Cautionary Rule
Cautionary Rule
Cautionary Rule
ELEVEN
THE SURVIVAL OF THE CAUTIONARY RULE
Author:
NIKKI NAYLOR
Women's Legal Centre
1. INTRODUCTION
The cautionary rule is a rule of practice that aims to assist judges in assessing
evidence. It requires judicial officers to exercise caution before adopting the
evidence of certain witnesses on the ground that the evidence of such witnesses is
inherently potentially unreliable. The rule thus requires the presiding officer to
cautiously regard the evidence of children, complainants in sexual offence cases and
accomplices. 1 The cautionary rule and the need for same has its root in ancient legal
writings 2 and has been adopted by our judiciary. However, subsequent to the
enactment of the Constitution, its validity and the rationale for the rule has been
questioned.
More recently, the Supreme Court of Appeal 3 pronounced on the issue and declared
the rule to be based on “irrational and outdated perceptions”. What remains is to
analyse whether in fact the cautionary rule has been abolished by this judgment and
what the effect of the judgment has been to date.
I propose dealing with the judgment and its effect in this chapter before making
recommendations for law reform.
2. THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL LAYS DOWN THE LAW – OR
HAS IT?
1
Hoffmann & Zeffert “The South African Law of Evidence” 3ed (1988) 572
2
Lord Hale CJ in the seventeenth century first stated that “it is easy to bring a charge of rape and
difficult to refute.” Wigmore followed suite in 1940 in his book “Anglo American Systems of Evidence
in trials at common law” where he stated that since women were naturally prone to lie and to fantasise
about sexual matters they were equally prone to contrive false charges of sexual offences.
3
S v J 1998 (2) SA 984 (SCA)
In the case of S v J the appellant who had been convicted of attempted rape and
sentenced accordingly, appealed against both his conviction and sentence. It was
argued before the Court that the trial court had misdirected itself in not truly applying
the cautionary rule as the magistrate had simply paid lip service to the rule. 4
The state argued that the basis, meaning and ambit of the rule should be revisited as
it amounted to discrimination against women, was unnecessary and unfairly
increased the burden of proof resting on the State in cases involving sexual offences.
Olivier JA analyses the rule and its basis and concludes that it has been recognised
in a number of jurisdictions that the very foundation of the rule as it applied to
complainants in sexual offence cases was discriminatory. 5
In this regard he endorses the Court of Appeal’s decision in England in the case of R
v Makanjuola, R v Easton 6 where Lord Taylor CJ had the following to say:
“…[W]e have been invited to give guidance as to the circumstances in which, as a matter
of discretion, a Judge ought to in summing up to a jury to urge caution in regard to
particular witnesses and the terms in which that should be done…Whether, as matter of
discretion, a Judge should give any warning and if so its strength and terms must depend
upon the content and manner of the witnesses evidence, the circumstances of the case
and the issues raised…”
Lord Taylor CJ goes on to formulate guidelines the third of which Olivier regards as
important:
“In some cases, it may be appropriate for the Judge to warn the jury to exercise caution
before acting upon the unsupported evidence of a witness. This will not be so simply
because the witness is a complainant of a sexual offence nor will it be necessarily be so
because a witness is alleged to be an accomplice. There will need to be an evidential
basis for suggesting that the evidence of the witness may be unreliable. An evidential
basis does not include mere suggestions by crossexamining counsel.”
It is significant that Olivier JA emphasises the latter portion of the quote and it
suggests that the cautionary rule may still be applied provided an evidential basis is
laid and it is not done as a matter of course. This is in line with and informs his
conclusion:
4
supra at 1006IH
5
The position in Namibia, UK, Canada, New Zealand, California, New York are all considered in the
judgment.
6
[1995] 3 All ER 730 (CA)
“In my view the cautionary rule in sexual assault cases is based on an irrational and out
dated perception. It unjustly stereotypes complainants in sexual assault cases
(overwhelmingly women) as particularly unreliable. In our system of law, the burden is on
the State to prove the guilt of an accused beyond reasonable doubt – no more and no
less. The evidence in a particular case may call for a cautionary approach, but that is a
far cry from the application of the general cautionary rule. 7 ”
[My emphasis].
The aforegoing seems to indicate that the cautionary rule may still find application in
sexual offences and thus the rule has clearly not been abolished. All that has been
done is that the obligation previously imposed upon judicial officers has been
removed. They need not as a rule apply caution to the evidence of complainants in
sexual offence cases, but they may, should the circumstances warrant the
application.
Thus in the final analysis the Court finds that the “magistrate was not obliged to apply
such rule.” 8 No mention is made anywhere in the judgment that the cautionary rule
shall henceforth be abolished. It is not declared to be unconstitutional or contrary to
the principles enunciated in the Bill of Rights. This creates some loopholes as
illustrated hereunder.
7
at 1009 FG
8
at 1010E
3. THE AFTERMATH OF THE OLIVIER JUDGMENT
Subsequent to the Olivier judgement our courts have had an opportunity to deal with
the decision and apply its principles. This has brought about some interesting and
conflicting decisions.
In the decision of Director of Public Prosecutions v S 9 the Transvaal Provisional
division had to deal with the cautionary rule in relation to the evidence of children in
sexual offences cases. The court applied the Olivier judgment and concluded that
whilst the State has to prove the guilt of an accused beyond all reasonable doubt, in
doing so, the evidence in a particular case may call for a cautionary approach and
that approach would depend on the facts of the case. The Court found that: 10
“It does not follow that a court should not apply the cautionary rules at all or seek
corroboration of a complainant’s evidence. In certain cases caution, in the form of
corroboration, may not be necessary. In others a court may be unable to rely solely on
the evidence of a single witness.”
The same is illustrated by the decision in S v M 11 where the Court accepted that even
though the cautionary rule is based on outdated and irrational perceptions, it may
still be applicable and evidence is some cases may call for a cautionary approach.
The discretion to apply the rule thus remains, hence the survival of the rule.
Had the cautionary rule been declared unconstitutional the discretion to apply same
would have fallen away as well. However, since this has not been done it is clear
that the Olivier judgment only sought to abolish the obligatory nature of the
cautionary rule.
Some jurisdictions have interpreted the decision as an abolition of the cautionary rule
notwithstanding that this is not what Olivier intended. In the case of S v M 12
Shakenovsky AJ found that the rule had in fact been abolished by the decision in S v
J and states in this regard that it is “no longer our law and has been relegated to the
9
2000 (2) SA 711 (T)
10
at 716BD
11
1999 (2) SACR 548 (SCA)
12
2000 (1) SACR 484 (W)
limbo of much distinguished principles.” This means that two different divisions have
thus far sought to interpret the Olivier judgement in a different light and there is no
certainty in our law as to how the decision will be applied henceforth.
Had the Olivier judgment set out the reasons why the cautionary rule infringed upon
the fundamental right to equality and furthermore examined whether same could be
justified in terms of the limitation clause the position would have been clearer. The
Court could then have declared the rule to be unconstitutional, as done by the
Namibian High Court in S v D 13 (albeit obiter) and in the final analysis the rule could
have been abolished. Since this has not happened legislative intervention is
warranted in order to finally lay to rest the cautionary rule.
4. RECOMMENDATION
A court has as its primary duty the duty to establish the credibility of witnesses. This
means that an abolition of the cautionary rule will in no way leave the Court with no
mechanism to deal with the evidence of unreliable witnesses. The basic principles
and rules of evidence would still apply.
For the above reasons the writer recommends that the Law Commission’s
proposals 14 in relation to abolishing the cautionary rule be adopted. The Chapter 15
dealing with the cautionary rule in the Discussion Document is specifically endorsed
by the writer.
However, the provisions in relation to the evidence of single witnesses in subsection
(c) of Clause 20 should be deleted. The evidence of single witnesses and the need
to regard same with caution is a principle, which has been deemed to be a valid
principle especially within the criminal law context.
Furthermore, the constitutional discrimination argument and the allegations that the
cautionary rule as applicable to women is discriminatory on the basis of sex and/or
gender would not be an argument, which could readily be used in relation to the
13
1992 (1) SA 509 (NmHC)
14
Clause 20, Draft Bill
15
Chapter 31, SALC Project 107 at 459484
cautionary rule in respect of single witnesses. The important factor would be that a
witness’ evidence should not be treated with caution merely because she is a woman
in a sexual offence case. The single witness position is different and would not
amount to discrimination and even if so, would probably fall within the limitation
clause and amount to a “reasonable and fair” limitation in terms of section 36 of the
Constitution.
Therefore, subsection (c) should be removed but the remainder of clause 20 should
remain.