trends in Engineering Research 8.6 (2020).
[9]. Zhang, Yongguang, et al. "Model-based analysis of the
The present work developed a solar tracking system and relationship between sun-induced chlorophyll
further analysed the hardware model with different software- fluorescence and gross primary production for remote
based controlling methods. A mechanically reliable and sensing applications." Remote Sensing of
sturdy model has been fabricated with the flexibility of a Environment 187 (2016): 145-155.
rotating axis. A compact and easily assimilable system has [10]. Alzahrani, Ahmad, et al. "Solar irradiance forecasting
been built by providing the controller card within the tracker using deep recurrent neural networks." 2017 IEEE 6th
and the whole controller within its platform. A limited international conference on renewable energy research
number of components were used to fabricate the proposed and applications (ICRERA). IEEE, 2017.I. S. Jacobs
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Biographies

Trina Som received the bachelor's degree in electrical

engineering from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University in 2005,
the master's degree in Power engineering from Jadavpur
University in 2008, and the philosophy of doctorate degree in
Power Engineering from Jadavpur University in 2013,
respectively. She is currently working as an Associate
Professor at the Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, ADGITM, Indraprastha University. Her
research areas include power optimization, distributed energy
resources, economic analysis of de centralized power
generation, energy storage system, electric vehicle and
application of soft computing techniques in mentioned the
specialized topics. She has been serving as a reviewer for
many highly-respected journals.

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