Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

• Nouns are people,

places, animals, objects
• Verbs are actions
• Adjectives describe
qualities of nouns
• Adverbs describe
actions
Listen and answer the questions
• Now decide which option is correct
1. … it would be easy to meet /
meeting people…
2. …we took off together travel/ to
travel around Europe.
3. Drive/ Driving in Paris was really
hard work…
4. Before arriving/ to arrive in
Rome, I became friendly with a
woman, Sue
Check your answers
• Now decide which option is correct
1. … it would be easy to meet /
meeting people…
2. …we took off together travel/ to
travel around Europe.
3. Drive/ Driving in Paris was really
hard work…
4. Before arriving/ to arrive in
Rome, I became friendly with a
woman, Sue
adjective infinitives ( to + v. base form)
• … it would be EASY to meet people…

• …we took off TOGETHERto travel around Europe.

Gerunds
Subject

• Driving in Paris was really hard work…

• Before arriving, I became friendly with a woman, Sue

preposition
Gerunds and infinitives

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Gerunds
• A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing."

• The gerund form of the verb:

read --- reading
write --- writing
swim --- swimming

• For example:
I love writing short stories.
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Gerunds
• Gerunds can be made negative by adding “not.”

• For example:
- Not doing anything about it is worse than doing the wrong
thing.
- I hate not being able to read without glasses.

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 Gerunds
• The gerunds can be used…
1. As subjects in the sentences.

• For example:

- Swimming is a good exercise.

- Going to the pool is my favorite activity.

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Gerunds
2. Gerunds can be used as objects after certain verbs.

• For example:

-I enjoy reading.
- I love spending time in the library.

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Gerunds
3. Gerunds can be used after prepositions.

• For example:

- Before leaving the house, she checked all windows.

Preposition
- After calling the police, the neighbors stopped the noise.
Preposition

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Gerunds
4. Gerunds can be used with verbs related to the senses (e.g.
see, smell, taste, look at, listen to, watch, feel, etc.).

In that case, the object is placed between the “sense” verb

and the gerund.

For example:
• They heard the door opening.
Sense verb Object Gerund

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Gerunds
• The gerund is often used after certain verbs.

For example:
• I dislike working after 5 pm.
• We enjoy hiking.
• She suggested going for a movie.
• Farah keeps talking about her problems.
(THESE VERBS ARE ONLY FOLLOWED BY A GERUND)
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 Infinitives
• Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb.
• The infinitive form of:
learn ---- to learn
give ---- to give

• For example:
- He wants to go now.
- They want to learn English.
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Infinitives
• Infinitives can be made negative by adding “not.”

• For example:

- She decided not to go to the party.

- Anna told you not to worry about that problem.

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Infinitives
• The infinitive is used…

1) To express purpose.

• For example:
- To watch the clip again, press “replay.”
- I woke up early to catch the new film.

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Infinitives
2) The infinitives are used after adjectives.

• For example:

- It´s nice to come back to Cairo.

Adjective
- I am happy to be here.
Adjective

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 Gerunds and Infinitives

• Some verbs (e.g. love, hate, start, prefer) can take gerund or
infinitive, with similar meanings.

For Example:
• I love to eat candy.
• I love eating candy.
• I started to polish the car, but then decided not to.
• I started polishing the car, but then decided not to.

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 Gerunds and Infinitives
A few verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive but the
meanings are different.
• For example:
Stop+ gerund
❑We use the -ing form after stop to indicate that an action or event is no
longer continuing:
-They stopped having lunch at the restaurant.
(They don’t eat at the restaurant anymore)
Stop+ to+ infinitive
❑We use the to-infinitive after stop to indicate that someone stops doing
something in order to do something else
-They stopped to have lunch at the restaurant.
(They stopped another activity in order to have lunch at the restaurant)
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 Gerunds and Infinitives
Forget + to + infinitive
❑ It is used when someone forgets to do something they
have to do ( present or past)
• Don't forget to buy the computer.
Forget+ gerund
❑It is used for memories of the past.
• He'll never forget buying his first computer.

❑
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 Gerunds and Infinitives
Remember+ to + infinitive
❑ It is used when someone has to remember something they have to do (
present or past)
• I remembered to put the keys on the table before I left.
Remember+ gerund
❑It is used for memories of the past.
• I remember putting his keys on the table.
 Gerunds and Infinitives
Try (to+ infinitive)
❑It is used when we don’t succeed in doing an action.
• I tried to open the window, but it was too heavy.
(This means I wanted to open the window but I couldn’t)
Try+ gerund
It is used when we did an action, and we liked it.
• I tried eating my salad with chopsticks. It was a new and exciting experience
It is used when we did an action but it didn’t help us in some other goal.
• I tried opening the window, but the room was still too hot. (I opened the
window but the temperature was still hot)
It is used when we experiment an action perhaps to see if we like the result.
• I should try getting up earlier to eat more slowly my breakfast.
 Gerunds and infinitives
Regret+ to + infinitive
❑ It is usually used in announcements of bad news.
• We regret to announce the late arrival of the 12.45 from
Paddington.
Regret+ gerund
❑Regret is followed by an –ing when it refers to the past.
• He regretted speaking so rudely.

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Go on + to + infinitive is usually used when you stop one thing
and start the next.
• For example:
- After explaining this, I’ll go on to talk about some examples.

Go on is followed by ing to indicate that something doesn’t stop.

• For example:
- The professor went on talking for two hours.

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 Verbs with infinitives and gerunds
Infinitives Gerunds
• Verbs that express WANT or NEED • Verbs that express BEGIN,
• Example: Well, I hope TO SEE you CONTINUE or END.
soon. • The leaves have not stopped
• Verbs that express an effort. FALLING.
• Example: The information failed TO
CHEER them up.
• Seem verbs
• Example: A lot of motorists
appeared to have joined carpools.
Gerunds and Infinitives

• ‘To’ can be part of the infinitive or it can be a preposition.

• Use gerund after the preposition ‘to’ after certain phrasal
verbs.
LOOK FORWARD TO
(phrasal verb)
Examples: (In these 2 examples ‘to’ is a preposition)
I look forward to hearing from you. (√)
I look forward to hear from you. (X)
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 To+ ING list
• confess or admit to doing something
• oppose or object to doing something
• be dedicated / devoted / committed to doing something;
• be used to / be accustomed to / adjust to doing
something.
• phrasal verbs, like look forward to doing something
or get around to doing something.
 To+ ING list
Examples:
Confess to
• He confessed to stealing the money.
Admit to
• She won’t admit to cheating on the test.
Devoted to
• She’s devoted to helping the poor.
Dedicated to
• She’s dedicated to preserving the antiques of the musem.
 To+ ING list
Examples:
Committed to
• We’re committed to improving the community.
Opposed to
• I’m opposed to changing the laws.
Object to
• We object to smoking inside the building.
Adjust to
• After the pandemic I might need to adjust to waking up earlier.
 To+ ING list
Examples:
Used to
• I’m not used to waking up so early.
Accustom to
• He was accustomed to hearing other people conversations.
Get around to
• I never got around to calling her back.
Gerunds and Infinitives
• Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund or the infinitive

1. to finish (finish) my work early tonight.

I want ________
2. waiting (wait) for the buses.
I saw them________
3. to meet (meet) Anna.
I’m going to the café ________
4. climbing (climb).
Sam is really good at __________
5. seeing (see) my baby for the first time.
I’ll never forget _______
6. Dancing
________ (dance) on weekends is really fun.
7. missing (miss) the train.
Let’s go now. I’m worried about _________
8. to help (help) me.
He refused ________

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Gerunds and Infinitives
to do (do) in the new building.
9. There’s a lot of work ______
to turn off
10.He remembered __________(turn off) the lights before he left.
Swimming (swim) is a good form of exercise.
11.__________
12.I tried _______
to stop (stop) him, but he left before I could do anything!
to pass (pass) the exam by ________
13.We managed _______ testing (test) each
other every evening.
working (work).
14.We were getting tired, so we stopped ________
to find (find) virus-like activity on his computer.
15.Ted was angry _______

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Gerunds and Infinitives
meeting (meet) you
16. I look forward to _________
providing
17. The company is committed to __________(provide) top quality
customer care.
to buy
18. They can’t afford__________ (buy) a car, but they choose
to do (do) it anyways.
______ Suggest+ gerund only
writing (write) the essay, she suggested
19.When I finished _________
changing
___________ (change) the topic.
To do (do) the presentation if you prepare the survey
20. I agree _______

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Gerunds and Infinitives
drinking (drink) some hot milk.
21. I couldn’t sleep so I tried _________
To reach
22. She tried __________(to reach) the book on the high shelf but
she was too small.
opening (open) the window, but it was so hot
23. We tried__________
outside it didn’t help.
To have (have) lunch at twelve.
24.They will stop _________
25. We stopped studying
_______ (study) because we were tired.
26.Oh no! I forgot _________
to buy (buy) milk.
27.I forget locking
______ (lock) the door, but I’m sure I must have locked it.

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 Gerunds and infinitives
To bring (bring) your book! Here it is.
28. Finally I remembered ________
To tell (tell) you the train has been delayed.
29. I regret _______
30. I regret Telling
_________ (tell) Julie my secret. Now she has told
everyone.