STATE MODEL SYLLABUS FOR

UNDERGRADUATE COURSE IN
BOTANY
(Bachelor of Science Examination)

UNDER
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

1
 Course Structure of U.G. Botany Honours
Semester Course Course Name Credit Total
marks
AECC-I 4 100
C-1 (Theory) Microbiology and 4 75
Phycology
C-1 (Practical) Microbiology and 2 25
Phycology
C-2 (Theory) Biomolecules and Cell 4 75
Semester-I Biology
C-2 (Practical) Biomolecules and Cell 2 25
Biology
Biodiversity (Microbes,
GE -1A (Theory) Algae, Fungi & 4 75
Archegoniate)
Biodiversity (Microbes,
GE -1A(Practical) Algae, Fungi & 2 25
Archegoniate)
AECC-II 4 100
C-3 (Theory) Mycology and 4 75
Phytopathology
C-3 (Practical) Mycology and 2 25
Phytopathology
Semester-II C-4 (Theory) Archegoniate 4 75
C-4 (Practical) Archegoniate 2 25
GE -2A (Theory) Plant Physiology 4 75
&Metabolism
GE -2A(Practical) Plant Physiology 2 25
&Metabolism
C-5 (Theory) Anatomy of 4 75
Angiosperms
C-5 (Practical) Anatomy of 2 25
Angiosperms
C-6 (Theory) Economic Botany 4 75
C-6 (Practical) Economic Botany 2 25
Semester-
III C-7 (Theory) Genetics 4 75
C-7 (Practical) Genetics 2 25
SEC-1 4 100
GE -1B (Theory) Plant Ecology & 4 75
Taxonomy
GE -1B (Practical) Plant Ecology & 2 25
Taxonomy
C-8 (Theory) Molecular Biology 4 75
Semester-
C-8 (Practical) Molecular Biology 2 25
IV
Plant Ecology & 4 75
C-9 (Theory) Phytogeography

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 2 25
C-9 (Practical) Plant Ecology &
Phytogeography
C-10 (Theory) Plant Systematics 4 75

C-10 (Practical) Plant Systematics 2 25

SEC II 4 100
Plant Anatomy ,
GE-2B (Theory) Embryology & 4 75
Biotechnology
Plant Anatomy ,
GE-2B(Practical) Embryology & 2 25
Biotechnology
C-11 (Theory) Reproductive Biology of 4 75
Angiosperms
C-11 (Practical) Reproductive Biology of 2 25
Angiosperms
C-12 (Theory) Plant Physiology 4 75
C-12 (Practical) Plant Physiology 2 25
Semester-V Analytical Techniques in
DSE - 1 (Theory) Plants Sciences 4 75
DSE - 1 (Practical) Analytical Techniques in
Plants Sciences 2 25
Natural Resource
DSE - 2 (Theory) 4 75
Management
Natural Resource
DSE - 2 (Practical) 2 25
Management
C-13 (Theory) Plant Metabolism 4 75
C-13 (Practical) Plant Metabolism 2 25
C-14 (Theory) Plant Biotechnology 4 75
C-14 (Practical) Plant Biotechnology 2 25
Semester- Horticulture Practices &
VI DSE - 3 (Theory) Post Harvest 4 75
Technology
Horticulture Practices &
DSE-3 (Practical) 2 25
Post Harvest Technology
Industrial &
DSE – 4 Environmental
(Theory+Practical) Microbiology /Project 6 100
/Project work** Work**
Dissertation
Total 148 2600

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 BOTANY

HONOURS PAPERS:
Core course – 14 papers
Discipline Specific Elective – 4 papers
Generic Elective for Non Botany students – 4 papers. Incase University offers 2 subjects as
GE, then papers 1 and 2 will be the GE paper.

Marks per paper - Midterm: 15 marks, End term: 60 marks (Theory) + 25 marks (Practical),
Total – 100 marks
Credit per paper – 6
Teaching hours per paper – 40 hours (theory) + 10 hours (practical)

Core Paper I

MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

Unit-I
Introduction to microbial world, microbial nutrition, growth and metabolism. Viruses:-
Discovery, physiochemical and biological characteristics; classification (Baltimore), general
structure with special reference to viroids and prions; replication (general account), DNA
virus (T-phage), lytic and lysogenic cycle; RNA virus (TMV). Economic importance of
viruses with reference to vaccine production, role in research, medicine and diagnostics, as
causal organisms of plant diseases.

Unit–II
(i) Bacteria: - Discovery, general characteristics, types- archaebacteria, eubacteria,
wall-less forms (mycoplasma and spheroplasts), cell structure, nutritional types,
reproduction-vegetative, asexual and recombination (conjugation,
transformation and transduction). Economic importance of bacteria with
reference to their role in agriculture and industry (fermentation and medicine).

(ii) Cyanobacteria:-Ecology and occurrence, cell structure, heterocyst, reproduction,

economic importance; role in biotechnology. Morphology and life-cycle of
Nostoc. General characteristics of prochlorophyceae, Evolutionary significance of
Prochloron.

Unit–III
(i) Algae:- General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; range of thallus
organization; Cell structure and components; cell wall, pigment system, reserve
food (of only groups represented in the syllabus), flagella; and methods of
reproduction, classification; criteria, system of Fritsch, and evolutionary
classification of Lee (only upto groups); Role of algae in the environment,
agriculture, biotechnology and industry.

(ii) Chlorophyta:- General characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell

structure and reproduction. Morphology and life-cycles of Chlamydomonas, Volvox,
Oedogonium and Coleochaete.

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Unit-IV
(i) Charophyta:- General characteristics; occurrence, morphology, cell structure and
life-cycle of Chara; evolutionary significance.
(ii) Xanthophyta:- General characteristics; Occurrence, morphology and life- cycle of
Vaucheria.
(iii)Phaeophyta:-Characteristics, occurrence, cell structure and reproduction.
Morphology and life-cycles of Ectocarpus and Fucus.
(iv)Rhodophyta:-General characteristics, occurrence, cell structure and
(v) reproduction. Morphology and life-cycle of Polysiphonia.

PRACTICAL
Microbiology
(i) Electron micrographs/Models of viruses – T-Phage and TMV, Line drawings/
Photographs of Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle.
(ii) Types of Bacteria to be observed from temporary/permanent slides/photographs.
(iii)Examination of bacteria from natural habitat(curd) by simple staining
(iv) Electron micrographs of bacteria, binary fission, endospore, conjugation, root
Nodule (live materials and photographs).
(v) Gram staining.
Phycology
Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas (electron
micrographs), Volvox, Oedogonium,Coleochaete, Chara, Vaucheria, Ectocarpus, Fucus
and Polysiphonia,Procholoron, Diatoms through electron micrographs, temporary
preparations and permanent slides (based on availability of materials).

Text Books:
1. Singh, Pandey and Jain (2017). Microbiology and Phycology, Rastogi Publication,
Meerut.

Reference Books:
1. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4th edition.
2. Prescott, L.M., Harley J.P., Klein D. A. (2010). Microbiology, McGraw-Hill, India.
8th edition.
3. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi.
4. Campbell, N.A., Reece J.B., Urry L.A., Cain M.L., Wasserman S.A. Minorsky P.V.,
Jackson R.B. (2008). Biology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, USA. 8th edition.
5. Pelczar et al. (2011) Microbiology, 8th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi.
6. Willey, Sherwood and Christopher. Laboratory exercises in Microbiology. McGraw-
Hill, India. 9th edition.
7. P. R. Vasista (2017) Botany for Degree student, Algae, S. Chand Publication, New
Delhi.
8. B. K. Mishra (2018)Microbiology and Phycology, Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.

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 Core Paper II

BIOMOLECULES AND CELL BIOLOGY

Unit-I

(i) Biomolecules and Bioenergenetics: Types and significance of chemical bonds;

Structure and properties of water; pH and buffers. Laws of thermodynamics, concept
of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions, coupled reactions, redox
reactions.
(ii) Enzymes: Structure of enzyme: holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, coenzymes and
prosthetic group; Classification of enzymes; Features of active site, substrate
specificity, mechanism of action (activation energy, lock and key hypothesis,
induced - fit theory), Michaelis – Menten equation, enzyme inhibition and factors
affecting enzyme activity.

(iii)Carbohydrates: Nomenclature, classification and function of Monosaccharides;

Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Unit –II

(i) Lipids: Definition and major classes of storage and structural lipids. Fatty acids
structure and functions. Essential fatty acids. Triacyl glycerols structure, functions and
properties.

(ii) Proteins: Structure of amino acids; Peptide bonds; Levels of protein structure-primary,
secondary, tertiary and quarternary; Isoelectric point; Protein denaturation and
biological roles of proteins.
(iii)Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous bases; Structure and function of nucleotides;
Types of nucleic acids; Structure of A, B, Z types of DNA; Types of RNA; Structure
of tRNA.

Unit –III
(i) The cell: Cell as a unit of structure and function; Characteristics of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells; Origin of eukaryotic cell (Endosymbiotic theory).
(ii) Cell division: Eukaryotic cell cycle, different stages of mitosis and meiosis. Cell
cycle, Regulation of cell cycle.
(iii)Cell wall and plasma membrane: Chemistry, structure and function of Plant Cell Wall.
Overview of membrane function; fluid mosaic model; Chemical composition of
membranes; Membrane transport – Passive, active and facilitated transport,
endocytosis and exocytosis.

Unit-IV
(i) Cell organelles: Nucleus; Structure-nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex,
nuclear lamina, molecular organization of chromatin; nucleolus.
(ii) Cytoskeleton: Role and structure of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediary
filament.
(iii)Chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes: Structural organization; Function;
Semiautonomous nature of mitochondria and chloroplast. Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes,

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 PRACTICAL

(i) Qualitative tests for carbohydrates, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, lipids
and proteins.
(ii) Study of plant cell structure with the help of epidermal peel mount of Onion/Rhoeo
(iii)Demonstration of the phenomenon of protoplasmic streaming in Hydrilla leaf.
(iv) Counting the cells per unit volume with the help of haemocytometer. (Yeast/pollen
grains).
(v) Study the phenomenon of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis.
(vi) Study different stages of mitosis and meiosis using aceto carmine and aceto orcine
method.

Text Books:
1. V. B. Rastogi (2016). Introductory Cytology, KedarNath & RamNath, Meerut
2. P. K. Gupta (2017). Biomolecules and Cell Biology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

Reference Books:
1. K. Sahoo (2017)Biomolecules and Cell Biology, Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Tymoczko JL, Berg JM and Stryer L (2012) Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed.,
W.H.Freeman
3. Nelson DL and Cox MM (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition.,
W.H. Freeman and Company.
4. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009 The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition.
ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
5. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009 The World of the
Cell. 7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco

Core Paper III

MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY

Unit-I
(i) Introduction to true fungi: Definition, General characteristics; Affinities with plants
and animals; Thallus organization; Cell wall composition; Nutrition; Classification.
(ii) Zygomycota: General characteristics; Ecology; Thallus organisation; Life cycle with
reference to Rhizopus.
(iii)Ascomycota: General characteristics (asexual and sexual fruiting bodies); Ecology;
Life cycle, Heterokaryosis and parasexuality; life cycle and classification with
reference to Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium,and Neurospora.
(iv) Basidiomycota: General characteristics; Ecology and Classification; Life cycle of
Puccinia and Agaricus.

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Unit-II
(i) Allied Fungi: General characteristics; Status of Slime molds, Classification;
Occurrence; Types of plasmodia; Types of fruiting bodies.
(ii) Oomycota: General characteristic; Ecology; Life cycle and classification with
reference to Phytophthora, and Albugo.
(iii)Symbiotic associations: Lichen – Occurrence; General characteristics; Growth forms
and range of thallus organization; Nature of associations of algal and fungal partners;
Reproduction. Mycorrhiza-Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza and their significance.
Unit-III
Applied Mycology: Role of fungi in biotechnology, Mushroom cultivation,
Application of fungi in food industry (Flavour & texture, Fermentation, Baking,
Organic acids, Enzymes, Mycoproteins); Secondary metabolites (Pharmaceutical
preparations); Agriculture (Biofertilizers); Mycotoxins; Biological control
(Mycofungicides, Mycoherbicides, Mycoinsecticides, Myconematicides); Medical
mycology.
Unit-IV
Phytopathology: Terms and concepts; General symptoms; Geographical distribution
of diseases; etiology; symptomology; Host- Pathogen relationships;disease cycle and
environmental relation; prevention and control of plant diseases, and role of
quarantine. Bacterial diseases – Citrus canker and angular leaf spot disease of Cotton.
Viral diseases – Tobacco Mosaic viruses, vein clearing. Fungal diseases – Early blight
of potato, Loose and covered smut.

PRACTICAL
(i) Introduction to the world of fungi (Unicellular, coenocytic/septate mycelium,
asocarps & basidiocarps).
(ii) Rhizopus: study of asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual structures
through permanent slides.
(iii)Aspergillus and Penicillium: study of asexual stage from temporary mounts.
Study of Sexual stage from permanent slides/photographs.
(iv) Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom; sectioning of
gills of Agaricus, and fairy rings are to be shown.
(v) Albugo: Study of symptoms of plants infected with Albugo; asexual phase study
throughsection/ temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent slides.
(vi) Phytopathology: Herbarium specimens of bacterial diseases; Citrus Canker; Viral
diseases: Mosaic disease of ladies finger, papaya, cucurbits, moong, black gram,
Fungal diseases: Blast of rice, Tikka disease of ground nut, powdery mildew of
locally available plants and White rust of crucifers.
Text Books:

1. B. K. Mishra (2017), Mycology and Phytopathology, Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.

Page 8 of 50
Reference Books:

1. Sharma, P. D. (2017). Mycology and Phytopathology Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

2. Agrios, G.N. 1997 Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.
3. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John
Wiley &Sons (Asia) Singapore. 4th edition.
4. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge. 3rd edition.
5. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies, Macmillan
PublishersIndia Ltd.
6. Mehrotra, R. S.(2011). Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi

Core Paper IV

ARCHEGONIATE

Unit-I
(i) Introduction: Unifying features of archegoniates; Transition to land habit;
Alternation of generations. General characteristics; Origin of land plants and
Adaptations to land habit;

(ii) Bryophytes : Origin and Classification; Range of thallus organization.Classification

(up to family). Reproduction and evolutionary trends in Riccia, Marchantia,
Anthoceros and Funaria (developmental stages not included). Ecological and
economic importance of bryophytes.

Unit-II
Pteridophytes: General characteristics, classification. Classification (up to family),
morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum and
Pteris. Apogamy, and apospory, heterospory and seed habit, telome theory, stellar
evolution and economic importance.

Unit-III
Gymnosperms: General characteristics, classification (up to family), morphology,
anatomy and reproduction of Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgoand Gnetum.(Developmental
details not to be included).Ecological and economic importance.

Unit-IV
Palaeobotany: Geological time scale,fossilsand fossilization process. Morphology,
anatomy and affinities of Rhynia, Calamites, Lepidodendron, Lyginopteris,
Cycadeoidea and Williamsonnia.

PRACTICAL

(i) Morphology of thallus and anatomy of Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros, Funaria-

(ii) Psilotum- Study of specimen, transverse section of synangium (permanent slide).
(iii) Selaginella- Morphology, whole mount of leaf with ligule, transverse section of stem,
whole mount of strobilus, whole mount of microsporophyll and megasporophyll

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 (temporary slides), longitudinal section of strobilus (permanent slide).
(iv) Equisetum- Morphology, transverse section of internode, longitudinal section of
strobilus, transverse section of strobilus, whole mount of sporangiophore, whole mount of
spores (wet and dry) (temporary slide), transverse section of rhizome (permanent slide).
(v) Study from permanent slides of Ophioglossum (L.S. of spike), Marselia (L.S. of
sporocarp) and Lycopodium (L.S. of strobilus).
(vi) Pteris- Morphology, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of sporophyll, whole
mount of sporangium, whole mount of spores (temporary slides), transverse section of
rhizome, whole mount of prothallus with sex organs and young sporophyte (permanent
slide).
(vii) Cycas- Morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), whole mount of microsporophyll
and meghaspore, T.S root, leaflet
(viii) Pinus- Morphology (long and dwarf shoots, whole mount of dwarf shoot, male and
femalecones), T.S. Needle, stem, L.S. male cone, whole mount of microsporophyll, whole
mount of Microspores (temporary slides), L.S.of female cone
(ix) Gnetum- Morphology (stem, male & female cones), transverse section of stem,
vertical section of ovule (permanent slide)
(x) Study of some fossil slides / photographs as per theory.
(xi) Botanical excursion/study tour.

Text Books:
1. P. R. Vasista (2017) Botany for Degree student, Bryophyta, S. Chand Publication, New
Delhi.
2. Singh, Pandey and Jain (2017). Archegoniate, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

Reference Books:
1. B. S. Acharya (2017), Archegoniate, Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Vashistha, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A. (2010). Pteridophyta. S. Chand. New Delhi,
India.
3. Bhatnagar, S.P. & Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd
Publishers,New Delhi, India.
4. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R. (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw
Hill, Delhi.

Core Paper V

ANATOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
Unit-I
(i) Introduction and scope of Plant Anatomy: Applications in systematics, forensics and
pharmacognosy.
(ii) Tissues: Classification of tissues; Simple and complex tissues (no phylogeny); cyto-
differentiation of tracheary elements and sieve elements; Pits and plasmodesmata;
Cell wall ingrowths and transfer cells, adcrustation and incrustation, Ergastic
substances.

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Unit-II
(i) Stem: Organization of shoot apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica Corpus
theory, continuing meristematic residue, cyto-histological zonation); Types of
vascular bundles; Anatomy of dicot and monocot stem. Vascular Cambium:
Structure, function and seasonal activity of cambium; secondary growth in stem
(normal and anomalous).

(ii) Leaf: Anatomy of dicot and monocot leaf, Kranz anatomy.

Unit-III
(i) Root: Organization of root apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe
theory); Quiescentcentre; Root cap; Anatomy of dicot and monocot root; Endodermis,
exodermis and origin of lateral root. Secondary growth in roots.

(ii) Wood: Axially and radially oriented elements; Types of rays and axial parenchyma;
Cyclic aspects and reaction wood; Sapwood and heartwood; Ring and diffuse
porous wood; Early and late wood, tyloses; Dendrochronology.

(iii)Periderm: Development and composition of periderm, rhytidome and lenticels.

Unit –IV
(i) Adaptive and Protective Systems Epidermal tissue system, cuticle, epicuticular
waxes, trichomes (uni-and multicellular, glandular and nonglandular: two examples
of each), stomata (classification); Anatomical adaptations of xerophytes and
hydrophytes.
(ii) Secretory System: Hydathodes, cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.

PRACTICAL
1. Study of distribution and types of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma,
Xylem: Tracheary elements-tracheids, vessel elements; thickenings; perforation
plates; xylem fibres, Phloem: Sieve tubes-sieve plates; companion cells; phloem
fibres.
2. Wood: ring porous; diffuse porous; tyloses; heart- and sapwood.
3. Epidermal system: cell types, stomata types; trichomes: non-glandular and glandular.
4. Root: monocot, dicot, secondary growth.
5. Stem: monocot, dicot - primary and secondary growth; periderm; lenticels.
6. Leaf: isobilateral, dorsiventral, C4 leaves (Kranz anatomy).

Text Books:
1. Singh, Pandey and Jain (2017). Anatomy of Angiosperms, Rastogi Publication,
Meerut.

Reference Books:
1. Eames and Mc Daniels ( ). An introduction to plant anatomy, Tata Mc Grow Hills,
New Delhi
2. Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Delhi.
3. M. S. Tayal (2012) Rajpal and Sons, New Delhi
4. B. K. Mishra (2017). Anatomy of Angiosperms, Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.
5. B. P. Pandey (2017) Plant Anatomy, S. Chand Publication, New Delhi.

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 Core Paper VI

ECONOMIC BOTANY
Unit-I
(i) Origin of Cultivated Plants: Concept of Centres of Origin, their importance with
reference to Vavilov’s work. Examples of major plant introductions; Crop
domestication and loss of genetic diversity; evolution of newcrops/varieties,
importance of germplasm diversity.
(ii) Cereals: Brief account of Wheat, Rice and millets.
(iii)Legumes: General account, importance to man and ecosystem.
(iv) Sugars & Starches: Morphology and processing of sugarcane, products and by-
products of sugarcane industry. Potato – morphology, propagation & uses.

Unit-II
(i) Spices: Listing of important spices, their family and part used, economic importance
with special reference to fennel, saffron, clove and black pepper Beverages: Tea,
Coffee (morphology, processing & uses)
(ii) Drug-yielding plants: Therapeutic and habit-forming drugs with special reference to
Cinchona, Digitalis, Papaver and Cannabis.
(iii)Tobacco: Tobacco (Morphology, processing, uses and health hazards)

Unit-III
(i) Oils & Fats: General description, classification, extraction, their uses and health
implications groundnut, coconut, linseed and Brassica (Botanical name, family &
uses)
(ii) Essential Oils: General account, extraction methods, comparison with fatty oils &
their uses.
Unit-IV
(i) Natural Rubber: Para-rubber: tapping, processing and uses.
(ii) Timber plants: General account with special reference to teak and pine. Fibers:
Classification based on the origin of fibers, Cotton and Jute (morphology, extraction
and uses).
PRACTICAL

(i) Cereals: Rice (habit sketch, study of paddy and grain, starch grains).
(ii) Legumes: Soya bean/moong bean/black gram, Groundnut, (habit, fruit, seed
structure, micro-chemical tests).
(iii) Sugars & Starches: Sugarcane (habit sketch; cane juice- micro-chemical tests),
Potato (habit sketch, tuber morphology, T.S. tuber to show localization of starch
grains, starch grains, micro-chemical tests).
(iv) Spice and Beverages: clove, black pepper ,Tea (plant specimen, tea leaves), Coffee
(plant specimen, beans).
(v) Oils & Fats: Groundnut, Mustard–plant specimen, seeds; tests for fats in
crushedseeds.
(vi) Drug-yielding plants: Specimens of Digitalis, Papaver and Cannabis.
(vii) Woods: Tectona, Pinus/Sal: Specimen, Section of young stem.

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 (viii)Fiber-yielding plants: Cotton (specimen, whole mount of seed to show lint and
fuzz; whole mount of fiber and test for cellulose), Jute (specimen, transverse section
of stem, test for lignin on transverse section of stem and fiber).

Text Books:
1. B. P. Pandey (2017) Economic Botany. S. Chand Publication, New Delhi.

Reference Books:

1. Kochhar, S.L. (2012). Economic Botany in Tropics, MacMillan & Co. New Delhi,
India.
2. Samba Murty and Subrahmanyam (2011). Text Book of Modern Economic Botany,
CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
3. Hill, Albert F. Economic Botany, Tata Mc Grow Hill Publishing Company, Ltd. New
Delhi.
4. Wickens, G.E. (2001). Economic Botany: Principles & Practices. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, The Netherlands.
5. Singh, Pandey and Jain (2017). Economic Botany, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
6. B. Baruah (2017). Economic Botany, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

Core Paper VII

GENETICS

Unit-I
(i) Mendelian genetics and its extension Mendelism: History; Principles of inheritance;
Chromosome theory of inheritance; Autosomes and sex chromosomes; Incomplete
dominance and codominance; Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy,
Recessive and Dominanttraits, Polygenic inheritance.
(ii) Extrachromosomal Inheritance:Chloroplast mutation: Variegation in Four o’clock
plant; Mitochondrial mutations in yeast; Maternal effects-shell coiling in snail;
Infective heredity- Kappa particles in Paramecium.
Unit-II
Linkage, crossing over and chromosome mapping: Linkage and crossing over-
Cytological basis of crossing over; Recombination frequency, two factor and three
factor crosses; Interference and coincidence; Numericals based on gene mapping;
Sex Linkage.

Unit-III
(i) Variation in chromosome number and structure: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion,
Translocation, Position effect, Euploidy and Aneuploidy
(ii) Gene mutations: Types of mutations; Molecular basis of Mutations; Mutagens –
physical and chemical (Base analogs, deaminating, alkylating and intercalating
agents); Detection of mutations: CIB method. Role of Transposons in mutation. DNA
repair mechanisms.

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Unit-IV
(i) Fine structure of gene: Classical vs. molecular concepts of gene; Cis-Trans
complementation test for functional allelism; Structure of Phage T4, rII Locus.
(ii) Population and Evolutionary Genetics: Gene pool, Allele frequencies, Genotype
frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg Law, role of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift.
Genetic variation and Speciation.

PRACTICAL

1. Meiosis through temporary squash preparation.

2. Mendel’s laws through seed ratios. Laboratory exercises in probability and chi-square
analysis.
3. Chromosome mapping using test cross data.
4. Pedigree analysis for dominant and recessive autosomal and sex linked traits.
5. Incomplete dominance and gene interaction through seed ratios (9:7, 9:6:1, 13:3,
15:1, 12:3:1, 9:3:4).
6. Blood Typing: ABO groups & Rh factor.
7. Chromosome anomaly : Translocation Ring, Laggards and Inversion Bridge, break etc.

Text Books:
1. B. D. Singh (2017). Fundamental of Genetics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
2. P. K. Gupta (2017). Genetics, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
Reference Books:
1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John
Wiley & Sons,India. 8th edition.
2. Sinnot, Dunn and Dobzhansky (1985) Principles of Genetics, Tata Mc Grow Hill,
New Delhi
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2012). Concepts of Genetics.
BenjaminCummings, U.S.A. 10th edition.
4. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to
GeneticAnalysis. W.H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.
5. Strickberger, Monroe, W. Genetics, Pearson Publishers, 3rd Edition
6. V. B. Rastogi (2017). Genetics, KedarNath & RamNath, Meerut

Core Paper VIII

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit-I
Nucleic acids : Carriers of genetic information: Historical perspective; DNA as the
carrier of genetic information (Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase, Avery, McLeod &
McCarty), Types of genetic material, denaturation and renaturation, cot curves.
Organization of DNA and structure of RNA- Prokaryotes, Viruses, Eukaryotes,
Fraenkel-Conrat’s experiment. Organelle DNA - mitochondria and chloroplast DNA.
The Nucleosome -Chromatin structure- Euchromatin, Heterochromatin- Constitutive
and Facultative heterochromatin.

Page 14 of 50
Unit-II
(i) The replication of DNA: Chemistry of DNA synthesis (Kornberg’s discovery);
General principles – bidirectional, semi-conservative and semi discontinuous
replication, RNA priming; Various models of DNA replication, including rolling
circle, θ (theta) mode of replication, replication of linear ds-DNA, replication of the
5′ end of linear chromosome; Enzymes involved in DNA replication.
(ii) Central dogma and genetic code: Key experiments establishing-The Central Dogma
(Adaptor hypothesis and discovery of mRNA template), Genetic code (deciphering
& salient features)
(iii)Processing and modification of RNA: Split genes-concept of introns and exons,
removal of introns, spliceosome machinery, splicing pathways, group I & group II
intron splicing, alternative splicing eukaryotic mRNA processing (5′ cap, 3′ polyA
tail); Ribozymes, exon shuffling; RNA editing and mRNA transport.

Unit-III
Mechanism of Transcription: Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes;
Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Principles of transcriptional
regulation; Prokaryotes: Operon concept- Regulation of lactose metabolism and
tryptophan synthesis in E.coli. Eukaryotes: transcription factors, heat shock proteins,
steroids and peptide hormones; Gene silencing
Unit-IV
Translation (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes): Ribosome structure and assembly;
Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases; Various steps in protein synthesis,
proteins involved in initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptides; Fidelity of
translation; Inhibitors of protein synthesis; Post-translational modifications of
proteins.
PRACTICAL
1. Preparation of LB medium and raising E. coli.
2. Isolation of genomic DNA from E. coli./onion roots
3. RNA estimation by orcinol method.
4. DNA estimation by diphenylamine reagent/UV Spectrophotometry.
5. Photographs establishing nucleic acid as genetic material (Messelson and Stahl’s,
Avery et al, Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase’s and Fraenkel & Conrat’s experiments)
6. Study of Barr body from buccal smear preparation.

Text Books:
1. P. K. Gupta (2017). Molecular Biology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

Reference Books:
1. Watson J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losick, R. (2007).
MolecularBiology of the Gene, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CSHL Press,
New York, U.S.A. 6th edition.
2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley
and Sons Inc.,U.S.A. 5th edition.
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics.
BenjaminCummings.U.S.A. 9th edition.

Page 15 of 50
 4. Sheelar and Bianchi (2009) Molecular Biology of the Cell, Willey Publisher,
New Delhi
5. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction
to GeneticAnalysis. W.H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.
6. Bruce Alberts et al. 2014. Molecular Biology of the cell Garland Science. 6 th
Edition
7. C. B. Power (2017) Cell Biology, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi
8. AC. Sahu (2017). Essentials of Molecular Biology, Kalynai Publishers, New
Delhi.
Core Paper IX

PLANT ECOLOGY & PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

Unit-I
(i) Introduction Concept of ecology, Autoecology, Synecology, system ecology, Levels
of organization. Inter-relationships between the living world and the environment,
the components of environment, concept of hydrosphere and lithosphere and
dynamism, homeostasis.
(ii) Light, temperature, wind and fire: Variations; adaptations of plants to their variation.

Unit-II
(i) Soil: Formation; Composition; Physical; Chemical and Biological components; Soil
profile; Role of climate in soil development.
(ii) Water: Importance: States of water in the environment; Atmospheric moisture;
Precipitation types (rain, fog, snow, hail, dew); Hydrological Cycle; Water in soil;
Water table.

Unit-III
Biotic interactions and Population ecology: Characteristics and Dynamics.
Plant communities: Concept of ecological amplitude; Habitat and niche; Characters:
analytical and synthetic; Ecotone and edge effect; Dynamics: succession – processes, types;
climax concepts.

Unit-IV
(i) Ecosystems: Structure; Processes; Trophic organisation; Food chains and Food
webs; Ecological pyramids.
(ii) Functional aspects of ecosystem: Principles and models of energy flow; Production
and productivity; Ecological efficiencies; Biogeochemical cycles; Cycling of
Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
(iii)Phytogeography: Principles; Continental drift; Theory of tolerance; Endemism;
Phytogeographical division of India; Local Vegetation.

Page 16 of 50
 PRACTICAL

1. Determination of pH of various soil and water samples (pH meter, universal

indicator/Lovibond comparator and pH paper)
2. Analysis for carbonates, chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, organic matter and base
deficiency from two soil samples by rapid field tests.
3. Determination of dissolved oxygen of water samples from polluted and unpolluted
sources.
4. Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes, xerophytes, halophyles (two
each).
5. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the
college campus, by species area curve method (species to be listed).
6. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation for density and abundance in the college
campus.
7. Field visit to familiarize students with ecology of different sites.

Text Books:
1. Sharma, P.D. (2017). Fundamentals of Ecology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.

Reference Books:

1. Odum, E.P. (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 5thedition.
2. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource
Conservation.Anamaya Publications, New Delhi, India.
3. Wilkinson, D.M. (2007). Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems
Approach.Oxford University Press. U.S.A.
4. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of ecology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India.
4th edition.
5. Santra, S. C. (2015) Environmental Science. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
Kolkata.
6. M. C. Das and S. P. Das (2009). Fundamental of Ecology.Tata MGrow Hill, New
Delhi.
7. Shukla and Chandel (2016). A text book of Plant Ecology. S Chand Publication, New
Delhi

Core Paper X

PLANT SYSTEMATICS

Unit-I
Plant identification, Classification, Nomenclature; Biosystematics. Identification: Field
inventory; Functions of Herbarium; Important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world
and India; Virtual herbarium; E-flora; Documentation: Flora, Monographs, Journals; Keys:
Single access and Multi-access

Unit-II
Taxonomic hierarchy: Concept of taxa (family, genus, species); Categories and taxonomic
hierarchy; Species concept (taxonomic, biological, evolutionary).
Page 17 of 50
Botanical nomenclature: Principles and rules (ICN); Ranks and names; Typification, author
citation, valid publication, rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations; Names
of hybrids.

Unit-III
(i) Systematics- an interdisciplinary science: Evidence from palynology, cytology,
phytochemistry and molecular data.
(ii) Systems of classification: Major contributions of Theophrastus, Bauhin, Tournefort,
Linnaeus, Adanson, de Candolle, Bessey, Hutchinson, Takhtajan and Cronquist;
Classification systems of Bentham and Hooker (up to series) and Hutchinson (up to
series); Brief reference of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III) classification.
Unit-IV
Phylogeny of Angiosperms: Terms and concepts (primitive and advanced, homology and
analogy, parallelism and convergence, monophyly, Paraphyly, polyphyly and clades).
Origin& evolution of angiosperms; co- evolution of angiosperms and animals; methods of
illustrating evolutionary relationship (phylogenetic tree, cladogram).
Families of Angiosperms : Descriptive studies of Magnoliaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiacae,
Liliaceae, Poaceae, and Orchidaceae

PRACTICAL

(i) Study of vegetative and floral characters of available materials of the following
families (Description, V.S. flower, section of ovary, floral diagram/s, floral
formula/e and systematic position according to Bentham & Hooker’s system of
classification): Magnoliaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiacae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, and
Orchidaceae as per theory syllabus.

(ii) Field visit, plant collection and herbarium preparation and submission. Mounting of
a properly dried and pressed specimen of any wild plant with herbarium label (to be
submitted in the record book)

Text Books:
1. O. P. Sharma (2009) Plant Taxonomy, Tata Mc Grow Hill, New Delhi

Reference Books:
1. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.3rdedition.
2. Jeffrey, C. (1982). An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
3. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. (2002). Plant Systematics-
APhylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 2nd edition.
4. Saxena, H. O. and Brahman, M..The Flora of Orissa, CSIR Publication.
5. T. K. Bose (2009). Trees of the World, Regional Plant Resource Centre,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
6. Radford, A.E. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row, New
York.
7. Hanes, H. H. (2009). Botany of Bihar and Orissa,
Page 18 of 50
 8. C. R. Mohanty (2017). Text Book of Plant Systematics, Kalynai Publisher, New
Delhi.
9. M. S. Subrahmainayam (2011) Modern Plant Taxonomy, Vikash Publishing House,
New Delhi
10. B. P. Pandey (2017). Taxonomy of Angiosperm. S. Chand Publication.

Core Paper XI

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Unit-I
(i) Introduction: History and scope.
(ii) Anther: Anther wall: Structure and functions, micro-sporogenesis, callose
deposition and its significance.
(iii)Pollen biology: Micro-gametogenesis; Pollen wall structure, MGU (male germ unit)
structure, NPC system; Palynology and scope (a brief account); Pollen wall proteins;
Pollen viability, storage and germination; Abnormal features: Pseudomonads,
polyads, massulae, pollinia.
Unit-II
Ovule: Structure; Types; Special structures–endothelium, obturator, aril, caruncle and
hypostase; Female gametophyte– mega-sporogenesis and mega-gametogenesis; Types and
ultra structure of mature embryo sac (Details of Polygonum type).

Unit-III
(i) Pollination and fertilization: Pollination types and significance; adaptations;
structure of stigma and style; path of pollen tube in pistil; double fertilization.
(ii) Self incompatibility: Basic concepts; Methods to overcome self- incompatibility:
mixed pollination, bud pollination, stub pollination; Intraovarian and in vitro
pollination; Modification of stigma surface.

Unit-IV
(i) Endosperm: development, structure and functions
(ii) Embryo: Types of embryogeny; General pattern of development of dicot and
monocot embryo; Suspensor: structure and functions; Embryo- endosperm
relationship; Nutrition of embryo; Embryo development in Paeonia.
(iii)Seed: Structure, importance and dispersal mechanisms
(iv) Polyembryony and apomixes: Introduction; Classification; Causes and applications.

PRACTICAL
(i) Anther: Wall and its ontogeny; Tapetum (amoeboid and glandular); MMC,
spore tetrads, uninucleate, bicelled and dehisced anther stages through
slides/micrographs, male germ unit (MGU) through photographs and schematic
representation.
(ii) Pollen grains: Fresh and acetolyzed showing ornamentation and aperture,
psuedomonads, polyads, pollinia (slides/photographs,fresh material),
ultrastructure of pollen wall (micrograph); Pollen viability: Tetrazolium test,
Germination: Calculation of percentage germination in different media using
hanging drop method.

Page 19 of 50
 (iii) Ovule:Types-anatropous, orthotropous, amphitropous/campylotropous,
circinotropous, unitegmic, bitegmic; Tenuinucellate and crassinucellate; Special
structures: Endothelium, obturator, hypostase, caruncle and aril (permanent
slides/specimens/photographs). Female gametophyte through permanent slides/
photographs: Types, ultrastructure of mature egg apparatus.

(iv) Embryogenesis: Study of development of dicot embryo through permanent slides;

dissection of developing seeds for embryos at various developmental stages; Study of
suspensor through electron micrographs.

Text Books:
1. Singh, Pandy and Jain (2017). Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms, Rastogi
Publications, Meerut

Reference Books:
1. P Maheswari (2009). Embryology of Angiosperms.

2. Shivanna, K.R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt.Ltd. Delhi.
3. Raghavan, V. (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering plants, Springer,
Netherlands.
4. Johri, B.M. l (1984). Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands.
5. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas
Publishing House. Delhi. 5th edition.
6. B. K. Mishra (2017). Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms Kalynai Publishers, New
Delhi.
Core Paper XII

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Unit-I
(i) Plant water relationship: Water Potential and its components, water absorption by
roots, aquaporins, pathway of water movement, symplast, apoplast, trans-membrane
pathways, root pressure, guttation. Ascent of sap– cohesion-tension theory.
Transpiration and factors affecting transpiration, anti-transpirants, mechanism of
stomatal movement.

(ii) Translocation in the phloem: Experimental evidence in support of phloem as the site
of sugar translocation. Pressure–Flow Model; Phloem loading and unloading; Source–
sink relationship.

Unit-II
(i) Mineral nutrition: Essential and beneficial elements, macro and micronutrients,
methods of study and use of nutrient solutions, criteria for essentiality, mineral
deficiency symptoms, roles of essential elements, chelating agents.
(ii) Nutrient Uptake: Soil as a nutrient reservoir, transport of ions across cell membrane,
passive absorption, electrochemical gradient, facilitated diffusion, active absorption,
role of ATP, carrier systems,proton ATPase pump and ion flux, uniport, co-transport,
symport, and antiport.

Page 20 of 50
Unit-III
Plant growth regulators: Discovery, chemical nature (basic structure), bioassay and
physiological roles of Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinin, Abscisic acid, Ethylene.
Brassinosteroids and Jasmonic acid.

Unit-IV
(i) Physiology of flowering: Photoperiodism, flowering stimulus, florigen concept,
vernalization, seed dormancy.
(ii) Phytochrome: Discovery, chemical nature, role of phytochrome in photo-
morphogenesis, low energy responses (LER) and high irradiance responses (HIR),
mode of action.

PRACTICAL

1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.

2. 2. Determination of water potential of given tissue (potato tuber) by weight method.
3. 3.Study of the effect of wind velocity and light on the rate of transpiration in excised
twig/leaf.
4. 4. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency from the two surfaces of
leaves of a mesophyte and xerophyte.
5. 5. To calculate the area of an open stoma and percentage of leaf area open through
stomata in a mesophyte and xerophyte (both surfaces).
6. To study the phenomenon of seed germination (effect of light).
7. To study the induction of amylase activity in germinating barley grains
8. To demonstrate suction due to transpiration.
Text Books:
1. R. K. Sinha, (2015). Modern Plant Physiology, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
Reference Books:
1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley

and Sons.U.S.A. 4th edition.

2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and
Development.Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.
3. Bajracharya D. (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology-A Laboratory Manual.
NarosaPublishing House, New Delhi.
4. Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W. Plant Physiology Wadsworth Publishing
Company, California
5. A. C. Sahoo (2018). Outlines of Plant Physiology Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.
6. N. K.. Srivatava (2017). Plant Physiology, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
7. Pandey and Sinha (2011). Plant Physiology, Vikash Publishing House, New Delhi

Page 21 of 50
 Core Paper XIII

PLANT METABOLISM

Unit-I

(i) Concept of metabolism: Introduction, anabolic and catabolic pathways, regulation of

metabolism, role of regulatory enzymes (allosteric ,covalent modulation and
Isozymes).
(ii) Mechanisms of signal transduction: Calcium, phospholipids, cGMP, NO.
Unit-II
Carbon assimilation: Historical background, photosynthetic pigments, role of photosynthetic
pigments, antenna molecules and reaction centres, photochemical reactions, photosynthetic
electron transport, PSI, PSII, Q cycle, C3, C4pathways; Crassulacean acid metabolism;
Factors affecting CO2 reduction. Photorespiration

Unit-III
(i) Carbon Oxidation: Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate, regulation of glycolysis, oxidative
pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, regulation of
PDH, NADH shuttle; TCA cycle,amphibolic role, anaplerotic reactions, regulation
of the cycle, mitochondrial electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, cyanide-
resistant respiration, factors affecting respiration.
(ii) ATP-Synthesis: Mechanism of ATP synthesis, substrate level phosphorylation,
chemiosmotic mechanism (oxidative and photo- phosphorylation), ATP synthase,
Boyers conformational model, Racker’s experiment, Jagendorf’s experiment; role of
uncouplers.

Unit-IV
(i) Lipid metabolism: Synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides, β-oxidation, glyoxylate
cycle, gluco-neogenesis and its role in mobilisation of lipids during seed germination,
α oxidation.
(ii) Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate assimilation, biological nitrogen fixation (examples of
legumes and non-legumes); Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation;
Ammonia assimilation and trans-amination.

PRACTICAL
1. Isolation and quantitization of photosynthetic pigments.
2. Experimental demonstration of Hill’s reaction.
3. To study the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.
4. Effect of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis.
5. To compare the rate of respiration in different parts of a plant.
6. Demonstration of absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.

Text Books:
1. S, K. Gupta (2017). Plant Metabolism, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
22
Reference Books:
1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley

and Sons.U.S.A. 4th edition.

2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and
Development.Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.
3. Harborne, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
4. A. C. Sahoo (2018). Outlines of Plant Metabolism, Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.

Core Paper XIV

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit-I
Plant Tissue Culture: Historical perspective; Aseptic tissue culture techniques, Composition
of media; Nutrient and hormone requirements (role of vitamins and hormones). Totipotency;
Organogenesis; Embryogenesis (somatic and zygotic); Protoplast isolation, culture and
fusion; Tissue culture applications (micropropagation, androgenesis, virus elimination,
secondary metabolite production, haploids, triploids and hybrids; Cryopreservation;
Germplasm Conservation).

Unit-II
Recombinant DNA technology-I: Restriction Endonucleases (History, Types I-IV, biological
role and application); Restriction Mapping (Linear and Circular); Cloning Vectors:
Prokaryotic (pUC 18 and pUC19, pBR322, Ti plasmid, BAC); Lambda phage, M13
phagemid, Cosmid, Shuttle vector; Eukaryotic Vectors (YAC and briefly PAC, MAC,
HAC).Gene Cloning (Recombinant DNA, Bacterial Transformation and selection of
recombinant clones, PCR-mediated gene cloning).

Unit-III
Recombinant DNA technology-II: Gene Construct; construction of genomic and cDNA
libraries, screening DNA libraries to obtain gene of interest by genetic selection;
complementation, colony hybridization; Probes-oligonucleotide, heterologous, Methods of
gene transfer- Agrobacterium-mediated, Direct gene transfer by Electroporation,
Microinjection, Microprojectile bombardment; Selection of transgenics– selectable marker
and reporter genes (Luciferase, GUS, GFP).

Unit-IV
Applications of Biotechnology: Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants
(RoundUp Ready soybean); Transgenic crops with improved quality traits (Flavr Savr
tomato, Golden rice); Improved horticultural varieties (Moondust carnations); Role of
transgenics in bioremediation (Superbug); edible vaccines; Industrial enzymes (Aspergillase,
Protease, Lipase); Gentically Engineered Products–Human Growth Hormone; Humulin;
Biosafety concerns.

23
 PRACTICAL

1. a) Preparation of tissue culture (MS) medium.

(b) Demonstration of in vitro sterilization and inoculation methods using leaf and
nodal explants of tobacco, Datura, Brassica etc.
2. Study of anther culture.
3. Preparation of artificial seeds.
4. Testing and study of Bt cotton.
5. Isolation of plasmid DNA.
6. Gel electrophoresis (demonstration).

Text Books:
1. H. S. Chawla (2010). Introduction to Plant Biotechnology.Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and
Practice. Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
2. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and
Applications of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
3. Stewart, C.N. Jr. (2008). Plant Biotechnology & Genetics: Principles, Techniques
and Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc. U.S.A.
4. Y. P. S. Bajaj Series, Springer Verlag
5. B. D. Singh (2018). Plant Biotechnology Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.
6. P. K. Gupta (2017). Plant Biotechnology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
7. R. C. Dubey (2017). Advanced Biotechnology, S, Chand Publication, New Delhi

Discipline Specific Elective Paper-1

ANALYTICAL TECNIQUES IN PLANT SCIENCES

Unit-I
Imaging and related techniques: Principles of microscopy; Light microscopy; Fluorescence
microscopy; Flow cytometry (FACS); Transmission and Scanning electron microscopy –
sample preparation for electron microscopy, cryofixation, negative staining, shadow casting,
freeze fracture, freeze etching.

Unit-II
Cell fractionation: Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient centrifugation,
sucrosedensity gradient, CsCl2gradient, analytical centrifugation, ultracentrifugation.
Radioisotopes: Use in biological research, auto-radiography, pulse chase experiment.
Spectrophotometry: Principle and its application in biological research.

Unit-III
Chromatography: Principle; Paper chromatography; Column chromatography,
TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ion-exchange chromatography; Molecular sieve chromatography;
Affinity chromatography. Characterization of proteins and nucleic acids: Mass spectrometry;
X-ray diffraction; X-ray crystallography; Characterization
24
of proteins and nucleic acids;
Electrophoresis: AGE, PAGE, SDS-PAGE
Unit-IV
Biostatistics: Statistics, data, population, samples, parameters; Representation of Data:
Tabular, Graphical; Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median; Measures
of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variation, standard deviation; Chi-square test for
goodness of fit. T-Test and correlation.

PRACTICAL

1. Study of different microscopic techniques for chromosome study

2. Study of PCR Demonstration.
3. To separate chlorophyll by paper chromatography.
4. To separate phytochemicals by thin layer chromatography.
5. To estimate protein concentration through Lowry’s methods.
6. To separate proteins using PAGE.
7. To separate DNA (marker) using AGE.
8. Estimation of plant pigments.

Text Books:
1. C. S. Patil (2017). Advanced Analytical Techniques, ABE Books, New Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. Plummer, D.T. (1996). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-

HillPublishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. 3rd edition.

2. Ruzin, S.E. (1999). Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford UniversityPress,
New York. U.S.A.
3. Ausubel, F., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A.,
Struhl,K. (1995). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons. 3rd
edition.
4. Zar, J.H. (2012). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Publication. U.S.A. 4th edition.
5. K. R. Aneja (2014). Laboratory manual of microbiology and biotechnology,
Medtech, New Delhi

Discipline Specific Elective Paper-1I

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Unit-I
(i) Natural resources: Definition and types.
(ii) Sustainable utilization :Concept, approaches (economic, ecological and socio-
cultural).
(iii) Land: Utilization (agricultural, horticultural, silvicultural); Soil degradation
and management.
(iv) Water: Fresh water (rivers, lakes, groundwater, water harvesting technology, rain
water storage and utilization.

25
Unit-II
Biological Resources: Biodiversity-definition and types; Significance; Threats; Management
strategies; Bioprospecting; IPR; CBD; National Biodiversity Action Plan).
Forests: Definition, Cover and its significance (with special reference to India); Major and
minor forest products; Depletion; Management.

Unit-III
(i) Energy: Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy-solar, wind, tidal,
geothermal and bioenergy resources.
(ii) Contemporary practices in resource management: EIA, GIS,
Participatory Resource Appraisal, Ecological Footprint with emphasis on carbon
footprint.

Unit-IV
Resource Accounting; Waste management. National and international efforts in resource
management and conservation

PRACTICAL

(i) Estimation of solid waste generated by a domestic system (biodegradable and non-
biodegradable) and its impact on land degradation.
(ii) Collections of data on forest cover of specific area.
(iii) Measurement of dominance of woody species by DBH (diameter at breast height)
method.
(iv) Calculation and analysis of ecological footprint.
(v) Ecological modeling.

Text Books:
1. B. W. Pandey. 2005. Natural Resource Management. Mittal Publication, New Delhi

Reference Books:
1. Vasudevan, N. (2006). Essentials of Environmental Science. Narosa Publishing
House,New Delhi.
2. Singh, J. S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology, Environment and
ResourceConservation. Anamaya Publications, New Delhi.
3. Rogers, P.P., Jalal, K.F. and Boyd, J.A. (2008). An Introduction to Sustainable
Development. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

26
 Discipline Specific Elective Paper-1II

HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES AND POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

Unit-I
(i) Introduction: Scope and importance, Branches of horticulture; Role in rural
economy and employment generation; Importance in food and nutritional security;
Urban horticulture and ecotourism.
(ii) Ornamental plants: Types, classification (annuals, perennials, climbers and trees);
Identification and salient features of some ornamental plants [rose, marigold,
gladiolus, carnations, orchids, poppies, gerberas, tuberose, sages, cacti and succulents
(Opuntia, Agave and spurges)]

Unit-II
(i) Fruit and vegetable crops: Production, origin and distribution; Description of plants
and their economic products; Management and marketing of vegetable and fruit crops.
(ii) Horticultural techniques: Application of manure, fertilizers, nutrients and PGRs;
Weed control; Biofertilizers, biopesticides; Irrigation methods (drip irrigation, surface
irrigation, furrow and border irrigation); Hydroponics; Propagation Methods: asexual
(grafting, cutting, layering, budding), sexual (seed propagation), Scope and
limitations.
(iii)Landscaping and garden design :Planning and layout (parks and avenues); gardening
traditions - Ancient Indian, European, Mughal and Japanese Gardens; Urban forestry;
policies and practices.

Unit-III
(i) Post-harvest technology: Importance of post harvest technology in horticultural crops;
Evaluation of quality traits; Harvesting and handling of fruits, vegetables and cut
flowers; Principles, methods of preservation and processing; Methods of minimizing
loses during storage and transportation;
(ii) Disease control and management: Field and post-harvest diseases; Identification of
deficiency symptoms; remedial measures and nutritional management practices; Crop
sanitation; IPM strategies (genetic, biological and chemical methods for pest control);
Quarantine practices;
Unit-III
(i) Post-harvest technology: Importance of post harvest technology in horticultural crops;
Evaluation of quality traits; Harvesting and handling of fruits, vegetables and cut
flowers; Principles, methods of preservation and processing; Methods of minimizing
loses during storage and transportation;

(ii) Disease control and management : Field and post-harvest diseases; Identification of
deficiency symptoms; remedial measures and nutritional management practices; Crop
sanitation; IPM strategies (genetic, biological and chemical methods for pest control);
Quarantine practices;

27
Unit-IV
Horticultural crops - conservation and management: Documentation and conservation of
germplasm; Role of micropropagation and tissue culture techniques; Varieties and cultivars
of various horticultural crops; IPR issues; National, international and professional societies
and sources of information on horticulture.

PRACTICAL
Practical related to theory

Text Books:
1. K. V. Peter. (2009). Basics of Horticulture, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. Singh, D. & Manivannan, S. (2009). Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops. Ridhi
International, Delhi, India.

2. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kochhar, S.L. (2007). Groves of Beauty and Plenty: An Atlas
of Major Flowering Trees in India. Macmillan Publishers, India.

3. NIIR Board (2005). Cultivation of Fruits, Vegetables and Floriculture. National

Institute of Industrial Research Board, Delhi.

4. Kader, A.A. (2002). Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. UCANR

Publications, USA.

5. Capon, B. (2010). Botany for Gardeners. 3rd Edition. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

6. P. H. Pandey (2007). Principles and Practices of Post Harvest Technology, Kalyani

Publishers, New Delhi.

Discipline Specific Elective Paper-1V

INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOG

Unit-I
(i) Scope of microbes in industry and environment: Bioreactors/Fermenters and
fermentation processes: Solid-state and liquid-state (stationary and submerged)
fermentations; Batch and continuous fermentations. Components of a typical
bioreactor, Types of bioreactors- laboratory.

(ii) Microbial production of industrial products: Microorganisms involved, media,

fermentation conditions, downstream processing and uses; Filtration, centrifugation,
cell disruption, solvent extraction, precipitation and ultrafiltration, lyophilization,
spray drying.

28
Unit-II
Microbial enzymes of industrial interest and enzyme immobilization: Microorganisms for
industrial applications and hands on screening microorganisms for casein hydrolysis; starch
hydrolysis; cellulose hydrolysis. Methods of immobilization, advantages and applications of
immobilization, large scale applications of immobilized enzymes (glucose isomerase and
penicillin acylase).

Unit-III
Microbes and quality of environment: Distribution of microbes in air; Isolation of
microorganisms from soil, air and water.
Microbial flora of water: Water pollution, role of microbes in sewage and domestic waste
water treatment systems. Determination of BOD, COD, TDS and TOC of water samples;
Microorganisms as indicators of water quality.

Unit-IV
Microbes in agriculture and remediation of contaminated soils: Biological fixation;
Mycorrhizae; Bioremediation of contaminated soils. Isolation of root nodulating bacteria,
arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in plant roots.

PRACTICAL
1.Principles and functioning of instruments in microbiology laboratory
2.Hands on sterilization techniques and preparation of culture media
3. Screening microorganisms for industrial use.
4. Mycorrhiza, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in plant roots
5. Determination of BOD, COD, TDS and TOC of water samples;
6.Microorganisms as indicators of water quality

Text Books:
1. P. D. Sharma. (2017) Environmental Microbiology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

Suggested Readings
1. Pelzar, M.J. Jr., Chen E.C. S., Krieg, N.R. (2010). Microbiology: An application
based approach. Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case. C.L. (2007). Microbiology. Pearson Benjamin
Cummings, San Francisco, U.S.A. 9th edition.
3.Pradipta K. Mohapatra (2008). Text Book of Environmental Microbiology, I. K.
International Publishing House, New Delhi
4. A. K. Rath (2018). Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Kalyani Publishers,
New Delhi.
OR
DISSERTATION / PROJECT WORK**

Identification Review of Methodology Findings Analysis Viva-Voce Total

of problem Literature
10 10 10 25 25 20 100
29
** = Students who score more than ≥60% in aggregate are eligible for project work
 Generic Elective Paper I

BIODIVERSITY (MICROBES, ALGAE, FUNGI AND ARCHEGONIATE)

Unit-I
Microbes :Viruses – Discovery, general structure, replication (general account), DNA virus
(T-phage); Lytic and lysogenic cycle, RNA virus (TMV); Economic importance; Bacteria –
Discovery, General characteristics and cell structure; Reproduction – vegetative, asexual and
recombination (conjugation, transformation and transduction); Economic importance.

Unit-II
(i) Algae: General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization
and reproduction; Morphology and life- cycles of the following: Chlamydomonas,
Oedogonium, Nostoc and Fucus, Vaucheria, Polysiphonia, Economic importance of
algae.

(ii) Fungi : Introduction- General characteristics, ecology and significance, range of thallus
organization, cell wall composition , nutrition, reproduction and classification; True
Fungi- General characteristics, ecology and significance, life cycle of Rhizopus
(Zygomycota) Penicillium (Ascomycota), Agaricus Basidiomycota); Symbiotic
Associations-Lichens:

Unit-III
(i) Bryophytes :General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, Classification, Range of
thallus organization, Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and
reproduction of Marchantia and Funaria (Developmental details not to be
included).Ecology and economic importance of bryophytes.
(ii) Pteridophytes : General characteristics, classification, Early land plants (Cooksonia
and Rhynia). Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of
Selaginella, Equisetum and Pteris (Developmental details not to be
included).Heterospory and seed habit, stellar evolution. Ecological and economical
importance of Pteridophytes.

Unit-IV
Gymnosperms: General characteristics, classification.Classification (up to family),
morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum. (Developmental details
not to be included).Ecological and economical importance.

PRACTICAL
1. Gram staining
2. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas
(electron micrographs), Oedogonium, Vaucheria, and Polysiphonia through
temporary preparations and permanent slides.
3. Rhizopus and Penicillium: Asexual stage from temporary ounts and sexual
structuresthrough permanent slides.
4. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom; Sectioning of gills of
Agaricus.
5. Marchantia- morphology of thallus, w.m. rhizoids and scales, v.s. thallus through
gemma cup, w.m. gemmae (all 30temporary slides), v.s. antheridiophore,
archegoniophore, l.s. sporophyte (all permanent slides).
 6. Selaginella- morphology, w.m. leaf with ligule, t.s. stem, w.m. strobilus,
w.m.microsporophyll and megasporophyll (temporary slides), l.s. strobilus
(permanent slide).

7. Equisetum- morphology, t.s. internode, l.s. strobilus, t.s. strobilus, w.m.

sporangiophore,w.m. spores (wet and dry)(temporary slides); t.s rhizome (permanent
slide).

8. Cycas- morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), t.s. coralloid root, t.s. rachis, v.s.
leaflet,v.s. microsporophyll, w.m. spores (temporary slides), l.s. ovule, t.s. root
(permanent slide).
9. Pinus- morphology (long and dwarf shoots, w.m. dwarf shoot, male and female),
w.m.dwarf shoot, t.s. needle, t.s. stem, , l.s./t.s. male cone, w.m. microsporophyll,
w.m. microspores (temporary slides), l.s. female cone, t.l.s. &r.l.s. stem (permanent
slide).
Text Books:
1. Mitra, Mitra and Choudhury. Studies in Botany Volume 1. Moulik Publisher, Kolkata.
Ninth Revised Edition

Reference Books:
1. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West. Press Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi.2nd edition.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. (2010). Microbiology: An Introduction, Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 10th edition.
3. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi & Their Allies, Mac Millan
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
4. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology,
JohnWiley and Sons (Asia), Singapore. 4th edition.
5. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R., (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw
Hill, Delhi, India.
6. Vashishta, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A., (2010). Pteridophyta, S. Chand. Delhi, India.
7. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P)
LtdPublishers, New Delhi, India.
8. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book
Depot, Allahabad.
9. B. P. Pandey (2017), Botany for degree studies (as per CBCS). S.Chand
10. B. S. Acharya and B. K. Mishra (2018). Plant Biodiversity, Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi.

31
 Generic Elective Paper II

PLANT ECOLOGY AND TAXONOMY

Unit-I
(i) Ecological factors: Soil: Origin, formation, composition, soil profile. Water: States of
water in the environment, precipitation types. Light and temperature: Variation
Optimal and limiting factors; Shelford law of tolerance. Adaptation of hydrophytes
and xerophytes
(ii) Plant communities : Characters; Ecotone and edge effect; Succession; Processes and
types
Unit-II
(i) Ecosystem : Structure; Biotic and abiotic components, energy flow trophic
organisation; Food chains and food webs, Ecological pyramids production and
productivity; Biogeochemical cycling; Cycling of carbon, nitrogen and Phosphorous
(ii) Phytogeography: Principle biogeographical zones; Endemism

Unit-III
(i) Introduction to plant taxonomy: Identification, Classification,
Nomenclature.
(ii) Identification : Functions of Herbarium, important herbaria and botanical gardens of
the world and India; Documentation: Flora, Keys: single access and multi-access

Unit-IV

(i) Taxonomic hierarchy: Ranks, categories and taxonomic groups

(ii) Botanical nomenclature: Principles and rules (ICN); ranks and names; binominal
system, typification, author citation, valid publication, rejection of names, principle of
priority and its limitations.
(iii)Classification: Types of classification-artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham
and Hooker (upto series), Hutchinson (upto series).
(iv) Taxonomic description of the families : Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and
Poaceae.

PRACTICAL

1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables: Soil thermometer,

maximum and minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometer/hygrometer, rain
gauge and lux meter.
2. Determination of pH, and analysis of two soil samples for carbonates, chlorides,
nitrates, sulphates, organic matter and base deficiency by rapid field test.
3. Comparison of bulk density, porosity and rate of infiltration of water in soil of three
habitats.
4. (a) Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (four each).
(b)Study of biotic interactions of the following: Stem parasite (Cuscuta), Root parasite
5. (Orobanche), Epiphytes, Predation (Insectivorous plants)
6. Determination of minimal quadrat size for 32 the study of herbaceous vegetation in the
college campus by species area curve method. (species to be listed)
 7. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for frequency
and comparison with Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law .
8. Study of vegetative and floral characters of the following families (Description, V.S.
flower, section of ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e and systematic position
according to Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification): Malvaceae,
Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae as in theory
syllabus.
9. Mounting of a properly dried and pressed specimen of any wild plant with herbarium
label (to be submitted in the record book).

Text Books:
1. Sharma, P.D. (2017). Fundamentals of Ecology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.

Reference Books:
1. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, U.S.A. 4th edition.
th
2. Sharma, P.D. (2010) Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8
edition.
3. Simpson, M.G. (2006). Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA,
U.S.A.
4. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 3rd edition.

5. A. C. Sahu (2017). Plant Ecology and Phytogeography, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

6. M. C. Das and S. P. Das (2009). Fundamental of Ecology.Tata MGrow Hill, New Delhi.

7. Shukla and Chandel (2016). A text book of Plant Ecology. S Chand Publication, New
Delhi

8. C. R. Mohanty (2017). Text Book of Plant Systematics, Kalynai Publisher, New Delhi.

Generic Elective Paper III

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

Unit-I
(i) Plant-water relations: Importance of water, water potential and its components;
Transpiration and its significance; Factors affecting transpiration; Root pressure and
guttation.
(ii) Mineral nutrition: Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; Criteria of
essentiality of elements; Role of essential elements; Transport of ions across cell
membrane, active and passive transport, carriers, channels and pumps.
(iii)Translocation in phloem.: Composition of phloem sap, girdling experiment; Pressure
flow model; Phloem loading and unloading

33
Unit-II
(i) Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic Pigments (Chl a, b, xanthophylls, carotene);
Photosystem I and II, reaction center, antenna molecules; Electron transport and
mechanism of ATP synthesis; C3, C4 and CAM pathways of carbon fixation.
(ii) Respiration: Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; Oxidative
Phosphorylation.

Unit-III
(i) Enzymes: Structure and properties; Mechanism of enzyme catalysis and enzyme
inhibition.
(ii) Nitrogen metabolism :Biological nitrogen fixation; Nitrate and ammonia assimilation.

Unit-IV
(i) Plant growth regulators :Discovery and physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins,
cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.
(ii) Plant response to light and temperature: Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral
plants); Phytochrome (discovery and structure), red and far red light responses on
hotomorphogenesis;Vernalization.

PRACTICAL

1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.

2. To study the effect of two environmental factors (light and wind) on transpiration by
excised twig.
3. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency of a mesophyte and a xerophyte.
4. Demonstration of Hill reaction.
5. Demonstrate the activity of catalase and study the effect of pH and enzyme concentration.
6. To study the effect of light intensity and bicarbonate concentration on O2 evolution in
photosynthesis.
7. Comparison of the rate of respiration in any two parts of a plant.

Text Books:
1. A. C. Sahu (2018). Plant Physiology and Metabolism. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and
Development. Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.
2. Hopkins, W.G., Huner, N.P., (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley &
Sons, U.S.A. 4th Edition.
3. Bajracharya, D., (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual.
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
4. H. S. Srivatava. Plant Physiology, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi

34
 Generic Elective Paper IV

PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

Unit-I
(i) Meristematic and permanent tissues : Root and shoot apical meristems; Simple and
complex tissues
(ii) Organs :Anatomy of dicot and monocot root stem and leaf.

Unit-II
(i) Secondary Growth :Vascular cambium – structure and function, seasonal activity.
Secondary growth in and stem, Wood (heartwood and sapwood)
(ii) Adaptive and protective systems: Epidermis, cuticle, stomata; General account of
adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes.

Unit-III
(i) Structural organization of flower :Structure of anther and pollen; Structure and types
of ovules; Types of embryo sacs,organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo
sac.
(ii) Pollination and fertilization : Pollination mechanisms and adaptations; Double
fertilization;

Unit-IV
(i) Endosperm :Endosperm types, structure and functions.
(ii) Embryo :Dicot and monocot embryo; Structure and development, Embryo
endosperm relationship.
(iii)Seed-structure and development, appendages anddispersal mechanisms.

PRACTICAL
1. Study of meristems through permanent slides and photographs.
2. Tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma); Macerated xylary elements,
Phloem (Permanent slides, photographs)
3. Stem: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent
slides).
4. Root: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent
slides).
5. Leaf: Dicot and Monocot leaf (only Permanent slides).
6. Adaptive anatomy: Xerophyte (Nerium leaf); Hydrophyte (Hydrilla stem).
7. Structure of anther (young and mature), tapetum (amoeboid and secretory) (Permanent
slides).
8. Types of ovules: anatropous, orthotropous, circinotropous, amphitropous/ campylotropous.

Text Books:
1. Singh, Pandey and Jain (2017). Anatomy of Angiosperms, Rastogi Publication,
Meerut.
Reference Books:
1. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas
Publication House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5th edition.
2. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Publisher, USA.
3. C. R. Mohanty (2018). Plant Anatomy35and Embryology. Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi.
 BOTANY Papers for PASS students

Discipline Specific Core – 4 papers

Discipline Specific Elective – 2 papers

Marks per paper - Midterm: 15 marks, End term: 60 marks, Practical: 25 marks,
Total – 100 marks

Credit per paper – 6

Teaching hours per paper – 40 hours (theory) + 20 hours (practical)

Semester Course Opted Course Name Credit Marks

Paper-I, Biodiversity
DSC-1(Theory), (Microbes, Algae, Fungi 4 75
and Archegoniate)
Semester-I
Paper –I, Biodiversity
DSC-1 (Practical) (Microbes, Algae, Fungi 2 25
and Archegoniate)
Paper-II, Plant Ecology
DSC-2(Theory), 4 75
and Taxonomy
Semester -II
Paper-II,Plant Ecology and
DSC-2 (Practical), 2 25
Taxonomy
Paper-III, Plant Anatomy
DSC-3(Theory), 4 75
and Embryology
Semester-III
Paper-III, Plant Anatomy
DSC-3 (Practical), 2 25
and Embryology
Paper-IV, Plant
DSC-4(Theory), Physiology and 4 75
Metabolism
Semester-IV
Paper-IV, Plant
DSC-4 (Practical) Physiology and 2 25
Metabolism
Botany Paper-I –
DSE-1(Theory), Economic Botany and 4 75
Biotechnology
Semester-V
Botany paper-I –
DSE-1 (Practical), Economic Botany and 2 25
Biotechnology
Botany paper-II –
DSE-2(Theory), Cell and Molecular 4 75
Biology
Semester-VI
Botany paper-II –
DSE-2 (Practical), Cell and Molecular 2 25
Biology
Total: 36 600

36
 Discipline Specific Core Paper I

Biodiversity (Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Archegoniate)

THEORY

Unit 1: Microbes:
Viruses – Discovery, general structure, replication (general account), DNA virus (T-phage);
Lytic and lysogenic cycle, RNA virus (TMV); Economic importance; Bacteria – Discovery,
General characteristics and cell structure; Reproduction – vegetative, asexual and
recombination, Economic importance. Algae :General characteristics; Ecology and
distribution; Range of thallus organization and reproduction; Classification of algae;
Morphology and life-cycles of the following: Nostoc, Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium, Fucus.
Economic importance of algae.

Unit 2: Fungi
General characteristics of fungi, ecology and significance, range of thallus organization, cell
wall composition, nutrition, reproduction and classification; True Fungi- General
characteristics, ecology and significance, life cycle of Rhizopus (Zygomycota) Penicillium,
Alternaria (Ascomycota), Puccinia, Agaricus (Basidiomycota); Symbiotic Associations-
Lichens: General account, reproduction and significance; Mycorrhiza: ectomycorrhiza and
endomycorrhiza and their significance.

Unit 3: Archegoniate and Bryophyte

Unifying features of archegoniates, Transition to land habit, Alternation of generations.
General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, Classification, Range of thallus
organization. Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of
Marchantia and Funaria. (Developmental details not to be included). Ecology and economic
importance of bryophytes with special mention of Sphagnum.

Unit 5: Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms

General characteristics, classification, Early land plants (Cooksonia and Rhynia).
Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Selaginella,
Equisetum and Pteris. (Developmental details not to be included). Heterospory and seed
habit, stelar evolution. Ecological and economical importance of Pteridophytes.
General characteristics, classification. Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy
and reproduction of Cycas and Pinus. (Developmental details not to be included). Ecological
and economical importance.
PRACTICAL

1. EMs/Models of viruses – T-Phage and TMV, Line drawing/Photograph of Lytic and

Lysogenic Cycle.
2. Types of Bacteria from temporary/permanent slides/photographs; EM bacterium, Gram
staining
3. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas (electron
micrographs), Oedogonium, Fucus* (* Fucus - Specimen and permanent slides)
4. Penicillium: Asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual structures through
37
permanent slides.
 5. Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Barberry
leaves; section/tease mounts of spores on Wheat and permanent slides of both the
hosts.
6. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom; Sectioning of gills of
Agaricus.
7. Mycorrhiza: ecto mycorrhiza and endo mycorrhiza (Photographs)
8. Marchantia & Funaria- morphology of thallus, w.m. rhizoids and scales, v.s. thallus
through gemma cup, w.m. gemmae (all temporary slides), v.s. of reproductive organ
l.s. sporophyte .
9. Selaginella &Equisetum- morphology, w.m. leaf with ligule, t.s. stem, ts/l.s of
reproductive organ
10. Cycas & Pinus - morphology (roots, bulbil, leaf), t.s. root, v.s. leaflet, whole mount
or v.s. of reproductive organs

Text Books
1. Singh, Pandey and Jain (2017). Microbiology and Phycology, Rastogi Publication,
Meerut.
2. B. K. Mishra (2017), Mycology and Phytopathology, Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.
3. Singh, Pandey and Jain (2017). Archegoniate, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

Suggested Readings
1. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West. Press Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi. 2nd edition.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. (2010). Microbiology: An Introduction, Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 10th edition.
3. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi & Their Allies, MacMillan
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
4. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John
Wiley and Sons (Asia), Singapore. 4th edition.
5. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R., (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw
Hill, Delhi, India.
6. Vashishta, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A., (2010). Pteridophyta, S. Chand. Delhi, India.
7. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
8. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central
Book Depot, Allahabad.
\

38
 Discipline Specific Core Paper II

Plant Ecology and Taxonomy

THEORY

Unit 1: Ecological factors

Introduction to plant ecology and taxonomy. Soil: Origin, formation, composition, soil
profile. Water: States of water in the environment, precipitation types. Light and temperature:
Variation Optimal and limiting factors; Shelford law of tolerance. Adaptation of hydrophytes
and xerophytes.

Unit 2: Plant communities and Ecosystems

Characters; Ecotone and edge effect; Succession; Processes and types. Structure; energy flow
trophic organisation; Food chains and food webs, Ecological pyramids production and
productivity; Biogeochemical cycling; Cycling of carbon, nitrogen and Phosphorous

Unit 3: Phytogeography and Plant Taxonomy

Principle biogeographical zones; Endemism. Identification, Classification, Nomenclature.
Functions of Herbarium, important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world and India;
Documentation: Flora, Keys: single access and multi-access, Taxonomic evidences from
palynology, cytology, phytochemistry and molecular data. Taxonomic hierarchy: Ranks,
categories and taxonomic groups

Unit 4: Classification & Botanical nomenclature

Principles and rules (ICN); ranks and names; binominal system, typification, author citation,
valid publication, rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations.

Classification: Types of classification-artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham and

Hooker (upto series), Engler and Prantl (upto series). Biometrics, numerical taxonomy and
cladistics: cluster analysis; phenograms, cladograms (definitions and differences).

PRACTICAL
1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables: Soil thermometer,
maximum and minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometer/hygrometer, rain gauge
and lux meter.
2. Determination of pH, and analysis of two soil samples for carbonates, chlorides, nitrates,
sulphates, organic matter and base deficiency by rapid field test.
3. (a) Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (four each).
(b)Study of biotic interactions of the following: Stem parasite (Cuscuta), Root parasite
(Orobanche), Epiphytes, Predation (Insectivorous plants)
4. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the
college campus by species area curve method. (species to be listed)
5. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for frequency and
comparison with Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law
6. Study of vegetative and floral characters of the following families (Description, V.S.
flower, section of ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e and systematic position
according to Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification): Brassicaceae, Asteraceae,
Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae
39
7. Mounting of a properly dried and pressed specimen of any wild plant with herbarium label
(to be submitted in the record book).
Text Books
1. Sharma, P.D. (2017). Fundamentals of Ecology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.
2. O. P. Sharma (2009) Plant Taxonomy, Tata MGrow Hill, New Delhi

Suggested Readings
1. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, U.S.A. 4th edition.
2. Sharma, P.D. (2010) Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th
edition.
3. Simpson, M.G. (2006). Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA,
U.S.A.
4. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 3rd edition.

Discipline Specific Core Paper III

Plant Anatomy and Embryology

THEORY

Unit 1: Tissues, Organs and special tissues

Root and shoot apical meristems; Simple and complex tissues. Structure of dicot and
monocot root stem and leaf. Vascular cambium – structure and function, seasonal activity.
Secondary growth in root and stem, Wood (heartwood and sapwood). Epidermis, cuticle,
stomata; General account of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes.
Unit 2: Structural organization of flower
Structure of anther and pollen; Structure and types of ovules; Types of embryo sacs,
organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.
Unit 3: Pollination and fertilization
Pollination mechanisms and adaptations; Double fertilization; Seed-structure appendages and
dispersal mechanisms. Apomixis and polyembryony: Definition, types and practical
applications.
Unit 4: Embryo and endosperm
Endosperm types, structure and functions; Dicot and monocot embryo; Embryoendosperm
relationship.
PRACTICAL
1. Study on different types of tissues : parenchyma, collenchymas, sclerenchyma,Xylary
elements, Phloem
3. Stem, root and leaf anatomy: Monocot, Dicot, Secondary growth.
4. Adaptive anatomy: Xerophyte (Nerium leaf); Hydrophyte (Hydrilla stem).
5. Structure of anther (young and mature), tapetum (amoeboid and secretory).
6. Types of ovules: anatropous, orthotropous, circinotropous, amphitropous/ campylotropous.
7. Female gametophyte: Polygonum (monosporic) type of Embryo sac Development.
8. Calculation of percentage of germinated pollen in a given medium.

40
 Text Books
1. Singh, Pandey and Jain (2017). Anatomy of Angiosperms, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
2. Singh, Pandy and Jain (2017). Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms, Rastogi
Publications,Meerut

Suggested Readings
1. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publication
House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5th edition.
2. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Publisher, USA.

Discipline Specific Core Paper IV

Plant Physiology and Metabolism

THEORY
Unit 1: Plant-water relations and nitrogen metabolism
Importance of water, water potential and its components; Transpiration and its significance;
Factors affecting transpiration; Root pressure and guttation. Biological nitrogen fixation;
Nitrate and ammonia assimilation.

U nit 2: Mineral nutrition and Phloem translocation

Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; Criteria of essentiality of elements; Role of
essential elements; Transport of ions across cell membrane, active and passive transport,
carriers, channels and pumps. Translocation in phloem: Composition of phloem sap, girdling
experiment; Pressure flow model; Phloem loading and unloading.

Unit 3: Photosynthesis and respiration

Photosynthetic Pigments (Chl a, b, xanthophylls, carotene); Photosystem I and II, reaction
center, antenna molecules; Electron transport and mechanism of ATP synthesis; C3 and C4.
Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; Oxidative phosphorylation.

Unit 4: Enzyme, Plant growth regulators and Plant response

Enzymes: Structure and properties; Mechanism of enzyme catalysis and enzyme inhibition.
Discovery and physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.Plant
response to light and temperature: Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral plants);
Phytochrome (discovery and structure), red and far red light responses on
photomorphogenesis; Vernalization.

PRACTICAL
1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.
2. To study the effect of two environmental factors (light and wind) on transpiration by
excised twig.
3. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency of a mesophyte and a xerophyte.
4. Demonstration of Hill reaction.
5. To study the effect of light intensity and bicarbonate concentration on O2 evolution in
photosynthesis.
41 parts of a plant.
7. Comparison of the rate of respiration in any two
8. Suction due to transpiration.
Text Books
1. R. K. Sinha, (2015). Modern Plant Physiology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
2. S, K. Gupta (2017). Plant Metabolism, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

Suggested Readings
1. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., (2010). Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 5th Edition.
2. Hopkins, W.G., Huner, N.P., (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons,
U.S.A. 4th Edition.
3. Bajracharya, D., (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.

Discipline Specific Elective Paper I

Economic Botany and Biotechnology

THEORY

Unit 1: Origin of Cultivated Plants, Cereals and Legumes

Concept of centres of origin, their importance with reference to Vavilov’s work. Rice
cultivation process, Economic importance. Cereals:- Wheat -Origin, morphology, uses.
Legumes: General account with special reference to Gram and soybean

U nit 2: Spices and Beverages

General account with special reference to clove and black pepper (Botanical name, family,
part used, morphology and uses). Tea (morphology, processing, uses)

U nit 3: Oils and Fats and Fibre Yielding Plants

General description with special reference to groundnut. General description with special
reference to Cotton (Botanical name, family, part used, morphology and uses)

U nit 4: Plant tissue culture and molecular techniques

Introduction to biotechnology. Micropropagation; Anther culture, haploid production through
androgenesis and gynogenesis; brief account of embryo & endosperm culture with their
applications. Protoplast culture, Hybrid and Cybrids. DNA Fingerprinting; Molecular DNA
markers i.e. PCR, RAPD, RFLP.

PRACTICAL

1. Study of economically important plants: Wheat, Gram, Soybean, Black pepper, Clove Tea,
Cotton, Groundnut through specimens, sections and microchemical tests
2. Familiarization with basic equipments in tissue culture.
3. Study through photographs: Anther culture, somatic embryogenesis, endosperm and
embryo culture; micropropagation.
4. Study of molecular techniques: PCR, Blotting techniques, AGE and PAGE.

Text Books:
1. B. P. Pandey (2017) Economic Botany. S. Chand Publication, New Delhi.
2. H. S. Chawla (2010). Introduction to Plant Biotechnology.Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co.Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 42
Suggested Readings
1. Kochhar, S.L. (2011). Economic Botany in the Tropics, MacMillan Publishers India Ltd.,
New Delhi. 4th edition.
2. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.
Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
3. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications
of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.

Discipline Specific Elective Paper II

Cell and Molecular Biology

THEORY

Unit 1: Techniques in Biology

Principles of microscopy; Light Microscopy; Phase contrast microscopy; Fluorescence
microscopy; Confocal microscopy; Sample Preparation for light microscopy; Electron
microscopy (EM)- Scanning EM and Scanning Transmission EM (STEM); Sample
Preparation for electron microscopy.

Unit 2: Cell and Cell Organelles

The Cell Theory; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Cell size and shape; Eukaryotic Cell
components. Mitochondria: Structure, marker enzymes, composition; Semiautonomous
nature; Symbiont hypothesis; Proteins synthesized within mitochondria; mitochondrial DNA.
Chloroplast - Structure, marker enzymes, composition; semiautonomous nature, chloroplast
DNA. ER, Golgi body & Lysosomes: Structures and roles. Peroxisomes and
Glyoxisomes:_Structures, composition, functions in animals and plants and biogenesis.
Nucleus:_Nuclear Envelope- structure of nuclear pore complex; chromatin; molecular
organization.

Unit 3: Cell Membrane, Cell Wall and Cell Cycle

The functions of membranes; Models of membrane structure; The fluidity of membranes;
Membrane proteins and their functions; Carbohydrates in the membrane; Faces of the
membranes; Selective permeability of the membranes; Cell wall.

Unit 4: Genetic material, transcription, gene expression and Cell Cycle

DNA: Miescher to Watson and Crick- historic perspective, DNA structure, types of DNA,
types of genetic material. DNA replication (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes), Types of structures
of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerase- various types; Translation (Prokaryotes
and eukaryotes), genetic code. Regulation of gene expression: Prokaryotes: Lac operon and
Tryptophan operon; and in Eukaryotes. Overview of Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis;
Molecular controls.

43
 PRACTICAL

1. To study prokaryotic cells (bacteria), viruses, eukaryotic cells with the help of light
and electron micrographs.
2. Study of the photomicrographs of cell organelles
3. To study the structure of plant cell through temporary mounts.
4. To study the structure of animal cells by temporary mounts-squamous epithelial cell
and nerve cell.
5. Preparation of temporary mounts of striated muscle fiber
6. Study of mitosis and meiosis (temporary mounts and permanent slides).
7. Study of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis on Rhoeo leaf.
8. Measure the cell size (either length or breadth/diameter) by micrometry.
9. Study the structure of nuclear pore complex by photograph (from Gerald Karp)
10. Study of special chromosomes (polytene & lampbrush) either by slides or
photographs.
11. Study DNA packaging by micrographs.
12. Preparation of the karyotype and ideogram from given photograph of somatic
metaphase chromosome.

Text Books
1. B. D. Singh (2017). Fundamental of Genetics, Kalynai Publishers, New Delhi.
2. H. S. Chawla (2010). Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co.Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Suggested Readings
1. Karp, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th Edition. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc.
2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. 2006. Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th
edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
3. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition.
ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
4. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009. The World of the Cell.
7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

44
OPTIONAL FOR SECC II PAPER
SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (SECC II Option I)

BIO-FERTILIZERS

Unit-I
General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Rhizobium – isolation,
identification, mass multiplication, carrier based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis.
Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication, Azotobacter: classification, characteristics
– crop response to Azotobacter inoculums, maintenance and mass multiplication.
Unit-II
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, nitrogen fixation,
factors affecting growth, blue green algae and Azolla in rice cultivation.

Unit-III
Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy, occurrence and
distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield – colonization of VAM – isolation and
inoculum production of VAM, and its influence on growth and yield of crop plants.

Unit-IV
Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of biodegradable
municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes – biocompost making methods, types and
method of vermicomposting – field Application.

Text Books:
1. Mahendra Rai, (2006). Hand book of Microbial Biofertilizers. CRC Press.

Reference Books:
1. Dubey, R.C., 2005 A Text book of Biotechnology S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.
2. Kumaresan, V. 2005, Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.
3. John Jothi Prakash, E. 2004. Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay _Publication,
New Delhi.
4. Sathe, T.V. 2004 Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
5. Subha Rao, N.S. 2000, Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New -Delhi.
6. Vayas,S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. 1998 Bio-fertilizers and organic. Farming Akta
Prakashan, Nadiad
7. Pravin Chandra Dwivedi.(2008). Biofertilizers. Pointer Publishers.

SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (SECC II Option II)

NURSERY AND GARDENING

Unit-I
Nursery: definition, objectives and scope and building up of infrastructure for nursery,
planning and seasonal activities - Planting - direct seeding and transplants.
Seed: Structure and types - Seed dormancy; causes 45 and methods of breaking dormancy -
Seed storage: Seed banks, factors affecting seed viability, genetic erosion – Seed
production technology - seed testing and certification.
Unit-II
Vegetative propagation: air-layering, cutting, selection of cutting, collecting season, treatment
of cutting, rooting medium and planting of cuttings - Hardening of plants – green house - mist
chamber, shed root, shade house and glass house.

Unit-III
Gardening: definition, objectives and scope - different types of gardening – landscape and
home gardening - parks and its components - plant materials and design – computer
applications in landscaping - Gardening operations: soil laying, manuring, watering,
management of pests and diseases and harvesting.

Unit-IV
Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings - Transplanting of seedlings - Study of cultivation of
different vegetables: cabbage, brinjal, lady’s finger, onion, garlic, tomatoes, and carrots -
Storage and marketing procedures.

Text Books:
1. Saidaiah Pidigam, Sindhuja S., Geetha Amarapalli. (2018)Text Book of Nursery,
Gardening and Floriculture, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co.,New Delhi.
2. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
3. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.
4. Edmond Musser & Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw Hill Book Co.,New
Delhi.
5. Agrawal, P.K. 1993, Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture and
Cooperation, National - Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Janick Jules. 1979. Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San
Francisco, USA.

SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (SECC II Option III)

ETHNOBOTANY

Unit-I
(i) Introduction, concept, scope and objectives; Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary
science. The relevance of ethnobotany in the present context; Major and minor
ethnic groups or Tribals of India, and their life styles. Plants used by the tribals: a)
Food plants b) intoxicants and beverages c) Resins and oils and miscellaneous uses.

(ii) Methodology of Ethnobotanical studies a) Field work b) Herbarium c) Ancient

Literature d) Archaeological findings e) temples and sacred places.

46
Unit-II
Role of ethnobotany in modern Medicine Medico-ethnobotanical sources in
India;Significance of the following plants in ethno botanicalpractices (along with their habitat
and morphology) a) Azadiractha indica b) Ocimum sanctumc) Vitex negundo. d) Gloriosa
superba e) Tribulus terrestris f) Pongamia pinnata g) Cassia auriculata h) Indigofera tinctoria.
Role of ethnobotany in modern medicine with special example Rauvolfia sepentina,
Trichopus zeylanicus, Artemisia,Withania.

Unit-III
Role of ethnic groups in conservation of plant genetic resources. Endangered taxa and forest
management (participatory forest management).

Unit-IV
Ethnobotany and legal aspects Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic groups.
Sharing of wealth concept with few examples from India. Biopiracy, Intellectual Property
Rights and Traditional Knowledge.

Text Books:
1. Faulks, P.J. 1958.An introduction to Ethnobotany, Moredale pub. Ltd

Reference Books:
1. S.K. Jain, Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1995.

2. S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian. Ethnobotny, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi – 1981
3. Lone et al,. Palaeoethnobotany
4. S.K. Jain (ed.) 1989. Methods and approaches in Ethnobotany. Society of
Ethnobotanists, Lucknow, India.
5. S.K. Jain, 1990. Contributions of Indian ethnobotny.Scientific publishers, Jodhpur.

6. Colton C.M. 1997. Ethnobotany – Principles and applications. John Wiley and sons –
Chichester
7. Rama Ro, N and A.N. Henry (1996). The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in
AndhraPradesh, India.Botanical Survey of India. Howrah.
8. Rajiv K. Sinha – Ethnobotany The Renaissance of Traditional Herbal Medicine – INA
–SHREE Publishers, Jaipur-1996
9. Rath, A. K. and Mishra, S. R. (2017). Ethnobotany, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi..

SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (SECC II Option IV)

MUSHROM CULTIVATION

Unit-I
Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Poisonous
mushrooms.Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus
citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus. Cultivation Technology : Infrastructure: substrates (locally
available) Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low cost stove, sieves,
culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house) water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag.

47
Unit-II
Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed
preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the
mushroom bed preparation - Low cost technology, Composting technology in mushroom
production.

Unit-III
Storage and nutrition : Short-term storage (Refrigeration - upto 24 hours) Long term Storage
(canning, pickles, papads), drying, storage in salt solutions. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids,
mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fiber content - Vitamins.

Unit-IV
Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from mushroom. Research Centers - National
level and Regional level. Cost benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Text Books:
1. B. C. Suman and V. P. Sharma. (2007). Mushroom Cultivation in India. Daya
Publishing House, New Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R (1991)
Oyster Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu
AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore.
2. Swaminathan, M. (1990) Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing and
Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore - 560018.
3. Tewari, Pankaj Kapoor, S.C., (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal
Publications,Delhi.
4. Nita Bahl (1984-1988) Hand book of Mushrooms, II Edition, Vol. I & Vol. II.
5. 5.Anon. (2010).The Cultivation of Mushrooms - An Outline of Mushroom Culture,
Read Book Design, New Delhi

48
 CAPACITY BUILDING OF FACULTY
Following modules have been proposed for training of faculties:

• Isolation and quantification of nucleic acids following spectrophotometric

and gel electrophoresis techniques

• Techniques of Chromatography

• Micrometry and Haemocytometry

• Tissue Culture Techniques

• PCR techniques

• Chromosome techniques

The above module may be of 3-4 weeks duration with 30 participants.

49
 LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
Sl.
List of Equipments Quantity
No.
01 Dissecting Microscope (Indian Make) 2 no.
Compound Microscope (Indian Make) with
02 2 no.
photographic attachment
Occular and Stage Micrometer (Indian
03 1 no.
Make)
04 Uv Spectrophotometer (Indian Make) 1 no.
05 Cold Centrifuge (Indian Make) 1 no.
06 Refrigerator (Indian Make) 1 no.
07 Soil Thermometer (Indian Make) 1 no.
08 Anemometer (Indian Make) 1 no.
09 Psychrometer (Indian Make) 1 no.
10 Rain gauge (Indian Make) 1 no.
11 pH meter (Indian Make) 1 no.
12 Herbarium Press (Indian Make) 1 set
13 Hot air Oven (Indian Make) 1 no.
14 Electronic Balance (Indian Make) 1no.
Gel Electrophoresis (Indian Make) Vertical
15 1 no.
and submarine
16. Power Pack for electrophoresis 1 no.
17 Blood Testing Kit (Indian Make) 1 no.
18 Laminar Flow (Indian Make) 1 no.
19 BOD Incubator (Indian Make) 1 no.
20 Autoclave (Indian Make) 1 no.

50