FACULTY OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

KMF1014: INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE SCIENCE

SEMESTER 1 (SESSION 2020/2021)

ASSIGNMENT 3 (30%)

GROUP 3

“COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR CHILDREN”

No. Name of group members Matric number Email

1. Nur Sabrina Afiqah Binti Bakerya 76278 [email protected]

2. Joqlin Ling Mee Eng 75211 [email protected]
3. Valerie Minah Anak Harris 77056 [email protected]
4. Vivien Anak Bennet 77109 [email protected]
5. Ashiqujjaman Galib 73268 [email protected]

LECTURER’S NAME: DR. JULIA LEE

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 8 JANUARY 2021

 TABLE OF CONTENT

No. Content Page

1. Introduction 1
2. Definition and explanation of the Cognitive Behaviour 2-3
Therapy on Children.
3. Reasoning of cognitive behaviour therapy on children 4-7
has direct applications towards improving human
potentials.
4. How knowledge and application of the cognitive 8-11
behaviour therapy on children can contribute
towards the development of Cognitive Science
Practices in Malaysia.
5. Conclusion 12
6. References 13
7. Appendix 14
 INTRODUCTION OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPHY ON CHILDREN

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is a form of short-term psychotherapy that has been

shown to be effective for depression and anxiety, as well as a few other mental health-related

conditions. In Malaysia, CBT has been applied as an individual session in a clinical setting. It

could be a wealthy, complex, and evolving show of treatment that has been created for and

applied to a wide run of mental wellbeing and physical problems and disorders. From its early

days within the 1970s, CBT has grown to gotten to be one of the preeminent models of

psychotherapy, and it is broadly conveyed and utilized around the globe. Cognitive Behaviour

Therapy deals with the relationship between our thoughts, behaviours, and emotions and is a

sort of conversation treatment that can help individuals of all ages. For children, the therapist

will aid them so that they can learn to supplant negative thought designs with more profitable

ones through role-playing and other strategies where children can hone interchange ways of

dealing with unpleasant situations. CBT for kids has commonsense standard applications. This

treatment can help children understand the negativity of their thought designs and learn how to

supplant them with more positive ones. It can help children learn to control self-defeating

contemplations, impulsivity, rebellion and fits. CBT may be a sort of conversation treatment,

it’s so much more than conversation. The specialist will work to supply substantial ways for a

child to require control and engage themselves. They will teach skills that can be put into

practice immediately. Cognitive Behavior Therapist can be conducted several ways such as

individual sessions, Parent-child sessions, Family-based sessions and group sessions. The

treatment plan can be adapted to meet cultural or regional differences.

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 Discussion I. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) originated in the early 1960s (Ellis,

1962) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy can be characterized as the purposefulness mix of

demonstrated preparation and methodological meticulousness of behavioural strategies with

the cognitive-behavioural procedures that impact adjustment. In other words, CBT is using the

precise understanding of our thoughts to deliberately alter responses and behaviours. Our inside

contemplations are seen as components for changes. Cognitive Behavioural Treatment is

utilized in treating different sorts of psychiatric issues. This treatment has objectives such as

making a difference individual mindful of their considerations, sentiments, and behaviours.

Besides, CBT can help to change bad thoughts with good and realistic ones. CBT also help

them replace their behaviours that can cause stress in their daily life. The treatment is ordinarily

done between 3 and 6 months, depending on the issue. The individual’s active cooperation in

treatment is a key guideline in CBT. Without it, this goal-oriented and issue centered approach

would not be successful. Children are a group that is often invaded by mental illness. If they

can be detected and intervened early, and their psychological pressure and varying degrees of

trauma can be cured in time, then the personality of these children will develop in a healthy

and meaningful direction and future. Common mental illnesses in childhood include attention

deficit and hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder or even post-

traumatic stress response. Among the many psychological treatment methods for these mental

illnesses, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is recognized as the most effective treatment

for children. The theoretical basis of cognitive behavioural therapy is that human's thoughts,

behaviours, emotions, and physical feelings are inseparable regardless of whether they are

adults or children. Changing the maladaptive cognition, that is the way of thinking and

behaviour which will improve the damaged and painful emotions and functions. According to

Keith S. Dobson (2010), CBT was shares three main proposals: cognitive function influences

behaviour, cognitive function can be tracked and updated, and the required behavioural change

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can be affected by the cognitive change. CBT is a combination of behavioural strategies and

cognitive processes, aiming to achieve changes in behaviour and cognition (Keith S. Dobson,

2010). When children use cognitive behavioural therapy, they can use the media of art and

games to help children express their fear and anger to dig out the thought activities behind these

emotions Among the many complicated psychotherapies, cognitive behavioural therapy is not

only a method of psychotherapy but also the perspective of the problem and the strategy of

dealing with it. When children have psychological problems, their external manifestations are

more complicated and difficult to understand than adults. Therefore, in the process of using

cognitive behavioural therapy interventions, use developmental vision and rich and vivid media

to explore. Cognitive Behaviour Therapist can be conducted in several ways such as individual

sessions, Parent-child sessions, Family-based sessions and group sessions. The table below

display the cognitive behavioural therapy techniques for children.

Play therapy Expressions and makes or role-playing are utilized to assist the child
address issues and work out arrangements. Furthermore, it helps to offer
assistance to keep more youthful children engaged.

Trauma- This method is used to treat children affected by traumatic events,

focused CBT including natural disasters. The therapist will focus on behavioral and
cognitive issues directly related to trauma the child has experienced.

Modeling The therapist may act out an example of the desired behavior, such as
how to respond to a bully, and ask the child to do the same or to
demonstrate other examples
Restructuring This technique is a way for a child to learn to take a negative thought
process and flip it to a better one. For example, “I stink at soccer. I’m a
total loser” can become “I’m not the best soccer player, but I’m good at a
lot of other things.”
Exposure The therapist slowly exposes the child to the things that trigger anxiety.

Figure 1: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Techniques for Children

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 Discussion II. Cognitive behavioural therapy can enable humans to have more rational

thinking processes. “CBT” or cognitive behavioural therapy is mainly to help us understand

and control our thoughts. Over time, the process of questioning and replacing negative

thoughts can change the human thought process. Humans will not be controlled by negative

thoughts but can rationally think and evaluate appropriate responses to difficult situations.

Besides, CBT can change things by changing the mind because it can help people understand

that changing their thinking process can bring positive results. When children are treated with

CBT, they can discover and clearly understand their thoughts about an event including knowing

their feelings and emotions about this event. Through these, children can better understand and

know their personalities and ideas for example what they like, what they hate, and what they

are very interested in. Therefore, children will be willing to find and discover what is suitable

for them, and in which direction they should go in order to make their lives better and more

meaningful. When children successfully find a suitable direction for them, they can choose this

path and continue to develop. At the same time, children also must forget all the occurrences

of the past and accept the new future. Once children choose a new direction or are willing to

change for themselves, they will attempt new things and new experiences. In the new life,

children may discover their own strengths and advantages, and they may actively explore,

experience, and understand themselves, and discover a different and the better self. Children

can develop from new strengths, enhance their own strengths, and increase their potential.

Children can also use their own advantages and strengths to contribute and develop future

technological development.

Next is cognitive behaviour treatment on children can be successfully utilized as a

short-term treatment focused to help and guide them with a particular issue including

instructing these children to concentrate on present thoughts and beliefs. Cognitive behavioural

therapy is utilized to serve a broad run of state counting addictions, outrage issues or even

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anxiety. CBT is exceedingly goal-oriented and concentrated, with the therapist taking a very

operative role. The method is clarified in details and individuals are frequently given tasks to

complete between sessions to build up objectives or goals. Cognitive behaviour treatment has

gotten to be progressively well known in recent years with both mental health customers and

treatment experts. CBT can be an essential short-term treatment option such as practicing new

abilities. It is vital to begin practicing modern aptitudes that can then be put in to utilize in real-

world situations. For instance, children with specific disorders might begin practicing up to

date coping skills and practicing ways to face with social environment or state that seem

potentially trigger a backslide. Those who suffers depression may learn to take down their

thoughts and analyse it more realistically. This assist them to break the downward spiral of

their mood.

Figure 2: Disorder that can benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Cherry, 2020)

The third one is to identify and replace negative thoughts by using positive

behavioural skills to create and maintain positive moods and healthy relationships. Helping

children gotten to be mindful of the ways in which contemplation can impact feelings and

behaviour is one of the foremost profitable lessons ready to hand down. At a time when social,

cognitive and passionate advancement is quick, reframing counterproductive considering and

the convictions that underlie that considering is indispensably to investigating the enthusiastic

and individual challenges experienced during childhood. Cognitive Behavioural Treatment

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(CBT) can offer help children to reframe how they recognize, translate and assess their

enthusiastic and behavioural responses to negative encounters. Realizing that feelings and

behaviours can be controlled and overseen is engaging and can lead to advancements in self-

control, feeling control, adapting aptitudes and excited mindfulness in the midst of this

fundamental developmental arrange. Clinical trials have built up the viability of CBT for

treating children with anxiety disorder. It was proposed that 55–65% of children did not meet

the criteria for an anxiety disorder taking after treatment. Furthermore, the comes about from

this ponder shown that CBT can possibly help indeed exceptionally youthful children (beneath

the age of 7) in managing direct uneasiness. CBT points to recognize and supplant negative

contemplation, utilizing positive behavioural aptitudes to make and keep up positive

dispositions and sound connections. Comes about from this consider appeared that bunch CBT

programs decreased the frequency of discouragement in treated teenagers after 12 months,

demonstrating that school-based CBT anticipation may be a promising approach for youthful

individuals detailing high rates of depressive side effects. CBT also points to distinguish and

replacing negative contemplation, utilizing positive behavioural aptitudes to make and keep up

positive temperaments. Cognitive-behavioural treatment challenges maladaptive

contemplation and unhelpful behaviours by replacing them with more practical considering

designs and more versatile adapting methodologies. These alterations can help bring around

changes within the indications of a number of issues related with childhood and youth. It

appears that CBT play imperative part to make strides human possibilities.

The fourth reason why cognitive behaviour therapy can improve human potentials is

because this therapy can focus on improving children’s quality of life. For instance, when

children say, “I’m stupid and I can’t read properly.” CBT will make children dare with that

thought then change into, “I’m just as smart as other kids although I am a slow learner. And

there are tools I can use to make reading easier.” With the help of CBT, the therapist and

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children collaborate to achieve objectives, recognizing issues, and examine advance. Children

get works to do between sessions to improve the expertise that they’re learning. The objectives

of CBT are more on the present and the future. Through these, children can better understand

what they are going through and face the circumstances with good behaviour, and which leads

to a better quality of life.

Cognitive treatment (CBT) could be a set of intercessions that combine a combination

of cognitive and behavioural approaches that have been appeared to be viable in managing the

many challenges experienced amid adolescence. CBT features a solid hypothetical premise.

The essential thought of CBT is that a person's broken or negative considerations influence his

disposition, mien, behaviour, and indeed his physical condition. CBT can be utilized as a mind-

body intercession, a psychological- based intercession that can impact charges in one's intellect

and bodywork. Within the application of CBT. It has been effectively adjusted for utilization

in grown-ups and young people with an assortment of issues and clutters. Imperatively, the

centre and organization of improvement or the cognitive abilities of clients may shift depending

on the session substance, methodology, and length of treatment, the hypothesis of altering

remains the same. For youthful children, CBT tends to be more cognitive, more behavioural

than centered. The behavioural center makes a difference in youthful children’s progress their

viability by educating them on techniques to decrease their indications. For illustration, CBT

for youthful children can bargain with irritating physical indications (hustling heart, sweat-

soaked sense of taste by instructing breathing procedures and perplexity.

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 Discussion III. Cognitive behavioural therapy has been proven to be an effective

method for treating various psychological problems in children. Cognitive behavioural therapy

provides support for children recovering from mental illness because cognitive behavioural

therapy is effective. Children with mental illness know that they need someone to help them

solve their problems and by knowing that there are children who have been successfully treated

and recovered, more sick children will work harder to change their bad behaviours. This can

reduce the probability of children suffering from mental illness. Besides, cognitive behavioural

therapy can improve children's self-esteem. For many children, low self-esteem is the

beginning and source of their mental illness. When children feel inferior, they often have many

negative thoughts, such as suicide but CBT can prevent these negative things from happening

and help children increase their confidence in their own abilities. Cognitive behavioural therapy

allows children to build self-esteem by focusing on problems and working hard to find

solutions. When children find the answers, their beliefs will become stronger and empower

them to overcome these diseases. Cognitive behavioural therapy also can help or teach children

how to relax. In terms of behaviour, CBT helps children learn how to control their disease

symptoms. Many times, children may use a variety of relaxation techniques to calm their

emotions and reactions. This helps children reduce the frequency of symptoms. Through these

benefits and successful cases of treating children, more and more parents or family members

are paying more attention to and paying attention to Cognitive behavioural therapy on children.

Parents know that this is a great help to their future children. They will also actively follow and

look for news and knowledge about Cognitive behavioural therapy on children. These

behaviours and actions can improve people's awareness of Cognitive Science Practices in

Malaysia. In addition, when their children are successfully treated, some parents will advertise

the benefits of cognitive behavioural therapy to others and remind others to pay more

attention to these things. Furthermore, children remain important to the current and future of

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the nation. Because of effective treatment methods and the importance of children, the

government may organize some activities on Cognitive behavioural therapy on children. For

example, TV commercials and campaigns. These activities can raise people's attention and

vigilance. When a similar situation happened to the people, they will know where to seek help

and solutions which means cognitive behavioural therapy on children can contribute towards

the development of Cognitive Science Practices in Malaysia. Malaysian can understand the

importance of Cognitive Science Practices and increase their attention and interest.

Next is cognitive behavioural therapies has been proven contributed huge to cognitive

sciences development in Malaysia. CBT help to increase awareness of the importance of

psychotherapy for various ages. CBT truly acknowledged the contributions of behavioural

theory, the social work perspective of the person in environment would be more closely

represented by balancing the internal mental process of cognitive theory with the determining

contingencies of the external environment central to behavioural theory. CBT gives people

hope about their condition especially among children which they do not aware of their

difficulty and clueless about method to handle it. The nature of mental health conditions means

sufferers often feel pessimistic about their future. It does this by helping people see that our

thoughts are not always accurate. They do not always represent what’s likely to be happen.

Besides, CBT help to change the perspective of community about mental health. Mental health

is not an illness, but it can be cure with the right way. CBT contributed to human cognitive

understanding among community especially related to children which they might be our nation

leader in the future. It shows that cognitive behaviour therapy contributes a lot toward the

development of Cognitive Sciences Practise in Malaysia.

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 Third contribution is cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) has been the foremost

accepted treatment model within the treatment of childhood internalizing disorders in

Malaysia. Children are very distinctive than grown-ups both cognitively, emotionally, and

behaviourally. Hence, adaption of adult treatment strategies to children has continuously been

a troublesome and quite sensitive issue. The focus of CBT is problem-oriented, with an

emphasis on the present. Rather than centring on the causes of unsettling influences or side

effects within the past, it looks for ways to progress the patient's current state. CBT sessions

are organized to improve the adequacy of treatment, progress learning, and direct therapeutic

endeavours to particular issues and potential solutions. CBT can offer assistance for children

in Malaysia so that they can learn how to interpret their environment differently. This sort of

treatment can give benefits such as improve communication with others, diminish fears and

phobias, interrupt contemplations that lead to addiction or other self-destructive practices. CBT

also urges children to reconsider their thoughts, sentiments and practices and it appears to them

on how to supplant negative contemplations with a more practical and more positive thoughts

for instance such as by learning new skills to deal with everyday problems. Due to the success

of cognitive behavioural therapy on children, more Malaysian kids will be a better version of

themselves which benefits to humankind and even the nation.

The fourth one is cognitive behaviour therapy is an evidence-based practice known

to be effective for many types of problems. Based on the meta-analyses, there are more than

60 percent of children treated with CBT for anxiety disorders retrieve with remarkable lessen

in traits following treatment. Besides, based on studies of children treated in community mental

health clinics reveal that those regaining evaluate are likely to resume at 4 years post-treatment.

Studies show that many adolescents with ADHD who received CBT had a significant reduction

in symptom severity. Among children that receive individual trauma-focused CBT with PTSD,

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will be having a great refinement of symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Based on

one study, after joining CBT, there are 92 percent of participants no longer met standard for

PTSD (Ann Pietrangelo, 2019). This obtain was still can be seen during a 6-month follow-up.

CBT can improve awareness among children of how contemplations and feelings influence

their behaviour and how changing their contemplations and feelings can alter this behaviour

and the way they feel. CBT could be a secure, viable treatment that can offer assistance to kids

with a wide run of conditions and concerns.

In the end, cognitive- behaviour treatment (CBT) could be a sort of conversation

treatment. CBT makes difference in children and youths see their considerations, sentiments,

and behaviours. CBT can be supportive of children with uneasiness, misery, and delicate

issues. CBT can assistance to kids with challenges that considering and supplant it with

something way better. My perusing issues can make perusing harder but keen like other kid's.

And there are apparatuses I can utilize to create it less demanding to peruse. Through CBT,

specialists and children work together to set objectives, distinguish issues, and screen

advance. Kids can get assignments to do in sessions to construct their learning aptitudes. CBT

focuses on the display and the long run. It makes difference kids realize they have control

over their behaviour. Technology- physicians utilize CBT. One is called modelling, in this

strategy, the advisor illustrates the favoured- behaviour such as standing up, and another

method is called cognitive recreation. It is an approach where children learn to recognize and

supplant negative contemplations.

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, cognitive behavioural treatments have been proven contribute gigantic

to cognitive sciences improvement in Malaysia. Cognitive Behaviour Treatment could be a

frame of psychotherapy that has been experimentally examined and appeared effective with a

plenty of conditions. Cognitive treatment is consolidated with behavioural treatment in arrange

for an individual to first recognize and take captive their maladaptive contemplations, make

versatile thoughts and change their behaviour appropriately. Its victory rate being as great, or

way better than pharmaceutical alone inclines it to be an exceedingly sought-after model to

treat variety of disorders. The brief nature of treatment utilizing CBT is due to its activity and

goal-oriented execution. Therapist sand clients collaborate similarly in executing successful

strategies through assignments which challenge a client’s thinking and, considerably, acting in

way of life. Although CBT is equally effective in treating disorders in which medication is

alone successful; it is the conjoining of therapies which may give clients with certain disorders

the greatest relief. With this therapy clients learn that they alone have the responsibility to form

a right perception in response to environmental triggers that challenge their thinking. They are

empowered through this choice. The most successful client helped by CBT is one that is willing

to commit to its proactive approach and structure. Those clients who struggle with this kind of

structure, or who are desiring to know more about the underlying cause of their distress may

find this approach limiting.

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 REFERENCES

Keith S. Dobson. (2010). Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral Therapies. (3rd ed.). The

Guilford Press.

My Life Psychologists. (2019, August 12). Mental Health. What Are the Benefits Of

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)? Retrieved from

https://mylifepsychologists.com.au/what-are-the-benefits-of-cognitive-behaviour-

therapy-cbt

Cherry, K. (2020). What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)? Retrieved from

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-cognitive-behavior-therapy-2795747

Pietrangelo, A. (2019). How Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Different for Kids?

Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/cbt-for-kids#what-it-

is

Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. (2017) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

Retrieved from https://effectivechildtherapy.org/therapies/cognitive-behavioral-

therapy/

The Understood Team. (n,d). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: What You Need to Know.

Retrieved from https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-

differences/treatments-approaches/therapies/faqs-about-cognitive-behavioral-therapy

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 APPENDIX
Roles of team member:

No. Name of group members Matric number Roles

1. Nur Sabrina Afiqah Binti Bakerya 76278 Introduction, Discussion

i,ii,iii, Conclusion
2. Joqlin Ling Mee Eng 75211 Discussion i,ii,iii

3. Valerie Minah Anak Harris 77056 Discussion i,ii,iii,

4. Vivien Anak Bennet 77109 Introduction,

Discussion i,ii,iii
5. Ashiqujjaman Galib 73268 Discussion ii,iii

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