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LFR Proposal

This document presents a project proposal for a line following robot using a PIC microcontroller. The robot will follow a white line on a surface. It uses an array of light sensors to detect the position of the line and a microcontroller to control left and right motors based on sensor input to navigate and stay on the line. The microcontroller executes logic to keep the robot tracking by turning the motors on or off as needed. A motor driver circuit powers the motors based on signals from the microcontroller.

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Abd-e-Munaf Kalimee
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63 views3 pages

LFR Proposal

This document presents a project proposal for a line following robot using a PIC microcontroller. The robot will follow a white line on a surface. It uses an array of light sensors to detect the position of the line and a microcontroller to control left and right motors based on sensor input to navigate and stay on the line. The microcontroller executes logic to keep the robot tracking by turning the motors on or off as needed. A motor driver circuit powers the motors based on signals from the microcontroller.

Uploaded by

Abd-e-Munaf Kalimee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Embedded System

Project Proposal
LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT
Group Members

SHAZAIB MOHAMAD SALEEM 2012-EE-211

AMAR IQBAL 2012-EE-219

ABD-E-MUNAF KALIMEE 2012-EE-232

SYED AREEB AHMED 2012-EE-233

AYAZ SULTAN 2012-EE-235

TALHA SHEIKH 2012-EE-237


Embedded System Project Proposal

Line Follower Robot using PIC Microcontroller

Line follower is an autonomous robot which follows either black line in white are or white
line in black area. Robot must be able to detect particular line and keep following it.For
special situations such as cross overs where robot can have more than one path which can be
followed, predefined path must be followed by the robot.

The robot we intend to make follows white line automatically and it also turn its direction
according to white line.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

 
EXPLANATION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM
An array of sensor is used to detect the line. Based on the status of sensors, special circuit or
controller decides the position of line and also the required direction of motion required to
follow the line. Motor driver circuit is used to ON/OFF the LEFT/RIGHT motors of the robot
to provide desired motion.
 
 SENSORS

Sensors are required to detect position of the line to be followed with respect to the robot’s
position. Most widely used sensors for the line follower robot are PHOTOSENSERS. They
are based on the basic observation that “the white surface reflects the light and the black
surface absorbs it”.
 
Sensor circuit contains emitter, detector and comparator assembly.
 
 PHOTOSENSORS

IR or VISIBLE light is emitted from the emitter (IR light is mostly preferred to avoid
interference from the visible light which is generally around the robot. However IR light is
also present in atmosphere but its intensity is much less than that of visible light, so IR light
can give much reliable output. For better accuracy of the sensors, they must be covered
properly for the isolation from the surrounding.)
 
This emitted light strikes the surface and gets reflected back. If the surface is white, more
intensity of light gets reflected and for black surface very less intensity of light is reflected.

SSUET Page 2
Embedded System Project Proposal

 
Photo detector is used to detect the intensity of light reflected. The corresponding analog
voltage is induced based on the intensity of reflected light. This voltage is compared with the
fixed reference voltage in comparator circuit and hence it is converted into logic 0 or logic 1
which can be used by the controller.
The comparator circuit may be designed in two ways.
 
Case-1
Black area=1
White area=0
 
Case-2
Black area=0
White area=1
  
 
 LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR)
 
It is a special type of resistor. Its resistance is dependent upon the intensity of light falling
upon it.
 
It has wide range of resistance depending upon the intensity of light. Its resistance can vary
from few ohms to some kilo-ohms or even more.
 
  Microcontroller

The task of the microcontroller here is to control the left and right motors according to the
signals from the left and right comparators so that the robot remains on the correct path (the
black line). The logic executed by the microcontroller for keeping the robot in track is
illustrated in the table below.

 Motor driver circuit.

The job of the motor driver circuit is to drive the motors according to the output signals from
the microcontroller. IC L298 allows the DC motor to run in both front and back directions. It
consists of up to 16 pins.

 
 
 

SSUET Page 3

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