Occupational Hygiene Procedure

INTRODUCTION
Charles Darwin University (CDU) recognises the requirement to manage exposure to hazardous agents and
stressors in the workplace to minimise any potential risk to health.

COMPLIANCE
This is a compliance requirement under the:
• Work Health and Safety (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2016
• Work Health and Safety (National Uniform Legislation) Regulations 2017
• AS/NZS 1269.1,1: 2005
• Model Code of Practice - How to Manage Work Health and Safety Risks
• Model Code of Practice – Managing the Work Environment and Facilities
• Numerous Model Codes of Practice and Australian Standards as applicable to the specific potential
hazards identified

INTENT
The purpose of this procedure is to provide a framework to facilitate the provision of a “safe place of
work” through the identification and management of potential risks to the health of individuals (both
acute and chronic) associated with the workplace and its activities.

This Procedure describes general requirements for management of exposure to hazardous agents
and stressors in the workplace to minimize the risk to health. The Procedure outlines the process for
a uniform approach to Occupational Hygiene across all Charles Darwin University (CDU) sites.

Health hazards that may be applicable to specific work activities may include, but not be limited to:

• Chemical hazards: hazardous materials in the form of solids, dusts (including airborne fibres
e.g. synthetic mineral fibres), fumes (including welding, spray paint), liquids, mists, gases
and / or vapours. These hazards may be absorbed via skin contact, inhalation and / or
accidental ingestion.
• Physical hazards: noise, ionising and non-ionising radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared,
radiofrequency, microwave, laser, static magnetic field), vibration (whole body and hand-
arm), motion (e.g. sea sickness), pressure (including diving) and thermal work environment
• Biological hazards: potable water quality, ventilation - air handling systems (HVAC), food handling
and hygiene, sewerage, vector borne and environmental (e.g. mosquito borne diseases, nuisance
biting insects, snakes, wild animals, livestock, dogs, poisonous plants, etc.)
• Ergonomic (human) factors hazards: Manual handling tasks, appropriate design of buildings,
plant, equipment, human machine interfaces, computer work station set up, lighting, etc.

This procedure applies to all employees of CDU and to all contractors engaged directly or indirectly
by it. The procedure also applies to visitors and other personnel present on CDU work sites, using
its facilities, or dealing with its employees or contractors.

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RELEVANT DEFINITIONS
In the context of this document

Term Definition

Breathing Zone 300mm radius of a person’s nose / mouth as defined in

AS2985
Chromium(VI) means chromium with a valence of positive six, in any form and in any
[hexavalent compound
chromium or Cr(VI) Employee exposure - means exposure to Hexavalent
Chromium which would occur if the employee were not using respiratory or
skin protection protective equipment. Exposure Limit means an airborne
concentration of Hexavalent Chromium of 0.005mg/m3 calculated as an 8-
hour time-weighted average. The employer shall ensure that no employee is
exposed to chromium (VI) in excess of the exposure level
Regulated area means an area, demarcated by the employer, where an
employee's exposure to airborne concentrations of chromium (VI) exceeds, or
can reasonably be expected to exceed, the Exposure Limit of 0.005mg/m3.
Regulated Areas will be established at the Action Level concentration, i.e.
0.0025mg/m3
Competent Refers to a person with suitable qualifications and experience
Person to conduct the required work e.g. an Occupational Hygienist
Excessive noise Noise above the noise exposure criteria as set by the relevant
statutory authorities or by the organization’s noise policy, whichever is the
lower
Exposure means an exposure standard in the publication Workplace
Standard Exposure Standards for Airborne Contaminants
Noise All sound in the workplace, whether wanted or unwanted
Noise Exposure The presence of a person at a point of emission
Protected The presence of a person wearing hearing protectors at a point of
Exposure emission
Scheduled means a chemical listed in Schedule 14 of the Workplace Health and Safety
Chemical Regulations that requires health monitoring

WHS Workplace Health and Safety

Safety Data is a document concerning a hazardous substance, which is prepared in
Sheet (SDS) accordance with legislative requirements

PROCEDURES
1. Responsibilities

VP’s all Departments

• Ensure compliance and effective implementation of the requirements of this procedure
• Provide adequate resources for the effective implementation of this
• Procedure
• Incorporate Health Risks, and their controls into their risk processes and registers

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Line Managers / Supervisors
• Adequately identify, assess and control the health risks associated with their Scope of
Work, evaluate controls to ensure effectiveness
• Provide appropriate resources to address risks identified, and ensure compliance to this
Procedure
• Conduct relevant workplace monitoring, inspections and audits
• Ensure that the development pre-task risk assessments includes consideration of
potential health risks, both short and long term
• Manage their contractors to meet this procedure, and its associated procedures, as they
apply to their Scope of Work

Safety, Emergency and Wellbeing

• Provide advice and support to CDU Management as required

All Employees
• Participate in occupational health and hygiene requirements (e.g. workplace
monitoring, medical surveillance)
• Consider health hazards in pre-task risk assessments
• Report any workplace health concerns to their line manager / supervisor

2. Training and Competence Requirements

CDU will ensure that all personnel who may be exposed to a health hazard (physical, chemical or
biological) will receive basic awareness education at induction and / or job transfer, in the relevant
occupational health and hygiene potential risks.

Personnel will be updated as required and whenever new monitoring information is available,
significant new or changed control measures are introduced, or new work practices are introduced.

3. Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment forms the basis for the development of monitoring, controls and health
surveillance programs and should be applied to all sections of this procedure.

CDU will identify and manage all potential health hazards which may arise during their workplace
activities. Appropriate controls shall be identified and implemented to reduce the risk from hazardous
agents and stressors to ALARP, and in all cases to below relevant exposure standards. An ongoing
monitoring and evaluation plan shall be developed and implemented as required.

In risk management of potential health hazards, consideration should be given to nature of the
substance (toxicity and concentration), the health effects (acute and chronic), the amount of the
substance or mixture absorbed by the body (skin, inhalation, ingestion / exposure time - extended
shifts / hours of exposure will require additional calculations on exposure standard / effectiveness of
controls).

Where there is evidence or concern about potential health effects from exposure to hazardous
agents, a competent person (e.g. occupational hygienist) should conduct a quantitative risk
assessment, and advise on requirements for ongoing monitoring and health surveillance.

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The Hierarchy of Controls shall be utilised in determining control measures and shall be selected in
the following priority:
• Elimination of the stressor or hazard
• Substitution of the process or stressor with a less hazardous arrangement
• Segregation of people in time or distance from the stressor
• Containment of the stressor
• Engineering controls
• Administrative controls (Procedures, Training, JSEA’s, SWP’s, etc.)
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (includes selection, training and maintenance)

Personnel who, over a period of work, are expected to have at least 80% similar exposures to
hazardous agents may be considered as a Similar Exposure Group (SEG) for those specific hazardous
agents.

When assessing exposure profile, consideration and formal documentation should be made of
the following:

• Primary tasks
• Shift length
• Shift rotations
• Work period (scheduled days in a work period)
• Number of personnel with similar exposures

3.1 Preliminary Risk Assessment

This may consist simply of a formal, documented walk through and/or desk top survey to identify
areas requiring more detailed information, or formal quantitative assessment by a competent
person.

Areas of the workplace where it is considered a hazard is present, but there is inadequate
information to effectively assess the risk to personnel’s health, will require a more detailed
assessment, as will more complex hazard combinations (e.g. complex noise sources, chemical / noise
combination, noise / vibration combination, heat / fatigue, commissioning and shutdown conditions,
etc.). As applicable to the hazard, this will be personal dosimetry, with the time weighted average
calculated to the shift/s being to the shift as actually worked.

3.2 Detailed Risk Assessment

A detailed assessment and / or Quantitative Assessment is required in areas where there is a

likelihood of excessive exposure to the hazardous agent, or the risk associated with exposure to
hazardous agent is inadequately defined. The detailed assessment shall provide results in the format
advised by the appropriate Legislation, Australian Standards, Codes of Practice or relevant Industry
Documentation. The assessment should provide initial information for consideration and / or
implementation of future engineering controls, as well as to assist in the selection of appropriate
interim controls (e.g. correctly attenuated hearing protection, correct filter for respirators, etc.).

3.3 Monitoring Strategies

Where required based on risk assessment (risk of exposure above 50% of relevant exposure
standard) or legislative requirement, a monitoring program should be established which:

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 • Incorporates personal exposure measurement, and biological monitoring based on applicable
recognised standards and conducted by a competent person
• Is validated at a frequency as determined required by a competent person or required by legislation
• Includes hygiene monitoring performance targets and performance measurement
processes

3.4 Follow up Risk Assessment / Evaluation

A follow-up assessment is required where there are changes in exposures due to various factors, e.g.

• Deterioration of equipment
• Changes in work procedures / practices
• Introduction of new production processes, controls and / or equipment
• In areas where regular monitoring is required to check changes in exposures due to seasonal
or workload related factors (including shift length changes)
• To determine the effectiveness of engineering controls

4. Health Monitoring

Health surveillance must be conducted where the risk assessment determines that there is a risk to
the health of an employee to substances that require health surveillance, such that:

• The exposure of the employee is such that an adverse effect on the employee's health may
occur under the particular conditions of work; and
• There is a valid method of health monitoring and / or surveillance

Note that there is a legislative requirement that some occupations to undertake health surveillance
(for example a lead risk worker).

Where health surveillance is required, a formal plan must be developed documenting the methods
and criteria for undertaking monitoring and surveillance, including the frequency and indications for
reassessment and evaluation of the adequacy of controls. This plan must be developed by a health
and hygiene professional with relevant competencies and/or experience.

The type of heath monitoring referred to in the relevant legislation and standards will be provided
unless:

• an equal or better type of health monitoring is available

• the use of that other type of monitoring is recommended by a registered medical
practitioner with experience in health monitoring

CDU will:
• inform workers and prospective workers about health monitoring requirements
• ensure health monitoring is carried out by or under the supervision of a registered
medical practitioner with experience in health monitoring
• pay all expenses relating to health monitoring
• provide certain information about a worker to the registered medical practitioner
• take all reasonable steps to obtain a report from the registered medical practitioner as
soon as practicable after the monitoring has been carried out
• provide a copy of the report to the worker and the regulator if the report contains adverse
test results or recommendations that remedial measures should be taken

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 • provide the report to all other persons conducting a business or undertaking
whose workers may have been exposed

5. Records

CDU will:
• Formally notify personnel who are monitored of their recorded exposures with an
explanation of the significance of the results
• personal biological monitoring and health monitoring data shall be kept as confidential records for
at least 30 years after the record is made (40 years for reports relating to asbestos exposure)
• personal biological monitoring and health monitoring data shall be treated as confidential
medical information
• de-identify any health and / or hygiene monitoring results used in summary
reporting, monthly reports, presentations and the like

6. Hygiene Monitoring

6.1 Airborne Contaminants

6.1.1 Atmospheric Monitoring

Atmospheric monitoring is the sampling of workplace atmospheres to obtain an estimate of
workers’ potential inhalation exposure to airborne contaminants.

CDU will ensure that personal dosimetry / air monitoring is carried out to determine the airborne
concentration of a substance or mixture at the workplace to which an exposure standard applies if:

• there is uncertainty about the level of exposure, or whether or not the airborne
concentration of the substance or mixture exceeds the relevant exposure standard
• to indicate whether the exposure standards are being exceeded or approached
• monitoring is necessary to determine whether there is a risk to health
• to test the effectiveness of the control measures e.g. ventilation

6.1.2 Exposure Standards

Exposure standards represent airborne concentrations of a particular substance or mixture that
must not be exceeded. There are three types of exposure standard:

• 8-hour time-weighted average

• peak limitation
• short term exposure limit

Exposure standards are based on the airborne concentrations of individual substances that,
according to current knowledge, should not cause adverse health effects nor cause undue
discomfort to nearly all workers.

Workplace exposure standards are available in the Workplace Exposure Standards for Airborne
Contaminants and the Hazardous Substances Information System (HSIS) on the Safe Work Australia
website, which contains additional information and guidance for many substances.

Where monitoring identifies that the exposure standard is being exceeded, the control measures
will be reviewed, and as necessary the appropriate controls implemented and retest / evaluate the
controls

Guidance on interpreting exposure standards is available in the Guidance on the

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Interpretation of Workplace Exposure Standards for Airborne Contaminants.

To comply with the WHS Regulations, monitoring of workplace contaminant levels for chemicals
with exposure standards may need to be carried out.

6.1.3 Airborne Dust

Work sites will ensure dust levels are kept ALARP via the use of dust control methods.

Where airborne dust levels are considered a health or safety hazard, consideration to ceasing the
work activity until an improved working method can be approved and implemented to reduce the
level of airborne dust to an acceptable level is required.

Where airborne dust levels continue to pose a potential risk to health, hygiene monitoring
(including personal dosimetry) shall be conducted by a competent person, at a frequency and
volume to establish the levels of dust, and the elements of the dust, to which personnel are
exposed. The monitoring shall include Inhalable and Respirable components (as per AS3640:2004
and AS2985:2009).

As appropriate, review of current controls, and the implementation of additional controls shall be put
in place to ensure levels of atmospheric contamination are not in excess of the Exposure Standard/s.

6.2 Hazardous Chemicals

CDU will implement and maintain controls to ensure that the risks associated with hazardous
chemicals, substances and materials are maintained to ALARP.

Information on the nature and severity of the hazard can be gained from the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
in most cases (an SDS may not be available where the hazardous chemical is generated in the
workplace).

The degree of the exposure can be determined by considering the actual processes and practices in
the workplace, the quantities of substances being used, work practices and the way the workers
carry out their work, and whether existing control measures adequately control exposure.

Health Monitoring may be required (Section 4 of this document).

Section 340 and 380 to 384 of the WHS Regulations requires compliance with Schedule 10 (of the
Regulations); this list of prohibited carcinogens, restricted carcinogens and restricted hazardous
chemicals must be adhered to and should be consulted prior to application for and / or bringing any
new chemical to site.

The WHS Regulations 368, 370 and 406 require health monitoring for Hazardous Chemicals as per
Schedule 14 (table 14.1) of the Regulations.

Additional Chemicals to consider for health monitoring (SafeWork Australia – Health Monitoring for
Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals – Guide for Persons Conducting a Business or Undertaking)
include:
• Antimony
• Beryllium
• Carbon disulphide
• Cobalt
• Cyclophosphamide
• Ethyl benzene

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 • Nickel
• Styrene
• Toluene
• Xylene

6.3 Asbestos
The importation of asbestos and asbestos containing products into Australia is prohibited by law.
Where asbestos is discovered, the relevant legislation must be strictly adhered to in all aspects of
identification, management and health monitoring requirements.

6.4 Synthetic Mineral Fibre

All handling and use of Synthetic Mineral Fibres (SMF) (e.g. insulation works) shall be in
compliance with the National Code of Practice for the Safe Use of Synthetic Mineral Fibres
[NOHSC: 2006].
Risk assessment and atmospheric monitoring will be undertaken as determined by a competent
person. Health Monitoring shall be conducted as per legislative, associated codes and standards
requirements.

6.5 Abrasive Blasting

The substances used for abrasive blasting must be reviewed for their potential to cause injury or risk
to health (SDS will provide some information) as per the legislation.

Hygiene monitoring, as required shall consist of personal dosimetry monitoring and / or of a type
and at a frequency and volume, as advised by a competent person. They shall be undertaken in
accordance with the AS3640-2004 and AS2985 for Inhalable and Respirable Dust Monitoring.

Air sampling shall be required at any location where:

• advised by the competent person
• visible dust from abrasive blasting can be seen outside the encapsulated abrasive blasting
area
• uncertainty exists as to the potential exposure level to personnel

6.6 Spray Painting

The processes involved in spray painting and powder coating are hazardous due to a combination of
factors such as the use, handling and storage of hazardous chemicals and exposure to electrical,
noise, manual handling and plant hazards.

The WHS Regulations include more specific requirements to manage the risks of hazardous chemicals,
airborne contaminants and plant, as well as other hazards associated with spray painting or powder
coating activities such as noise and manual handling.

6.7 Welding
Welding is the process of permanently joining two or more materials together, usually metals, by heat
or pressure or both. When heated, the material reaches molten state and may be joined together
with or without additional filler materials being added.

Welding includes joining methods as diverse as fusion welding, forge welding, friction welding,
braze welding, brazing, soldering and explosion welding.

Energy sources used for welding include gas flames, electric arcs, electric resistance, lasers, electron
beams, friction, molten metal baths and ultrasound. Precautions are required to avoid fire and
explosion, burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and
exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation.

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CDU will ensure compliance with the legislation, the Safe Work Australia Code of Practice for Welding
Processes (2012), and Health and Safety in Welding WTIA Technical Note No.7 (for guidance in the
management of allied processes (e.g. metal preparation, metal cutting, gouging, brazing and
soldering) in the identification and control of the associated risks to ALARP.

The WHS Regulations include more specific requirements to manage the risks of hazardous chemicals,
airborne contaminants and plant, as well as other hazards associated with welding such as noise and
manual tasks.

6.7.1 Airborne Contaminants - Welding Fumes

Welding can generate fumes, mists, dust, vapours and gases, including ozone. The amounts and types
of fumes produced vary greatly depending on the process involved and the materials being used such as
metals, solvents, flux, paint and plastics. The health effects of exposure to fumes, dust, vapour and
gases can vary. Effects can include irritation of the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat), tightness
in the chest, asphyxiation, asthma, wheezing, metal fume fever, lung damage, bronchitis, cancer,
pneumonia or emphysema.

Some welding fumes are easy to see; however, many gaseous fumes and vapours are invisible.
Ultraviolet radiation emitted by arcs may travel significant distances from arcs, especially in
reflective environments and may give rise to significant quantities of ozone.

The Safe Work Code of Practice on Welding Processes contains information about fumes that are
commonly released during welding. The SDS for welding rods and wires will provide information on
what gases and fumes are released during welding. The WTIA (Welding Technology Institute of
Australia) Fume Minimisation Guidelines provides further information about controlling airborne
contaminants. To determine the risk of exposure to fumes during welding you should identify what
equipment and materials are being used and the level of fumes, dust, vapour and gases generated.
For exposure to welding fumes, total fume concentrations as well as individual fume components
should be considered.

6.7.2 Chromium

Chromium and its compounds form a large and varied group of chemicals, the hazards of which
depend on the chemical forms encountered. These are referred to as chromium metal (0),
chromium (II), chromium (III), chromium (IV) and chromium (VI). Of these, chromium (VI)
compounds have the most significant effects on health. These include:

Short-term effects

• Irritation and inflammation of the nose and upper respiratory tract

• Burns to the skin, possibly leading to ulcers
• Eye damage from splashes (in liquid form)

Long-term effects
• Damage to the nose, including ulcers and holes in the flap of tissue separating the nostrils
• Irritation of the lungs
• Kidney damage
• Allergic reactions in the skin and respiratory tract
• Risk of cancer of the lung and nose from certain processes

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Exposure Levels
Chromium (Cr ll and Cr lll) are toxic, cause damage to the respiratory tract and are corrosive to the
skin. The current 8-hour Time weighted average exposure level is 0.5mg/m3.

Hexavalent Chromium (CrVl)

• is classified as a Class 1 carcinogen

• exposure level is 0.05mg/m3 for an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)
• No STEL value is set for Hexavalent Chromium
• The Action Level (50% of the exposure level) for Hexavalent Chromium is
0.025mg/m3 for an 8-hour TWA Hexavalent

Chromium (CrVl) Sources:

• welding, grinding, flame cutting and brazing operations involving stainless steel
• welding rods
• manufacture of stainless steel
• electroplating, and other surface coating processes
• painting and pigment application
• catalyst for some processes

Where required, CDU will have a Control Program to protect all employees from Hexavalent
Chromium above the exposure levels, and where feasible to below the action that should include:
• Implemented controls as per the hierarchy of controls
• Work practice controls and operating procedural changes
• Use of SWP’s / JSA’s and like in the control program
• Training requirements and implementation
• Devices designed to lower employee exposures and maintenance of the same
• PPE (Respiratory Protective equipment) should be utilised to support higher level
controls
• Hygiene monitoring program

Regulated Areas:
• Regulated Areas will be established for work areas where area monitoring results indicate the
worker exposures may exceed, or can reasonably be expected to exceed, the Action Level
(2.5µg/m3) for Hexavalent Chromium
• These areas shall be demarcated by displaying the Respirator pictogram at conspicuous locations to
all Entry / Access points, with warning labels indicating the presence of Hexavalent Chromium
• Only authorized persons with proper protective equipment shall be admitted into the Regulated
Area
• All employees working in a known Hexavalent Chromium area are responsible for adhering to all
procedures and processes and reporting any potential exposure/s

Employee Awareness:
Awareness will be provided to all employees potentially exposed to Hexavalent Chromium prior
to commencement of the task and at regular intervals thereafter
Awareness shall include:
• Hexavalent Chromium and where it is found
• How Hexavalent Chromium is absorbed by the body
• Adverse health effects
• Availability of the SDS’s and how to utilise
• The various control measures adopted by the company to protect employees from
Hexavalent Chromium exposure
• Respiratory Protection requirements, use and maintenance

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 • Avoiding food, beverages, smoking, and applying cosmetics in areas where there is
Hexavalent Chromium exposure
• Wash face and hands thoroughly before eating, drinking or smoking
• Avoid use of contact lenses in Hexavalent Chromium areas

Exposures:
Where there is a known or a suspected exposure to Hexavalent Chromium, CDU will ensure the employee
attends a medical examination that includes:

• Provision of medical and occupational history / potential exposure details to the treating
medical practitioner
• Physical examination with emphasis on the respiratory system and skin
• Any limitations or recommendations on the use of respiratory protective equipment
• Any medical condition that may make the employee more susceptible to Hexavalent Chromium
Exposure
• Medical Practitioners Report to be treated confidentially and filed on the employees
medical file in keeping with the individual employer data storage requirements (see
Appendix B for an example)

Ventilation can remove heat from the environment and reduce exposure to fumes and other
atmospheric contaminants in the work area. There are three main types:
• local exhaust ventilation
• forced dilution ventilation
• natural dilution ventilation

The choice of ventilation system should take into account:

• the amount and type of fumes and contaminants produced
• the proximity and location of the welding process relative to the ventilation system
• the level of ventilation, natural or mechanical, both for the whole workplace and the welding area –
this will also depend on screens and partitions which may restrict cross-flow at the work area
• the proximity of the welder’s breathing zone to the fume source
Ventilation systems implemented shall meet with the legislation, Code of Practice and associated
documents requirements.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Where required, PPE must be worn by workers to supplement higher levels of controls (such as
ventilation systems or administrative controls).

Where PPE is to be used at the workplace, the equipment will be:

• selected to minimise risk to health and safety i.e. does not introduce another hazard e.g.
thermal discomfort, musculo-skeletal injury, reduced vision or hearing
• suitable for the nature of the work and any hazard associated with the work
• a suitable size, fit and reasonably comfortable for the person wearing it
• maintained, repaired or replaced so it continues to minimise the risk

A worker must, as far as reasonably practicable, wear and maintain the personal protective equipment
in accordance with any information, training or reasonable instruction and must not intentionally
misuse or damage the equipment.

6.8 Radiation
Radiation comes from a number of sources and must be adequately assessed by a competent person.

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 6.8.1 Ultraviolet Radiation
The sun produces visible light or sunlight that we see, infrared radiation (heat) that we feel, and UV
radiation that can’t be seen or felt. UV radiation levels vary according to seasons (height of the sun),
distance from equator, cloud cover, ozone levels and altitude.

Ordinary car or truck window glass filters out approximately 97% of UVB and 37% of UVA radiation.
Laminated windscreens block all UVB and about 80% of UVA. Clear or tinted films can also reduce the
amount of UVA and UVB radiation coming through the side glass. The amount of protection varies with
different products. People who spend long periods in vehicles in the sun can still get sunburnt. Drivers
with side windows down are at particular risk and need to protect themselves with clothing or
sunscreen (Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)).

6.8.2 Radiation
CDU individual areas, as required, will develop and maintain an inventory of all relevant types of
radiation sources that have a potential for adverse health effect, and should include radiation
source type, type of radiation (e.g. radioisotope, radon, EMF, laser, etc.), strength and location.

Where legislative requirements and / or a risk assessment indicate the need, a documented
radiation management programme will be developed so:

• all types of radiation sources are adequately characterised and described such exposures can
be eliminated or reduced to ALARP
• it provides a clearly defined chain of responsibility, with duties and responsibility
documented and
• education is provided for employees regarding radiation safety, including the radiation
management programme elements

The ionising radiation management programme must meet all applicable regulatory requirements,
and at a minimum include the following elements (as applicable):
• surveyed radiation areas and quantification of exposure sources/levels
• exposure and medical monitoring programmes based on established investigation levels
• transport of radioactive materials in compliance with local regulations
• waste monitoring and disposal programmes
• clearance and control procedures for all contaminated materials and equipment leaving
or arriving at site (including scrap)
• leak (wipe) tests on sealed radioactive containment equipment
• lock-out procedures for vessels and equipment containing radioactive sources and radon
decay product measurement prior to entry
• emergency procedures
• environmental impact risk assessment (air, water, waste, foods, etc.)
• product/waste life cycle control; and
• dose assessment for employees and critical exposure groups, according to documented
methods and conducted by a competent person

Areas with ionising radiation with annual doses greater than 5 milli Sieverts (mSv) must be designated
as restricted access or controlled areas and mapped, signposted or otherwise clearly communicated to
employees working in the area.

Each person whose potential exposure exceeds 5 mSv per annum or who is a designated radiation
worker must undergo periodic personal radiation monitoring and / or medical surveillance designed
to show continued fitness for radiation work, and / or any adverse health effects from radiation work.

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Each operation where individual worker’s exposures could exceed 5 mSv per annum must have a
trained radiation protection adviser or ready access to a trained protection consultant as per the
local legislative requirements.

All controls must be reassessed annually to ensure their continued effectiveness and that operating
practices are in accordance with written procedures.

A Procedure that provides further detail on the management of x-raying, or ionizing radiation
radiographic work should be available for all such activities in individual CDU work areas.

6.8.3 Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM)

Diesel exhaust is a combination of a number of chemicals and particles; however, exhaust as a whole
can be classed as exposure to particulate matter. In diesel exhausts, it is the invisible nano particles
created by diesel engines that can be inspired deep into the lungs, which present the most risk for
lung cancer. Workplaces where workers are in close proximity diesel fuelled equipment, or in
enclosed spaces with diesel fuelled equipment present the greatest risk to worker health (e.g.
underground mines, enclosed operation of forklifts or diesel generators). In many cases the fact that
the equipment is operating in the open environment significantly reduces the potential for excessive
exposures.

The AIOH (Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists) supports the use of an exposure standard
of 0.1 mg/m3 DPM (measured as submicron elemental carbon) as being a balance between the
factors of primarily minimising irritation, secondarily minimising any potential for risk of lung cancer
to a level that is not detectable in a practical sense in the work force, and finally on the basis of
setting a level achievable as best practice by industry and government.

The exposure limit for DPM must be adjusted to account for extended shift lengths or non-standard
rosters, using an appropriate adjustment model selected by a component person.

CDU will determine if any operations within their activities of work is likely to cause excessive
exposure levels to DPM. Where excessive exposure levels are reasonably foreseeable, steps must be
taken to eliminate or mitigate this to below exposure levels and / or a hygiene monitoring program
established as required.

7. Noise

7.1 Introduction
Occupational noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a major compensable industrial disease in
Australia and is linked to increased employee turnover and absenteeism, lowered performance and
possible contribution to accidents.

Noise-induced hearing loss can be reduced, or often eliminated by means of feasible engineering
and administrative controls. Where higher controls (Hierarchy of Controls) are not feasible,
Hearing Protection Devices (HPD’s), properly rated and fitted, can offer reasonable protection
against hearing loss.

The legislative and National Standard for exposure to noise in the occupational environment is an:
• eight-hour equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level, LAeq,8h, of
85d(B)A

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 • for peak noise, the national standard is a C-weighted peak sound pressure level, LC, Peak, of
140dB(C)

The exposure to noise is taken to be that measured at the employee's ear position without taking
into account any protection, which may be afforded by personal hearing protectors.

Where the shift duration is 10 hours or longer, there is an increased risk (due to continued exposure
after maximum temporary hearing threshold shift), which can be further increased by reduced
recovery time between subsequent shifts and where more than a 5-day week is worked.

For extended shifts beyond 8 hours, a method for “normalising” noise exposure levels for extended
shifts is provided in which applies a penalty of 1 dB for shift length ≥ 10 to < 14 hours, effectively
adjusting the 8-hour level equivalent 85 dB(A) noise exposure standard to 82 dB(A) for a shift greater
than 10 hours, but less than 14 hours (a table, as below is provided for adjustments for other shift
durations).

Shift Length (hours) Adjustment to add to LAeq8h, (dB)

< 10 +0
> 10 to < 14 +1
> 14 to < 20 +2
> 20 to < 24 +3
See AS/NZS 1269.1,1: 2005 for further information

Where the noise level exceeds the normalised exposure level, controls shall be put in place;
including, but not limited to,

• access shall be restricted to the area

• prominent warning / mandatory safety signs (AS1319-1994 Safety signs for the occupational
environment) designating the required HPD’s (AS/NZS 1269.3:2005 Occupational Noise
Management – Hearing Protector Program) are placed at the contour line

Noise assessments shall include all plant and equipment to ensure compliance with this plan.

If the total “area” noise from combined plant, equipment or machinery in any unrestricted area is
found to exceed normalised exposure levels, immediate processes to reduce the noise levels in the
affected area are to be implemented. This may require some plant or equipment being shut down
until appropriate controls can be implemented.

CDU shall implement noise control measures by means utilising the hierarchy of controls (e.g.
elimination through purchasing policy – ‘buy quiet’; reduction of noise at source, modification of the
noise transmission path; reduction of the time p e r s on n e l spends in noisy areas, with HDP being the
lowest level of control) to ALARP.

The general objectives of noise exposure assessments are

• to determine the exposure of personnel likely to be exposed to noise above the
normalised exposure level for work area / job role (assist in prioritisation of controls and
determining audiometry requirements)
• to assist in the mapping of noise hazard areas / contour maps for the appropriate
placement of warning signage

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 • to obtain further information to assist in determining what measures to take to reduce
noise
• to check the effectiveness of any control measures which have been applied
• to assist in the selection of appropriate hearing protectors i.e. determine attenuation,
where other control measures are not practicable
• preparation of noise exposure reports

Further information on this process can be found in AS/NZS 1269.2:2005 and AS/NZS 1269.0:2005.

7.2 Noise Assessment

7.2.1 Preliminary Assessment

This may be formal initial walk through and/or desk top survey to identify areas requiring more
detailed information or a noise survey. Areas of the workplace that are considered a noise hazard
(normalised exposure levels) will require further and more detailed assessment, as will more
complex noise sources (e.g. sources from two or more sources of noise).

7.2.2 Detailed Assessment

A detailed assessment is required in areas where there is a likelihood of exposure to excessive
noise. The detailed assessment shall provide results in the form of Time Weighted Average and the
peak for persons likely to be subject to exposure to excessive noise.

7.2.3 Follow-up Assessment

A follow-up assessment is required where
• 5 years has elapsed since last assessment - monitor changes in noise exposure due to various
factors, e.g. deterioration of equipment, changes in work procedures, introduction of new
production processes and the effectiveness of engineering noise controls

• partial assessment of the workplace e.g. in areas where new plant has been introduced,
where work practices have changed, in new vehicles / mobile plant which may have been
purchased and in areas where regular monitoring is required to check changes in noise
exposure due to seasonal or workload related factors

7.3 Assessment for Personal Hearing Protection

Where an assessment of noise exposure indicates that exposure to excessive noise requires the issue
of hearing protectors, monitoring shall be carried out by a competent person in those areas where
people are exposed to excessive noise; with a view to establishing the sound attenuation
requirements for hearing protectors.

7.4 Occupational Noise Survey and Reports

The measurements and evaluations of noise exposure shall be carried out by a competent person
(AS/NZS 1269:1:2005).

All instruments used for noise surveys shall have been calibrated by an approved certifying authority
within the previous two-year period in accordance with AS1259:1990.

Equipment used for noise surveys in hazardous areas shall be certified as intrinsically safe by an
approved certifying authority or otherwise the hot work permit procedure must be followed.

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Noise assessment / survey reports, control measures implemented and their evaluation, noise
related investigations and health surveillance should be maintained as auditable records.

8. Vibration

8.1 Exposure Levels

Whilst mandatory exposure levels have not yet been developed in Australia, European
mandatory levels are used as a guide.

On CDU sites, the United Kingdom specific regulation for Vibration (The Control of Vibration at Work
Regulations (2005)), limits shall apply.

Vibration exposure limits are defined as:

Hand-Arm vibration the 8 hour daily exposure (A[8])

• Limit value is 5 metres/sec2

• Action value is 2.5 metres/sec2

Whole Body vibration the 8 hour daily exposure (A[8])

• Limit value is 1.15 metres/sec2

• Action value is 0.5 metres/sec2

The daily exposure shall be ascertained on the basis set out in Schedule 1 part 1 of The Control of
Vibration at Work Regulations (2005) SI 2005 No. 1093.

Any working environment likely to expose personnel above the daily Exposure
Action Value (EAV) shall

• introduce a program of controls to reduce exposure to ALARP

• take immediate action to reduce their exposure below the limit

Risk assessment shall be undertaken for activities, which use vibratory tools (pneumatic drills,
riveting tools, impact wrenches, grinders, electric drills, fettling tools).

Control Measures

The Commonwealth Occupational Health and Safety Code of Practice 2008 prescribes a process
for controlling the risks of vibration exposure as per the hierarchy of controls.

Where hazardous vibration is identified, CDU will measure the vibration levels in accordance with the
following Australian Standards:

• AS.2670.1:2001 – Evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration

• AS 2763: 1988 – Vibration and shock – Hand transmitted vibration – guidelines for
measurement and assessment of human exposure

Where identified as required, CDU will monitor and review the exposure levels of their employees,
assess the control measures in place and conduct regular medical checks of workers as required.

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 9.3 Hand–Arm vibration

Hand–arm vibration (HAV) is vibration transmitted to the hand and arm during the operation of hand-
held power tools and hand-guided equipment, or holding materials being processed by machines.
Hand–arm vibration is commonly experienced by workers who regularly use tools such as
jackhammers, chainsaws, grinders, drills, riveters and impact wrenches.

Exposure to HAV can result in disrupted circulation in the hand and forearm and/or damage to
nerves and tendons, muscles, bones and joints of the hand and arm. It can cause a range of
conditions collectively known as hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) and specific disorders such
as carpal tunnel syndrome, ‘tennis elbow’ and ‘vibration white finger’.

Control measures involve isolating or cushioning methods or a combination of these such as

• substituting alternative methods of processes to eliminate the need to use vibrating hand-
held tools
• selection of tools with low vibration at purchase
• modifying existing tools to minimise vibration or prevent vibration from moving into the
handle of the tool
• directing cold air away from the operator’s hand
• maintenance of equipment to minimise vibration
• altering work practices and organisation to reduce exposure
• development of work procedures / JSA’s / SWP’s or like training

9.4 Whole-Body Vibration

Whole Body Vibration is that which is transmitted to the whole body through the seat or floor / feet.

The longer a worker is exposed to WBV, the greater the risk of health effects and musculoskeletal
disorders. The most commonly reported disorder from exposure to WBV is low-back pain. It is
sometimes experienced by drivers, operators and passengers in vehicles and machines when
travelling over uneven surfaces.

Control measures should follow the hierarchy of control and may include:
• modifying the process to eliminate the task or the risk
• redesigning the task or the equipment to reduce vibration exposure
• buying machines or vehicles that are designed to reduce the vibration transmitted to the
operator
• improving and maintaining road surfaces
• implementing a seat maintenance program to ensure vibration dampened and seats are
maintained in good condition
• implementing speed limits, regular work breaks, posture changes or job rotation to reduce
exposure time
• providing information and supervision on adjusting and operating equipment,
including seats to reduce exposure
• implementing safe work procedures / JSA’s / SWP’s

Occupational Hygiene Procedure – SEW19 10-18 Version: 1.0 – under review Page 17 of 19
9. Microbiological Hazards

10.1 Potable Water

The greatest risks to consumers of drinking water are pathogenic microorganisms. Protection of water
sources and treatment processes are therefore of paramount importance in meeting the
requirements of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG). The ADWG are based on levels
which, utilising current knowledge is safe to drink over a life time so that it constitutes no risk to
health.

The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NMHRC) have set guideline values
for water quality. The ADWG are a minimum requirement. The values are action levels, exceedance
of which should result in an investigation and remedial action where required.

The guidelines should be referenced when sampling of the water supply has been carried out and the
results of the analyses are available. All sampling and testing (including laboratory analysis) shall meet
the requirements of the relevant legislation, codes and standards.

The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines requires the following samples to be undertaken:

• Free Chlorine
• Microbiological
• Amoebae (required when water storage reaches 300C)
• Drinking Water Analysis Suites – consisting of
o Physicals
o Metals

Potable Water tanks (of any size) utilising a potable water truck for filling must provide written evidence
that the truck being utilised meets requirements outlined in the ‘Guidelines for Drinking Water Transport
in the Northern Territory’ (2011).

Potable Water Labelling requirements should meet those requirements as outlined in AS 1345-1995
Identification of the contents of tanks, pipes, conduits and ducts.

The drinking water system must have, and continuously maintain, robust multiple barriers
appropriate to the level of potential contamination facing the water supply. Use of filtration,
disinfection and maintenance preservation combined with regimented monitoring are all barriers in
successful management.

Carbon and or Charcoal filters are not to be used as these will remove Chlorine – which is needed to
disinfect the water.

As required, potable water monitoring shall be collected and / or conducted by a competent person
via accredited laboratories and the results reported to the CDU Corporate Safety Manager or delegate
on a monthly basis, with results outside the standards to be reported immediately.

10.2 Ice Machines/Water Coolers

Water Coolers and Ice Machines must have a formal cleaning and filter change program that meets
with manufacturer recommendations at a minimum.

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 10.3 Legionella

All equipment with the potential for generating Legionella (such as cooling towers and associated
equipment, air-handling systems, hot water services and showers) should be identified, and the risks
of contamination and aerosol generation assessed.
Where there is an assessed risk that Legionella could grow in the system and cause harm, a
programme must be in place such that:

• all such equipment is identified on a register, which must contain details of the regular
maintenance, cleaning and checking programmes
• control measures are in place to minimise aerosol emissions
• there must be a documented water treatment programme, including procedures for
inspection, assessment and maintenance of the controls
• new or retrofitted equipment is designed and constructed to minimise the risk of Legionella
growth

Where required, Legionella monitoring shall be conducted by a competent person via accredited
laboratories and the results reported to the relevant CDU Line Manager and Corporate Safety
Manager or delegate on a monthly basis, with results outside the standards to be reported
immediately.

Adequate procedures must be available for disinfecting systems if significant concentrations of

Legionella bacteria are present. Once disinfected, systems must be retested to confirm
effectiveness of treatment.

10. Compliance and assurance

Compliance with the requirements established in this procedure will be reviewed as part of CDU’s
assurance activities.

ESSENTIAL SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Internal
Occupational Health and Safety Policy
External

Relevant Legislation, Codes of Practice and Australian Standards

Document History and Version Control

Last amendment: Oct 2018 Next Review: Oct 2021
Sponsor: SEW Manager
Contact Officer: SEW Manager

Version Date Approved Approved by Brief Description

1.00 Oct 2018 Meredith Parry Creation of original document and upload to CDU website.
Version Date Title Click or tap here to enter text.

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