ROAD

CONSTRUCTION
Serial Name Reg No
No
1 ABDUL REHMAN KHAN 414848

2 BILAL KAMRAN 403281

3 WASIQ SALEEM 412088

4 M. UMAR ASGHAR 407619

ASSIGNMENT
Section C
Asphalt
Black or brown petroleum-like material obtained from the distillation of petroleum or from
natural deposits. Asphalt consists of compounds of hydrogen and carbon with minor proportions
of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Natural asphalt (also called brea).

BACK GROUND HISTORY

The use of asphalt is very old, dating back to its use as a water stop between brick walls of a
reservoir at Mohenjo-Daro (about the 3rd millennium BC) in Pakistan. In the Middle East it was
extensively used for paving roads and sealing waterworks, important applications even today.
COMPONENTS OF ASPHALT

Coarse and Fine Aggregates: Generally coarse aggregate is defined as the material retained on
sieve # 4 (4.75mm) and fine aggregate as material passing sieve # 4 (4.75mm) without
considering the nominal maximum size of aggregate.

COARSE AGGREGATES FINE

AGGREGATES

COVERAGE AREA OF ASPHALT

For layers with an average thickness of 25mm, one tonne of asphalt will cover between 14 – 18
square metres (m2).

Causes of Premature Failure of Roads in Pakistan and

Potential Remedies
CAUSE
One of the main causes is the use of empirical design procedure developed by ‘Transport and
Road Research Laboratory’ (TRRL). Application of such empirical design methods is
restricted to the conditions under which the experience was obtained. Following the
empirical design methods developed in the UK, without considering the local conditions (e.g.
 type of soil, average rainfall, the depth of water table, air temperature, local materials etc.)
leads to undesirable results.
SOLUTION
So there is an urgent need for developing local design standards based on comprehensive
research.
CAUSE
There is no proper system of traffic modeling and scientific assessment of future traffic
loading.

SOLUTION
Road engineers play an important role in building and preserving valuable
transportation infrastructure across the nation. Their work allows people to travel
safely.
CAUSE
The issue of surface and sub-surface drainage of roads has never been given due importance.
If the rainwater or sub soil moisture (rising upward under capillary action in water logger
areas) is not drained off quickly, it affects the load bearing capacity of roads adversely and
consequently the roads go into pieces.
SOLUTION
Dewatering” covers the collection and transport of water from the surface and structure of the road so
that there will be no ponds on the road or in the ditches.
Dewatering” consists of following elements:

– Cross fall – Road shoulders – Impermeable road surface

materials

CAUSE

In Pakistan around 90 percent heavy goods vehicles carry more than standard axle loads and
is one of main causes of failure of roads. Moreover the drivers of heavy vehicles over inflate
the tyres to overload the trucks, putting high stresses on the roads due to lesser contact areas.
The weigh bridges have been constructed, but effective monitoring and policing is missing.

SOLUTION
 The solution of this cause is referred in fig 1 that is pertaining to the gross weight in TONS
that is followed internationally for heavy vehicles.

CAUSE

The embankments are not compacted adequately. The maximum permissible thickness of
layers and the required moisture content for compaction is ignored.

SOLUTION

Embankment and shoulders should be properly treated and well compacted to enhance the
life of newly constructed roads.

CAUSE

It has been observed that while allocating funds for the roads projects, economy cuts are
affected by the bureaucrats and planners. Economy at the cost of quality and longevity is not
justified.

SOLUTION

Highly qualified engineer of particular faculty should be deployed as a bureaucrats and

planner for cost assessment of work and BOQs for adequate quality assurance of work.

CAUSE

For sustainability the recycling of waste and dismantled materials from roads, buildings and
industry should be considered and employed in the construction of roads after proper research
and development of their specifications and standards.
 SOLUTION

Recycling of waste and dismantled material from roads should be referred to laboratories for
quality assurance.

PERMISSBLE GROSS WEIGHT (TONS) FOLLOWED

INTERNATIONALLY

OVER LOADING PRACTICE

IN PAKISTAN

Overloaded heavy vehicles are destroyers of roads and are traffic

safety hazards. Around 90% commercial vehicles carry more than the
allowable standard axle load i.e. 12 ton/axle.
The primary reason for overloading the overwhelming presence of
two axle trucks, which accounts for 70% in the overall truck fleet
presently plying on the roads in Pakistan. To cater for the overload, the
truck drivers make structural changes alongwith tyres inflation much more
than the allowable tyre pressure i.e. 120 psi.

ADVANCE TECHNOLOGIES

KERBSTONES MADE OF POLYMERS

In the United Kingdom, hundreds of kilometres of kerbs and drainage systems have been
constructed from recycled polymers harvested from plastic bottles.

.
Solar-powered roadways
Solar-powered roadways are energy-efficient road surfaces that harness the power of the sun to
improve visibility and enhance safety.

Heat is generated during the day to melt accumulated ice and snow. LED lights embedded in the
surface are illuminated at night. Warning signs, built into the road surface, are activated to alert
road users of potential hazards.

The roadway consists of three layers:

 a top layer of strong, durable and highly textured glass to provide the necessary traction
for vehicles
 a layer of honeycomb-shaped photovoltaic solar cells that collect the sun’s energy
 a base plate that distributes the energy to the integrated safety components.

Solar-powered roads are in the early stages of development but the benefits are groundbreaking.

Interactive lights
Interactive lights are solar-powered lights that automatically illuminate the roadway as vehicles
pass by.

Each light is connected to a small windmill-like device that senses the movement of air. This
activates the beam for a fraction of a second.

Smart pavement
Smart pavement is the Holy Grail of roadworks.

A smart pavement has built-in sensors that monitor road and weather conditions. These
automatically send data to a centralised point for dissemination.

The latest version of the smart road is fitted with Wi-Fi transmitters. These provide uninterrupted
broadband services to vehicles and adjacent buildings.
Smart pavement may also power up electric cars as they drive. These types of pavement are
currently in the pilot phase.

BENEFITS OF ADVANCE TECHNOLOGIES

KERBSTONES MADE OF POLYMERS

Kerbstones made of polymer and recycled plastic are very low cost.

Solar-powered roadways
Solar-powered roadways are energy-efficient road surfaces

INTERACTIVE LIGHTS

• Standing Vehicle In case of a vehicle that breaks down on the highway, the other cars on the
highway can be warned that a vehicle stands on the highway

. • Ghost driver In case of a driver that mistakenly enters the highway in the wrong way, the
sensor system can identify this vehicle and warn other vehicles on the highway of the ghost
driver.

Smart pavement
Green energy and reducing CO2 emissions
Smart roads are also employing technologies aimed at generating green energy and reducing
energy waste. Some roads employ photovoltaic cells, converting the road into a large solar panel.
Other test cases are using the roads to charge electric vehicles whilst in motion.
 DRAWBACKS OF ADVANCE TECHNOLOGIES

KERBSTONES MADE OF POLYMERS

ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION:-

The kerbstones made up of polymers will create environmental pollution

GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's surface observed since the pre-industrial
period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which
increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.

SOLAR POWERED ROADWAYS

Safety Concerns

The inventors of solar roads have said that solar tiles can make the roads safer. However, the
claims are yet to be tested on actual roads with real automobiles on a real surface. This fails to
account for factors like spilled motor oil or rain in the roadway. Even if tests have been done
elsewhere, it is unclear if the panels can withstand the weight of traffic.

Costs

It is the major drawback of solar roads. Solar roads are a relatively new concept and rely on solar
panels which are not so affordable, especially if they are meant to withstand the weight of
moving vehicles. Additionally, the panels would be laid one after the other, covering hundreds of
thousands of miles.

Interactive lights
 High initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive (price per lumen) on an initial capital cost
basis, than most conventional lighting technologies. ...
 Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the
operating environment – or "thermal management" properties.

Smart pavement
Barriers to smart roads
Infrastructure changes, such as developing, trialing and implementing smart roads, take considerable
resources and investment.
 CONCLUSION

On the basis of various data collected from different roads construction and maintenance
authority, the following conclusions drawn: 1) Most of the road maintenance works are done by
on emergency basis. As a result, proper quality control is not always possible. Due to lack of
quality control, highway and road needs early and repeated maintenance. 2) Study of data about
equipment for highway maintenance owned by different authorities indicates that equipment’s
are neither sufficient nor well distributed. 3) Road deterioration is an issue of vital concern to
road authorities because of the high cost for rehabilitation of existing roads. 4) Pavements
deteriorate under traffic loads and climate effects. This fact, together with the weak subgrade soil
and poor drainage system, could be major causes of the road\'s fast deterioration in Sudan. 5) It
was pointed out that understanding the causes of pavement deterioration will significantly
contribute to the proper selection of effective maintenance technique results in prolonged service
life of roads and significant savings for the government. 6) The experience of the investigator is
an important factor in correctly diagnosing the pavement failure cause and determining the best
rehabilitation treatment.

REFERENCES
https://www.piarc.org/ressources/documents/579,5-Tariq-Mahmud-Presentation.pdf

https://www.hanson.co.uk/en/tools/asphalt-
calculator#:~:text=For%20layers%20with%20an%20average,calculator%20available%20on%20
this%20page.

https://pecongress.org.pk/images/upload/books/21-Shamim%20Zafar.pdf

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141016121321-112545392-causes-of-premature-failure-of-
roads-in-pakistan-and-potential-

https://www.britannica.com/science/asphalt-material
https://www.roadex.org/e-learning/lessons/drainage-of-low-volume-roads/components-of-
road-drainage-system/

https://www.khplant.co.za/blog/6-smart-road-technologies-changing-road-construction-
communications-and-
safety/#:~:text=Increasingly%2C%20robotics%2C%20artificial%20intelligence%2C,cong
ested%20and%20more%20energy%20efficient.

https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/solar-roads-benefits.php#:~:text=4.-
,Costs,hundreds%20of%20thousands%20of%20miles.