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Random Processes Spectral Characteristics

This document discusses random processes and their spectral characteristics. It covers topics like power density spectrum, properties of the PDS, relationship between PDS and autocorrelation function, examples of calculating PDS, and types of noise processes. It provides examples of calculating the PDS for random processes and their autocorrelation functions. It also defines concepts like bandwidth of the PDS for baseband and bandpass processes.

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dunde.venu5393
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
48 views8 pages

Random Processes Spectral Characteristics

This document discusses random processes and their spectral characteristics. It covers topics like power density spectrum, properties of the PDS, relationship between PDS and autocorrelation function, examples of calculating PDS, and types of noise processes. It provides examples of calculating the PDS for random processes and their autocorrelation functions. It also defines concepts like bandwidth of the PDS for baseband and bandpass processes.

Uploaded by

dunde.venu5393
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

4/7/2013

Random Processes Spectral 
Characteristics
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 1

Introduction
• You should be familiar with F.T. by integration or 
by using tables.
 ↔


For deterministic signals we can sketch the magnitude 
and phase of 
• We do not need full pdf to find power.  or  are 
enough.
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 2

1
4/7/2013

Power Density Spectrum & Properties
• The power density spectrum (power spectral density) PSD.
• Parsaval’s Theorem:
• lim lim
→ →

• lim


• The  factor is there because we are using  .
• Power is related to the time average of the second moment 
, for w.s.s. 

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 3

Example
• Find the power in the following random process  
cos , & 0,

• cos cos 2 2

cos 2 2 sin 2 . Not W.S.S.

• lim

• Alternatively,

• →
• ,  =

• Try it yourself!

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 4

2
4/7/2013

Relationship between Power Spectrum 
and Autocorrelation Function
 ↔
 ,

 ,
 For W.S.S.  , , we ge t the Wiener‐Khintchine relations
 2

 Example I:  cos find the PSD.

 2 2

 Explain what happens through RC filters
2

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 5

Example II:
1

0
• 0 & , 0, . Find the PSD.

1 1

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 6

3
4/7/2013

Properties of the PSD
• Note: some books use for power spectral density. Others use  …etc
1. 0
2. , for real  .
3. is real
4.
5.
– recall taking the derivative in frequency domain is equivalent to multiplying by 
6. PSD and time average of the auto‐correlation form a Fourier
transform pair
 ,
Experiment with Matlab
 ,
 For W.S.S.  ,


Dr. Ali Muqaibel 7

Practice 1
• Determine which of the following functions can and 
cannot be valid power density spectrums. For those 
that are not, explain why.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 8

4
4/7/2013

Practice 2
A random process has the autocorrelation function 
exp
Where  , are positive constants
(a) Find and sketch the power spectrum of X(t) 
(b) Compute the average power in the lowpass part 
of the power spectrum.
(c)Repeat for bandpass case.
In each case assume  ≫ .

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 9

Bandwidth of Power Density Spectrum 
for baseband processes
• Low pass or Baseband: most of the spectral 
components are around  0, and the 
magnitude decreases at higher frequencies.
• The PSD is similar to the PDF for being real and 
positive but the area need not be 1.
• The rms bandwidth , , is defined like the 
standard deviation of the normalized PSD to be:

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 10

5
4/7/2013

Bandwidth of Power Density Spectrum 
for Bandpass Processes
• Bandpass process: the significant components cluster 
near some frequency  and  . (assume real 
processes)
• Mean frequency:
=
• rms bandwidth of bandpass (real) processes:

• Why there is a factor of 4?

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 11

White Noise

2 2

• Unrealizable because of the infinity average power:
1

2
• Thermal noise generated be electrons in any electrical conductor has a PSD that is constant 
up to a very high frequency and then decreases.
• A resistor at temperature  Kelvin produces noise across the open circuited terminal having a 
power spectrum 

1
• where  7.64 10 ,  290 .
• Remains above 0.9 for very high frequencies around 1000GHz .
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 12

6
4/7/2013

Bandlimited White Noise
sin

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 13

Bandpass Bandlimited White Noise

sin
2 cos
2 2
0
2

where  and  are constants and  is the 


power in the noise.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 14

7
4/7/2013

Practice
A wide‐sense stationary noise process  has 
an autocorrelation

Find and sketch the PSD
Answer 
Using the FT def.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 15

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