EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

VELAMMAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

OBSERVATION CUM
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION MANUAL

SUBJECT : COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

SUBJECT CODE : EC8561
CLASS : III Year / V Sem / B Sec
REGULATION : 2017
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-2023
BATCH : 2020-2024

Name of the Student: ------------------------------------------------

Register Number : ------------------------------------------------

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

CYCLE - I
1. Signal Sampling and reconstruction

2. Time Division Multiplexing

3. AM Modulator and Demodulator

4. FM Modulator and Demodulator

5. Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation

6. Delta Modulation and Demodulation

7. Line coding schemes

CYCLE - II
1. Simulation of ASK, FSK, and BPSK generation schemes

2. Simulation of DPSK, QPSK and QAM generation schemes

3. Simulation of signal constellations of BPSK, QPSK and QAM.

4. Simulation of ASK, FSK and BPSK detection schemes

5. Simulation of linear block and cyclic error control coding schemes

6. Simulation of convolutional coding scheme

7. Communication link simulation

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INDEX

Exp.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks Initial

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CIRCUIT FOR SAMPLING:

CIRCUIT FOR RECONSTRUCTION:

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1. SIGNAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

AIM:

To sample the given analog signal and reconstruct the original analog signal from the
sampled signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Sampling and TDM trainer kit

2. Power Supply
3. Patch cords
4. CRO & Probes

THEORY:

A continuous time signal can be processed by processing its samples through a

discrete time system. For reconstructing the continuous time signal from its discrete time
samples without any error, the signal should be sampled at a sufficient rate that is determined
by the sampling theorem. If a signal is band limited and its samples are taken at sufficient rate
then those samples uniquely specify the signal and the signal can be reconstructed from the
samples. The condition in which this is possible is known as Nyquist sampling theorem.
A real signal whose spectrum is bandlimited to ‘W’ Hz can be reconstructed from its
samples taken uniformly at a rate fs > 2W samples/sec. We can say the minimum sampling
frequency is fs=2W Hz. The process of reconstructing a continuous time signal x(t) from its
samples is known as interpolation. In the sampling theorem we saw that a signal x(t) band
limited to D Hz can be reconstructed from its samples. This reconstruction is accomplished
by passing the sampled signal through an ideal low pass filter of bandwidth D Hz.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the message signal (sine) frequency in FG1
3. Set the sampling signal (pulse) frequency and amplitude (1V) in FG1.
4. Set DC power supply (+12V) to the collector terminal of BJT.
5. Obtain the sampled signal across AB in CH1 of CRO, also the reconstructed
signal across A’B’ in CH2 of CRO
6. Plot the waveforms.

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KIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

Reconstructed signal:

TABULATION:
Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (Hz)
Message

Sampling signal

Sampled signal

Reconstructed signal

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RESULT:

Thus the analog signal was sampled and original signal was reconstructed from the
sampled signal.

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TDM TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT:

TDM RECEIVER CIRCUIT:

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2. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

AIM:

To perform Time Division Multiplexing on the given signals and de-multiplex the
received signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Sampling and TDM Communication trainer kit:

2. Power Supply.
3. Patch cords.
4. CRO & Probes

THEORY:

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving

independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each
end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in
an alternating pattern. This form of signal multiplexing was developed
in telecommunications for telegraphy systems in the late 19th century, but found its most
common application in digital telephony in the second half of the 20th century.

During each time slot a TDM frame (or data packet) is created as a sample of the
signal of a given sub-channel, the frame also consists of a synchronization channel and
sometimes an error correction channel. After the first sample of the given sub-channel (along
with its associated and newly created error correction and synchronization channels) are
taken, the process is repeated for a second sample when a second frame is created, then
repeated for a third frame, etc.; and the frames are interleaved one after the other. When the
time slot has expired, the process is repeated for the next sub-channel.

PROCEDURE:

1. Use Sampling and TDM trainer kit.

2. Connect two of the signal sources to the terminal IPSIG1 & IPSIG2 respectively.
3. View the multiplexed signal at the terminal TDMTX.
4. For demultiplexing the signal, connect TDMTX to TDMRX.
5. Obtain the reconstructed signals at the terminal OPSIG1 & OPSIG2 respectively.

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KIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:
Waveform Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (Hz)
Source signal 1
Source signal 2
Multiplexed signal
Demultiplexed signal 1

Demultiplexed signal 2

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RESULT:

Thus the Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing for the given signal was
performed.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

AM MODULATOR

Input Signal

AM Signal

AM DEMODULATOR

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3. AM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
To perform amplitude modulation and demodulation for the given analog signal, also
verify the output for different modulation index values (Unity, less than unity, greater than
unity).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. AM trainer kit
2. Power Supply
3. CRO & Probe
4. Patch cards

THEORY:

AMPLITUDE MODULATION:

Amplitude Modulation is a process by which amplitude of the carrier signal is

varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, but frequency and
phase of carrier wave remains constant.

The modulating and carrier signal are given by

Vm(t) = Vm sinmt

VC(t) = VC sinCt

The modulation index is given by, ma = Vm / VC.

Vm = Vmax – Vmin and VC = Vmax + Vmin

The amplitude of the modulated signal is given by,

VAM(t) = VC (1+ma sinmt) sinCt

Where
Vm = maximum amplitude of modulating signal
VC = maximum amplitude of carrier signal

Vmax = maximum variation of AM signal

Vmin = minimum variation of AM signal

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KIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION:
Under modulation: Modulation Index =
Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (Hz)
Message
Carrier
Modulated
Demodulated

Over modulation: Modulation Index =

Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (Hz)
Message
Carrier
Modulated
Demodulated

Critical modulation: Modulation Index =

Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (Hz)
Message
Carrier
Modulated
Demodulated

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PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit wiring is done as shown in diagram

2. A modulating signal input given to the Amplitude modulator
3. Now increase the amplitude of the modulating signal to the required level.
4. The amplitude and the time duration of the modulating signal are observed using CRO.
5. Finally the amplitude modulated output is observed from the output of amplitude
modulator stage and the amplitude and time duration of the AM wave are noted down.
6. Calculate the modulation index by using the formula and verify them. The final
demodulated signal is viewed using an CRO at the output of audio power amplifier stage.
Also the amplitude and time duration of the demodulated wave are noted down.

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MODEL GRAPH:
AM MODULATION:

AM DEMODULATION:

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RESULT:
Thus the amplitude modulation & demodulation for the given signal was performed.
The output for various modulation index was also plotted.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FM MODULATION:

FM DEMODULATION:

MODEL GRAPH:
FM MODULATION:

FM DEMODULATION:

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4. FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
To perform frequency modulation and demodulation for the given analog signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. FM trainer kit
2. Power Supply
3. CRO & Probe
4. Patch cards

THEORY:

Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of modulation that represents information as

variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. (Contrast this with amplitude
modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains
constant.) In analog applications, the carrier frequency is varied in direct proportion to
changes in the amplitude of an input signal. Shifting the carrier frequency among a set of
discrete values can represent digital data, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is
commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech
(see FM broadcasting). Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM. A narrowband
form is used for voice communications in commercial and amateur radio settings. The type of
FM used in broadcast is generally called wide-FM, or W-FM. In two-way radio, narrowband
narrow-fm (N-FM) is used to conserve bandwidth. In addition, it is used to send signals into
space.

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit wiring is done as shown in diagram

2. A modulating signal input given to the Frequency modulator
3. Now increase the modulated signal to the required level.
4. The amplitude and the time duration of the modulating signal are observed using CRO.
5. Finally the frequency modulated output is observed from the output of frequency
modulator stage and the amplitude and time duration of the FM wave are noted down.

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KIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (msec) Frequency(Hz)

Message

Carrier

Modulated

Demodulated

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RESULT:
Thus the frequency modulation & demodulation for the given message signal was
performed.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Internal Diagram of PCM IC:

MODEL GRAPH
MODULATION:

DEMODULATION:

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5. PULSE CODE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:

To generate a PCM signal using PCM modulator and detect the message signal from
PCM signal by using PCM demodulator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

PCM Kit, CRO and connecting probes

THEORY:

Pulse code modulation is a process of converting an analog signal into digital. The
voice or any data input is first sampled using a sampler (which is a simple switch) and then
quantized. Quantization is the process of converting a given signal amplitude to an equivalent
binary number with fixed number of bits. This quantization can be either midtread or mid-
raise andit can be uniform or non-uniform based on the requirements. For example in speech
signals, the higher amplitudes will be less frequent than the low amplitudes. So higher
amplitudes are given less step size than the lower amplitudes and thus quantization is
performed non-uniformly. After quantization the signal is digital and the bits are passed
through a parallel to serial converter and then launched into the channel serially.At the
demodulator the received bits are first converted into parallel frames and each frame is de-
quantized to an equivalent analog value. This analog value is thus equivalent to a sampler
output. This is the demodulated signal.

PROCEDURE:

1. Power on the PCM kit.

2. Measure the frequency of sampling clock.
3. Apply the DC voltage as modulating signal.
4. Connect the DC input to the ADC and measure the voltage.
5. Connect the clock to the timing and control circuit.
6. Note the binary work from LED display. The serial data through the channel can
be observed in the CRO.
7. Also observe the binary word at the receiver end.
8. Now apply the AC modulating signal at the input.
9. Observe the waveform at the output of DAC.
10. Note the amplitude of the input voltage and the codeword. Also note the value of the
output voltage. Show the codeword graphically for a DC input.

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KIT DIAGRAM

TABULAR COLUMN

S.No. Signal Amplitude (V) Time period (S)

1. Modulating Signal

2. Pulse Signal

3. PCM Signal

4. Demodulated Signal

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RESULT:

Thus the PCM signal was generated using PCM modulator and the message signal was
detected from PCM signal by using PCM demodulator.

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DELTA MODULATOR:

DEMODULATOR:

MODEL GRAPH:

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6. DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:

To transmit an analog message signal in its digital form and again reconstruct back the
original analog message signal at receiver by using Delta modulator and demodulator kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Delta Modulation & Demodulation kit, CRO, Patch cords, Probes.

THEORY:

Delta modulation is the DPCM technique of converting an analog message signal to a

digital sequence. The difference signal between two successive samples is encoded into a
single bit code. The block and kit diagrams show the circuitry details of the modulation
technique. A present sample of the analog signal m(t) is compared with a previous sample
and the difference output is level shifted, i.e. a positive level (corresponding to bit 1) is given
if difference is positive and negative level (corresponding to bit 0) if it is negative. The
comparison of samples is accomplished by converting the digital to analog form and then
comparing with the present sample. This is done using an Up counter and DAC as shown in
block diagram. The delta modulated signal is given to up counter and then a DAC and the
analog input is given to OPAMP and a LPF to obtain the demodulated output.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the kit. Connect the clock signal and the modulating input signal to the
modulator block. Observe the modulated signal in the CRO.
2. Connect the DM output to the demodulator circuit. Observe the demodulator output on the
CRO.
3. Also observe the DAC output on the CRO.
4. Change the amplitude of the modulating signal and observe the DAC output. Notice the
slope overload distortion. Keep the tuning knob so that the distortion is gone. Note this
value of the amplitude. This is the minimum required value of the amplitude to overcome
slope overload distortion.
5. Calculate the sampling frequency required for no slope overload distortion. Compare the
calculated and measured values of the sampling frequency.

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TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Signal Amplitude in V Time period in Sec
1.
2.
3.
4.

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RESULT
Thus the delta modulation and demodulation was performed and output graph was
plotted.

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KIT DIAGRAM:

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7. LINE CODING SCHEMES

AIM:
To perform different line coding techniques for given data sequence and plot the coded
waveform.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Line coding trainer kit, Power Supply, Patch cords, CRO & Probes.

THEORY:
We need to represent PCM binary digits by electrical pulses in order to transmit them
through a base band channel. The most commonly used PCM popular data formats are being
realized here.
Line coding refers to the process of representing the bit stream (1‟s and 0‟s) in the form of
voltage or current variations optimally tuned for the specific properties of the physical channel
being used. The selection of a proper line code can help in so many ways: One possibility is to
aid in clock recovery at the receiver. A clock signal is recovered by observing transitions in
the received bit sequence, and if enough transitions exist, a good recovery of the clock is
guaranteed, and the signal is said to be self-clocking.

Another advantage is to get rid of DC shifts. The DC component in a line code is called
the bias or the DC coefficient. Unfortunately, most long-distance communication channels
cannot transport a DC component. This is why most line codes try to eliminate the DC
component before being transmitted on the channel. Such codes are called DC balanced,
zero- DC, zero-bias, or DC equalized. Some common types of line encoding in common-use
nowadays are unipolar, polar, bipolar, Manchester, MLT-3 and Duobinary encoding. These
codes are explained here:

Unipolar (Unipolar NRZ and Unipolar RZ):

Unipolar is the simplest line coding scheme possible. It has the advantage of beingcompatible
with TTL logic. Unipolar coding uses a positive rectangular pulse p(t) to represent binary 1,
and the absence of a pulse (i.e., zero voltage) to represent a binary 0. Two possibilities for the
pulse p(t) exist3: Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) rectangular pulse and Return-to-Zero (RZ)
rectangular pulse. The difference between Unipolar NRZ and Unipolar RZ codes is that the
rectangular pulse in NRZ stays at a positive value (e.g., +5V) for the full duration of the logic
1 bit, while the pule in RZ drops from +5V to 0V in the middle of the bit time.
A drawback of unipolar (RZ and NRZ) is that its average value is not zero, which
means it creates a significant DC-component at the receiver (see the impulse at zero
frequency in the corresponding power spectral density (PSD) of this line code

The disadvantage of unipolar RZ compared to unipolar NRZ is that each rectangular

pulse in RZ is only half the length of NRZ pulse. This means that unipolar RZ requires twice
the bandwidth of the NRZ code.

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MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN
S.No. Coding scheme Amplitude (V) Time period (ms)

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Polar (Polar NRZ and Polar RZ):

In Polar NRZ line coding binary 1‟s are represented by a pulse p(t) and binary 0‟s are
represented by the negative of this pulse -p(t) (e.g., -5V). Polar (NRZ and RZ) signals .Using
the assumption that in a regular bit stream a logic 0 is just as likely as a logic 1,polar signals
(whether RZ or NRZ) have the advantage that the resulting DC component is very close to
zero. The rms value of polar signals is bigger than unipolar signals, which means that polar
signals have more power than unipolar signals, and hence have better SNR at the receiver.
Actually, polar NRZ signals have more power compared to polar RZ signals. The drawback
of polar NRZ, however, is that it lacks clock information especially when a long sequence of
0‟s or 1‟s is transmitted. Non-Return-to-Zero, Inverted (NRZI): NRZI is a variant of Polar
NRZ. In NRZI there are two possible pulses, p(t) and –p(t). A transition from one pulse to the
other happens if the bit being transmitted is a logic 1, and no transition happens if the bit
being transmitted is a logic 0. This is the code used on compact discs (CD), USB ports, and
on fiber- based Fast Ethernet at 100-Mbit/s.

MANCHESTER ENCODING:
In Manchester code each bit of data is signified by at least one transition. Manchester
encoding is therefore considered to be self-clocking, which means that accurate clock
recovery from a data stream is possible. In addition, the DC component of the encoded signal
is zero. Although transitions allow the signal to be self-clocking, it carries significant
overhead as there is a need for essentially twice the bandwidth of a simple NRZ or NRZI
encoding

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the PRBS (test point P5) to various line coding formats. Obtain the coded output
as per the requirement.
2. Connect coded signal test point to corresponding decoding test point as inputs.
3. Set the SW1 as per the requirement.
4. Set the potentiometer P1 in minimum position.
5. Switch ON the power supply. Press the switch SW2 once.
6. Display the encoded signal on one channel of CRO and decoded signal on second channel
of CRO.

RESULT
Thus the different line coding techniques were performed and coded waveforms were
plotted.

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Program:

Output plot:

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8. SIMULATION OF ASK, FSK AND BPSK GENERATION SCHEMES

AIM:
To generate Amplitude shift keying, Frequency shift keying and Binary phase shift
keying using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software

THEORY:
Amplitude Shift Keying: Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation
that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system,
the binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave and fixed
frequency for a bit duration of T seconds. If the signal value is 1 then the carrier signal will be
transmitted; otherwise, a signal value of 0 will be transmitted.
Frequency Shift Keying: Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme
in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier
signal. The technology is used for communication systems such as telemetry, weather balloon
radiosondes, caller ID, garage door openers, and low frequency radio transmission in the VLF
and ELF bands. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete
frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the
mark frequency and the "0" is called the space frequency.
Binary Phase Shift Keying: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a two phase modulation
scheme, where the 0’s and 1’s in a binary message are represented by two different phase
states in the carrier signal: θ=0∘ for binary 1 and θ=180∘ for binary 0.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB logo will appear after few moments common prompt will appear.
3. Go to the file menu select a new M – file. (File->New->M-file) or in the left corner a
blank white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M –file will appear with a title ‘untitled’.
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M-file with appropriate name.
To execute the program press F5 or go to debug menu select run.
6. After execution output will appear in the common window. If there is an error then with an
alarm, type of error will appear in red colour.
7. Rectify the error if any go to debug menu select run.

RESULT:
Thus the ASK, FSK and BPSK modulation schemes were generated using MATLAB.

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Program:

Output plot:

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9. SIMULATION OF DPSK, QPSK AND QAM GENERATION

SCHEMES

AIM:
To generate Differential Phase Shift Keying, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software

THEORY:
Differential Phase Shift Keying: In Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) the phase of the
modulated signal is shifted relative to the previous signal element. No reference signal is
considered here. The signal phase follows the high or low state of the previous element. This
DPSK technique doesn’t need a reference oscillator.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is the digital
modulation technique. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase Shift
Keying in which two bits are modulated at once, selecting one of four possible carrier phase
shifts (0, Π/2, Π, and 3Π/2). QPSK perform by changing the phase of the In-phase (I) carrier
from 0° to 180° and the Quadrature-phase (Q) carrier between 90° and 270°. This is used to
indicate the four states of a 2-bit binary code. Each state of these carriers is referred to as a
Symbol.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is the name
of a family of digital modulation methods and a related family of analog modulation methods
widely used in modern telecommunications to transmit information. It conveys two analog
message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two
carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or
amplitude modulation (AM) analog modulation scheme. The two carrier waves of the same
frequency are out of phase with each other by 90°, a condition known as orthogonality and as
quadrature. Being the same frequency, the modulated carriers add together, but can be
coherently separated (demodulated) because of their orthogonality property.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB logo will appear after few moments common prompt will appear.
3. Go to the file menu select a new M – file. (File->New->M-file) or in the left corner a
blank white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M –file will appear with a title ‘untitled’.
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M-file with appropriate name.
To execute the program press F5 or go to debug menu select run.
6. After execution output will appear in the common window. If there is an error then with an
alarm, type of error will appear in red colour.
7. Rectify the error if any go to debug menu select run.

RESULT:
Thus the DPSK, QPSK and QAM modulation schemes were generated using MATLAB.
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Program:

Output plot:

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10. SIMULATION OF SIGNAL CONSTELLATIONS OF BPSK, QPSK

AND QAM

AIM:
To simulate the signal constellation diagrams for BPSK, QPSK & QAM using
MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software

THEORY:
A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital
modulation scheme It displays the signal as a two-dimensional xy-plane scatter diagram in the
complex plane at symbol sampling instants. It can also be viewed as the possible symbols that
may be selected by a given modulation scheme as points in the complex plane. The angle of a
point, measured counterclockwise from the horizontal axis, represents the phase shift of the
carrier wave from a reference phase. The distance of a point from the origin represents a
measure of the amplitude or power of the signal. In a digital modulation system, information
is transmitted as a series of samples, each occupying a uniform time slot. During each sample
the carrier wave has a constant amplitude and phase which is restricted to one of a finite
number of values, so each sample encodes one of a finite number of "symbols", which in turn
represent one or more binary digits (bits) of information. Each symbol is encoded as a
different combination of amplitude and phase of the carrier, so each symbol is represented by
a point on the constellation diagram, called a constellation point. The constellation diagram
shows all the possible symbols that can be transmitted by the system as a collection of points.
In a frequency or phase modulated signal, the signal amplitude is constant, so the points lie on
a circle around the origin.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB logo will appear after few moments common prompt will appear.
3. Go to the file menu select a new M – file. (File->New->M-file) or in the left corner a
blank white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M –file will appear with a title ‘untitled’.
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M-file with appropriate name.
To execute the program press F5 or go to debug menu select run.
6. After execution output will appear in the common window. If there is an error then with an
alarm, type of error will appear in red colour.
7. Rectify the error if any go to debug menu select run.

RESULT:
Thus the signal constellations of BPSK, QPSK and QAM modulation schemes were
generated using MATLAB.

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Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET

 EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

Program:

Output plot:

40

Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET

 EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

11. SIMULATION OF ASK, FSK AND BPSK DETECTION SCHEMES

AIM:
To demodulate Amplitude shift keying, Frequency shift keying and Binary phase shift
keying using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software

THEORY:
Amplitude Shift Keying: Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation
that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system,
the binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave and fixed
frequency for a bit duration of T seconds. If the signal value is 1 then the carrier signal will be
transmitted; otherwise, a signal value of 0 will be transmitted.
Frequency Shift Keying: Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme
in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier
signal. The technology is used for communication systems such as telemetry, weather balloon
radiosondes, caller ID, garage door openers, and low frequency radio transmission in the VLF
and ELF bands. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete
frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the
mark frequency and the "0" is called the space frequency.
Binary Phase Shift Keying: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a two phase modulation
scheme, where the 0’s and 1’s in a binary message are represented by two different phase
states in the carrier signal: θ=0∘ for binary 1 and θ=180∘ for binary 0.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB logo will appear after few moments common prompt will appear.
3. Go to the file menu select a new M – file. (File->New->M-file) or in the left corner a
blank white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M –file will appear with a title ‘untitled’.
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M-file with appropriate name.
To execute the program press F5 or go to debug menu select run.
6. After execution output will appear in the common window. If there is an error then with an
alarm, type of error will appear in red colour.
7. Rectify the error if any go to debug menu select run.

RESULT:
Thus the ASK, FSK and BPSK modulation schemes were detected using MATLAB

41

Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET

 EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

Program:

Output plot:

42

Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET

 EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

12. SIMULATION OF LINEAR BLOCK AND CYCLIC ERROR

CONTROL CODING SCHEMES

AIM:
To simulate linear block and cyclic error control coding schemes using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software

THEORY:
Linear Block Codes: In coding theory, a linear code is an error-correcting code for which
any linear combination of codewords is also a codeword. Linear codes are traditionally
partitioned into block codes and convolutional codes, although turbo codes can be seen as a
hybrid of these two types. Linear codes allow for more efficient encoding and decoding
algorithms than other codes. Linear codes are used in forward error correction and are applied
in methods for transmitting symbols (e.g., bits) on a communications channel so that, if errors
occur in the communication, some errors can be corrected or detected by the recipient of a
message block. Cyclic Codes: In coding theory, a cyclic code is a block code, where the
circular shifts of each codeword gives another word that belongs to the code. They are error-
correcting codes that have algebraic properties that are convenient for efficient error detection
and correction.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB logo will appear after few moments common prompt will appear.
3. Go to the file menu select a new M – file. (File->New->M-file) or in the left corner a
blank white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M –file will appear with a title ‘untitled’.
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M-file with appropriate name.
To execute the program press F5 or go to debug menu select run.
6. After execution output will appear in the common window. If there is an error then with an
alarm, type of error will appear in red colour.
7. Rectify the error if any go to debug menu select run.

RESULT:
Thus the linear block and cyclic error control coding schemes were simulated using
MATLAB.
43

Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET

 EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

Program:

Output plot:

44

Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET

 EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

13. SIMULATION OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODING SCHEME

AIM:
To simulate convolutional coding scheme for error control using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software

THEORY:
A convolutional code is a type of error-correcting code that generates parity symbols
via the sliding application of a boolean polynomial function to a data stream. The sliding
application represents the 'convolution' of the encoder over the data, which gives rise to the
term 'convolutional coding'. The sliding nature of the convolutional codes facilitates trellis
decoding using a time-invariant trellis. Time invariant trellis decoding allows convolutional
codes to be maximum-likelihood soft-decision decoded with reasonable complexity.
Convolutional codes are often described as continuous. However, it may also be said that
convolutional codes have arbitrary block length, rather than being continuous, since most
real- world convolutional encoding is performed on blocks of data. Convolutionally encoded
block codes typically employ termination. The arbitrary block length of convolutional codes
can also be contrasted to classic block codes, which generally have fixed block lengths that
are determined by algebraic properties.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB logo will appear after few moments common prompt will appear.
3. Go to the file menu select a new M – file. (File->New->M-file) or in the left corner a
blank white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M –file will appear with a title ‘untitled’.
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M-file with appropriate name.
To execute the program press F5 or go to debug menu select run.
6. After execution output will appear in the common window. If there is an error then with an
alarm, type of error will appear in red colour.
7. Rectify the error if any go to debug menu select run.

RESULT:
Thus the convolutional coding scheme was simulated using MATLAB.

45

Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET

 EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

46

Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET

 EC8561 Communication systems laboratory

14. COMMUNICATION LINK SIMULATION

AIM:
To simulate communication link using SIMULINK in MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software -SIMULINK

THEORY:
A transmission technique in which a pseudo-noise code, independent of the
information data, is employed as a modulation waveform to “spread” the signal energy over a
bandwidth much Greater than the signal information bandwidth. At the receiver the signal is
“despread” using a synchronized replica of the pseudo- noise code.

PROCEDURE:
Drag the following blocks from the Simulink Library Browser into the model window,
and connect them as shown in the figure:
1. Random integer generator, from the data sources sub library of comm. sources
library (Communication blockset).
2. Unipolar to converter, from the utility blocks sub library of the
communication blockset library.
3. PN Sequence generator, from the sequence generators sub library of comm.
sources library (communication blockset).
4. Product , from the math operations sub library of the simulink library.
5. Bipolar to unipolar converter, from the utility blocks sub library of the
communication blockset library
6. BPSK Modulator and Demodulator Baseband, from PM in the Digital
Baseband Modulation sublibrary of the Modulation library (communication
blockset).
7. AWGN Channel, from the channels (communication blockset).
8. Integrate and dump, from the commm filters sublibrary of the communication
blockset library.
9. Sign from the math operations sublibrary of the simulink library.
10. Error calculation from the comm sinks library (communication blockset).
11.Display the sources sublibrary of the simulink library.

RESULT:
Thus the communication link was simulated using SIMULINK.

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Prepared by V.G.Janani,AP III/ECE VCET