DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BHILAI HOUSE, DURG

B.Tech. (Civil), 3rd Semester

Lab Manual

Survey And Geomatics Lab

Subject Code: 101392 (CE)

Student Name:
University Roll No.:
Class Roll No.:
 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ Subject Code: 101392 (CE) ] | 1

Particulars of the Experiments Performed

Experiment Title of Experiment Page No. Date Teachers
No. Signature
1. Introduction to chain and 2-8
compass survey.

2. Introduction to Plane Table Survey Methods. 9-14

3. To Determine the tacheometric Constants 15-19

of the given theodolite.
4. Determination of elevation and distance 20-30
when line of sight inclined upward/
downward.
5. Determination of elevation and height by 31-35
tangential method when both angles are
angle of elevation.
6. To determine the elevation of a point with 36-44
respect to reference elevation by Fly
Leveling.
7. 45-48
To determine the height of object when:

Case-1: Base is accessible.

Case-2: When base is inaccessible and

instrument stations are in same vertical

Case-3: When base is inaccessible and

instrument stations are in different plane.
8. Study of Electronic Digital 49-58
Theodolite, Auto level and Total
Station.
9. Measurement of horizontal angle by 59-68
repetition method and reiteration
method.
10. To perform the experiment for reduction to 69-72
centre from different positions of a satellite
station when:
(i) Satellite station in north position,
(ii) Satellite station in left position.
11. To perform the experiment for reduction 73-76
to centre from different positions of a
satellite station when:
(1) Satellite station in south position,
(ii) Satellite station in right position.
12. To find the most probable value of angle 77-84
for combined triangle/ quadrilateral by
method of difference method of correlates
and Normal Equation.
13. To determine the most probable value of 85-86
two connected triangles.
14. Setting out of a simple curve by ranging (R 87-88
= 100 M; Δ = 400) method of tangential(or
deflection) angle (R = 90 M; Δ = 450).
15. To find the most probable value of triangles
by the method of Gauss rule.
16. Contouring and its plotting.

17. Setting out of curve by two theodolite

method.

18. Setting out reverse curve by Deflection

method.

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ SubjectCode: 101392(CE] | 2

Experiment No. 1

Object: Introduction to Chain and Compass Survey.

Equipment Required – Chain , Tape, Ranging Rod, Arrows, Cross Staff
Theory: Chain surveying is the method of surveying in which only linear measurements are
taken in fieldwork. Apparatus: Dumpy or Tilting level, folding staff, tape ranging rod, tripod
stand and arrows.
These types are of surveys main suitable for surveying small areas of land. It describes the
boundaries of the plot, area of land, and other distances and angles on the field.

Chain Survey Stations

Survey stations are points of importance at the beginning and end of a chain line. There are two major
types of stations in chain surveying:

1. Main stations
Main stations are the end of lines that determine the boundary of the surveying.

2. Tie (Subsidiary) Stations

Tie stations are points which are specified on the chain line (main survey lines) where it is required to
identify interior details like buildings and fences.

Chain Survey Procedures

1. Firstly, inspect the area to be surveyed and prepare key plan. This stage is termed as
reconnaissance phase.
2. Then, mark stations using suitable means such as fixing ranging poles, driving pegs, and digging
and fixing a stone.
3. After that, specify the way for passing the main line which should go through the center of the
field.
4. Fix ranging road on stations
5. Then, the chaining can begin.
6. Make ranging wherever necessary.
7. Measure the change and offset and record them.

Chain surveying is one of the simplest methods of land surveying. It is the type of surveying in that
just linear measurements are made, no angular measurements are taken.

Compass Survey -

Compass surveying is the branch of surveying in which the position of an object is located using angular
measurements determined by a compass and linear measurements using a chain or tape. Compass
surveying is used in following circumstances:

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ SubjectCode: 101392(CE] | 3

 If the surveying area is large, chain surveying is not adopted for surveying rather compass surveying is
employed.
 If the plot for surveying has numerous obstacles and undulations which prevents chaining.
 If there is a time limit for surveying, compass surveying is usually adopted

Compass surveying is not used in places which contain iron core, power lines etc which usually attracts
magnets due to their natural properties and electromagnetic properties respectively. Compass surveying is
done by using traversing. A traverse is formed by connecting the points in the plot by means of a series of
straight lines.

(A.)Magnetic compass -

Magnetic compass is used to find out the magnetic bearing of survey lines. The bearings may either
measured in Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B) system or in Quadrantal Bearing (Q.B) system based on the
type of compass used. The basic principle of magnetic compass is if a strip of steel or iron is magnetized
and pivoted exactly at centre so that it can swing freely, then it will establish itself in the magnetic meridian
at the place of arrangement.

Major types of magnetic compass are:

1. Prismatic compass
2. Surveyor’s compass
3. Level compass
Prismatic compass

Prismatic compass is a portable magnetic compass which can be either used as a hand instrument or
can be fitted on a tripod. It contains a prism which is used for accurate measurement of readings. The
greatest advantage of this compass is both sighting and reading can be done simultaneously without
changing the position.

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ SubjectCode: 101392(CE] | 4
Major parts of a Prismatic Compass are:

 Magnetic needle
 Graduated ring
 Adjustable mirror
 Sliding arrangement for mirror
 Object vane
 Eye vane
 Metal box
 Glass cover
 Horse hair

Adjustments of prismatic compass -

Two types of adjustments:

1. Temporary adjustment
2. Permanent adjustment

Temporary adjustments
 Centering: it is the process of fixing the compass exactly over the station. Centering is usually done by
adjusting the tripod legs. Also a plumb-bob is used to judge the accurate centering of instruments over the
station.
 Leveling: the instrument has to be leveled if it is used as in hand or mounted over a tripod. If it is used as in
hand, the graduated disc should swing freely and appears to be completely level in reference to the top edge
of the case. If the tripod is used, they usually have a ball and socket arrangement for leveling purpose.
 Focusing the prism: Prism can be slide up or down for focusing to make the readings clear and readable.
Permanent adjustments are same as in the Surveyor’s compass.

Surveyor’s compass

Surveyor’s compass consists of a circular brass box containing a magnetic needle which swings freely over
a brass circle which is divided into 360 degrees. The horizontal angle is measured using a pair of sights

located on north – south axis of the compass. They are usually mounted over a tripod and levelled using a
ball and socket mechanism.

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ SubjectCode: 101392(CE] | 5

Surveyor’s compass -
They also have two types of adjustments, temporary and permanent. Temporary adjustments are same as
described in prismatic compass.

Permanent adjustments
They are done only in the circumstances where the internal parts of the prism is disturbed or damaged. They
are:

 Adjustments in levels
 Adjustment of pivot point
 Adjustment of sight vanes
 Adjustment of needle

Procedure:
1. Initially temporary adjustment such as setting up the level, leveling up and elimination of
parallax is performed. Parallax can be removed either by focusing the eyepiece or
focusing the objective.
2. Instrument is leveled with the help of foot screw.
3. Direct telescope towards the object (staff). Focus it carefully to obtain clear graduations.
4. Take the readings of the central horizontal hair of diaphragm where it appears to cut the
staff ensuring that bubble is horizontal. By this method first benchmark (B.M.) is noted
down. B.M. is a point with known elevation.
5. The staff is shifted to next point at regular intervals in case of profile leveling. (In case of
fly leveling staff can be fixed anywhere.)
6. Direct the telescope, focus the point, check the bubble and note down the reading.
7. Repeat the above procedure till we reach the other end of line or required station.

Back sight: The first sight taken on the leveling staff held at known elevation for any setting of
the instrument.
Fore sight: The last sight taken on the leveling staff held at a point of unknown elevation for any
setting of the instrument is known as fore sight.

Questions –
1. What is chain survey and its types?
2. What is the use of chain surveying?
3. What is the basic principle of chain surveying?
4. What are the types of Compass Survey ?
5. What is the difference between Chain survey and compass survey?

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B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ SubjectCode: 101392(CE] | 6

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ SubjectCode: 101392(CE] | 7

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ SubjectCode: 101392(CE] | 8

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [ SubjectCode: 101392(CE] | 9

Experiment No. 2

Object: Introduction to Plane Table Survey Methods.

Theory: The plane table surveying is the fast method of surveying. In this type of surveying
plotting of the plan and field observations can be done simultaneously. In case of plane table
surveying Geometrical conditions of site are manuscript in the map sheet using plane table and
alidade after that topographic details are arranged on the map.

Apparatus Required : Plane table, Alidade for sighting (telescopic or simple), Plumb bob and plumb
fork, Compass, Spirit level, Chain, Ranging rods, Tripod, Drawing sheet and drawing tools , Paper clips
or screws

Equipment is arranged in 4 steps as follows

6. Fixing of Plane Table
Fix the plane table to the tripod stand. Arrange the drawing sheet on the plane table using paper clips or
thumb screws. The sheet should be in one position from first to last.
7. Leveling of Plane Table
Plane table should be leveled using spirit level. For small works, eye estimation can be ok.

8. Centering of Plane Table

The table should be centered by using plumbing fork. By which we can arrange the plotted point exactly
over the ground point.

9. Orientation of Plane Table

Whenever we are using more than one instrument station, orientation is essential. It can be done by
using compass or back sighting. In this case, the plane table is rotated such that plotted lines in the
drawing sheet are parallel to corresponding lines on the ground.

Methods of Plane Table Surveying

Generally there are four methods are available to perform plane table surveying. They are

1. Radiation
2. Intersection
3. Traversing
4. Resection

10. Radiation

In this method, plane table is located at one point “o” as shown in fig. and perform the whole from that
point. From point O, sight the points A,B,C,D and E using alidade, locate and plot the points as a,b,c,d
and e in the drawing sheet.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] 1|
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1.

2. Intersection -

In this method we can locate the point by plotting two rays from two known stations. As shown in
figure, P and Q are the known station. First the equipment is placed on P and plot the lines by sighting
the stations A, B and Q. then shift the equipment to station Q and plot the lines by sighting stations A, B
and P. Finally, the intersection of A and B rays is the required location of point of intersection.

3. Traversing is the connection of series of straight lines. In the case of traversing, the plane table is
located at one point for supposing A as shown below. From that point sight towards B
and measure the distance AB. Then shift the plane table to point B and sight towards A and
measure BA. The average distance of AB and BA are plotted to scale in the drawing sheet. Then
Sight the point C from B and measure BC and repeat the same procedure until the last point.
Conduct some checks at some points. Finally, traverse lines are plotted on the drawing sheet.

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4. Resection

Resection is a method of plane table surveying in which the location of the plane table is unknown and
it is determined by sighting it to known points or plotted points. It is also called the method of
orientation and it can be conducted by two field conditions as follows.

 The three-point problem

 The two-point problem

Questions –
1. Which method is used in plane table surveying?
2. What are the principles of plane table surveying?
3. What is plane table surveying method?

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 13

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |14

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 15

Experiment No. 3
Object: To determine the Tacheometric Constants of the given Theodolite.
Apparatus: Theodolite, tripod, ranging rod, tape, leveling staff.
Theory: The principal of the stadia metfho d.
D s(f d) or
 
i 
D  k.s  c
Where,
D = horizontal distance from the position of the instrument axis to the position of the staff.
F = The focal length of the object glass
I = The length of the image of the staff
S = actual length of the staff (staff intercept )
D = The horizontal distance from the optical center to the vertical axis of the object glass to the
i ns tr ument axis.
 f K  the multiplying constant
 
i 
(f + d) = c = the additive constants
We can prove the above equation as follows in the figure (1) drawn.
From similar triangles,
H s
f f i
 
H  s
 i 
D = H + (f +d) … from the figure
Thereforef, D = k.s + c
Where  K and (f + d) =
c  
i 
This equation is only applicable when the line of sight is horizontal and the position of the staff is
held perpendicular to the line of collimation.
Procedure:
1. Make the temporary adjustments i.e., leveling centering and focusing of both objective
and eye piece.
2. Measure the distances of 15 m, 20 m, 25 m in a straight line from the Theodolite (not
less than 5 m)
3. Take the three cross hair readings at each station.
4. Take at least 5 such readings.
5. Calculate the intercept „s‟ for each case and substitute in the formula.
6. Solve the equation and find the constants as average.
Result: The values of Tacheometric constant of the given Theodolite obtained are =
Precautions:
1. The instruments should be leveled properly.
2. The line of sight should be horizontal and the staff should be held vertically.
3. The stadia hair readings i.e. the stadia reading on the staff held vertically should be taken
carefully.
4. The staff position should not be disturbed while taking the reading on staff.

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 16

Observation and Calculation:

Stadia Reading
Distance S
Upper Lower

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Experiment No. 4

Part-1

AIM: Determination of elevation and distance when line of sight inclined upward.

THEORY: The Tacheometer is an instrument which is generally used to determine the

horizontal as well as vertical distance. It can also be used to determine the elevation of various
points which cannot be determine by ordinary leveling. When one of the sight is horizontal and
staff held vertical then the RLs of staff station can be determined as we determine in ordinary
leveling .But if the staff station is below or above the line of collimation then the elevation or
depression of such point can be determined by calculating vertical distances from instrument
axis to the central hair reading and taking the angle of elevation or depression made by line of
sight to the instrument made by line of sight to the instrument axis.

APPARATUS:

• Tacheometer with tripod,

• Tape,

• Leveling staff,

• Ranging rods

PROCEDURE:

1) Set up the instrument in such a way that all the point should be visible from the

instrument station.

2) Carryout the temporary adjustment and set vernier zero reading making line of

sight horizontal.

3) Take the first staff reading on Benchmark and determine height of instrument.

4) Then sight the telescope towards the staff station whose R.Ls are to be calculated.

Measure the angle on vernier if line of sight is inclined upward and also note the three crosshair
readings.

5) Determine the R.Ls of various points by calculating the vertical distance

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362(20) ] | 21

OBSERVATION SHEET:

Instrument Staff Point Height of Staff readings (in meter) Axial

station axis h in reading ( in
meter meter)

P Q

RESULTS: The elevation and distance for inclined line of sight are

V=

D=

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The distance between instrument and staff station should be measured accurately for
determination of tacheometric constants.

2. The staff reading should be taken accurate.

3. The staff should be vertical to the field.

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4. The tripod legs should not be disturbed during bisecting the staff and taking observation.

5. The angle should be measured accurately taking both verniers C and D.

QUESTUIONS:

1. What is fixed hair method?

2. What is the use of two vertical cross hair?

3. How accurate are stadia lines?

4. What is the difference between a theodolite and tacheometer?

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Part-2

AIM: Determination of elevation and distance when line of sight inclined downward

THEORY: The Tacheometer is an instrument which is generally used to determine the

horizontal as well as vertical distance. it can also be used to determine the elevation of various
points which cannot be determine by ordinary leveling. When one of the sight is horizontal and
staff held vertical then the RLs of staff station can be determined as we determine in ordinary
leveling .But if the staff station is below or above the line of collimation then the elevation or
depression of such point can be determined by calculating vertical distances from instrument axis
to the central hair reading and taking the angle of elevation or depression made by line of sight
to the instrument made by line of sight to the instrument axis.

APPARATUS:

• Tacheometer with tripod,

• Tape,

• Leveling staff,

• Ranging rods

PROCEDURE:

1) Set up the instrument in such a way that all the point should be visible from the

instrument station.

2) Carryout the temporary adjustment and set vernier zero reading making line of sight
horizontal.

3) Take the first staff reading on Benchmark and determine height of instrument.

4) Then sight the telescope towards the staff station whose R.Ls are to be calculated.

Measure the angle on vernier if line of sight is inclined downward and also note the three
crosshair readings.

5) Determine the R.Ls of various points by calculating the vertical distance.

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20)] | 28

RESULTS: The elevation and distance for inclined line of sight are:

V=

D=

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The distance between instrument and staff station should be measured accurately for
determination of tacheometric constants.

2. The staff reading should be taken accurate.

3. The staff should be vertical to the field.

4. The tripod legs should not be disturbed during bisecting the staff and taking observation.

5. The angle should be measured accurately taking both verniers C and D.

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Experiment No. 5

AIM: Determination of elevation and height by tangential method when both angles are
angle of elevation.

THEORY:

APPARATUS: 1.Tacheometer, 2. Levelling staff, 3. Pegs or Arrows.

PROCEDURE:
1. Tacheometer is set over an instrument station (O) exactly and all the temporary adjustments
are done.
2. The verniers C and D are set to read zero by means of vertical circle clamping screw and
tangent screw.(Telescope is held at horizontal position).
3. Back sight reading is taken on BM.
4. Telescopic clamping screw is unclamped and the telescope is turned in the vertical plane to
sight the leveling staff which is placed over the object “Q”.
5. Upper target reading (R1) is bisected exactly with the help of telescope clamping screw and
its tangential screw. Vertical angle α1 is noted.
6. Similarly the lower target reading (R2) is bisected and Vertical angle α2 is noted.
From the geometry of the figure, difference in elevation are determined as follows:-
MN = D tan 𝛼1
M B= D tan 𝛼2
7. The horizontal distance between O and Q is determined as
follows:-D = S/(tan 𝛼1 - tan 𝛼2 )
8. R.L of point “Q” is determined as follows:
R.L of point “Q” = R.L of Line of collimation +MB - R2
(or)
= R.L of Line of collimation +MN – R1

TACHEOMETRY – TANGENTIAL
SYSTEM TABULATION:-
 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[ SubjectCode: 320362(20)] | 32

RESULTS:
i) Horizontal distance between O and Q=
ii) Difference in elevation between O and Q=
iii) R.L of “Q” =

QUESTIONS

1. What is tangential tacheometry?

2. What is the Principle of a Anallactic lens.

3. What is Subtense method in Tacheometric surveying?

4. What are the advantages of Tacheometric surveying?

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Experiment No. 6

Part-1

Object: To work out relative elevations of various points on the ground by performing profile or
fly leveling by HI method.
Theory: The art of determining the relative altitude of points on the surface of earth is called
leveling. Levels used may be of many types:
(i) Dumpy Level: The dumpy level does not consist of telescope rigidly fixed to its
support it can be rotated along its axis nor it can be removed from its support.
(ii) Tilting Level: In this level small tilt can be given the line of sight with out affecting
the vertical axis. This feature helps in quick leveling. The instrument is firstly leveled
roughly and while taking the sight to a staff, the line of sight is made truly horizontal
by centering the bubble by means of the fine pitched tilting screw which tilts the
telescope with respect to vertical axis.
Apparatus: Dumpy or Tilting level, folding staff, tape ranging rod, tripod stand and arrows.

Procedure:
1. Initially temporary adjustment such as setting up the level, leveling up and elimination of
parallax is performed. Parallax can be removed either by focusing the eyepiece or
focusing the objective.
2. Instrument is leveled with the help of foot screw.
3. Direct telescope to wards the object (staff). Focus it carefully to obtain clear graduations.
4. Take the readings of the central horizontal hair of diaphragm where it appears to cut the
staff ensuring that bubble is horizontal. By this method first benchmark (B.M.) is noted
down. B.M. is a point with known elevation.
5. The staff is shifted to next point at regular intervals in case of profile leveling. (In case of
fly leveling staff can be fixed anywhere.)
6. Direct the telescope, focus the point, check the bubble and note down the reading.
7. Repeat the above procedure till we reach the other end of line or required station.
Back sight: The first sight taken on the leveling staff held at known elevation for any setting of
the instrument.
Fore sight: The last sight taken on the leveling staff held at a point of unknown elevation for any

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab[ Subject Code: 101392(CE) ] |
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setting of the instrument is known as fore sight.

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Intermediate sight: Any site taken in between back and fore sight with any setting of instrument
is known as intermediate sight.
Note all the reading as BS, FS, or IS w.r.t. setting of the instrument
Precaution:
1. In case of dumpy level it is to be fixed at a point where it can take maximum readings.
2. Instrument should be leveled properly.
3. Bubble should be in center before taking readings.
4. Staff should be held vertically.
Applications:
Leveling has wide applications in the field:
1. It is used to measure the vertical distance between two points or to mark another
point from datum point.
2. Leveling is very much used in road, canal, dam, and other construction works
Observation table and calculation: Readings are to be noted down in field book in the table:

Station B.S. I.S F.S. H.I. R.L. Remark

Arithmetic Check:

If the above check is verified then the calculations are correct.

Result: Result may be a profile level graph between two points or difference in level between
two points or elevation or unknown points .

Questions:
1. What is meant by check leveling?
2. Discuss the terms:
(a) Line of collimation
(b) Vertical line
(c) Datum
(d) Axis of telescope
3. Discuss temporary and permanent adjustments of a level.

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab[ Subject Code: 101392(CE) ] |
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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab[ Subject Code: 101392(CE) ] |
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Part-2

Object: To work out relative elevations of various points on the ground by performing profile or
fly leveling by Rise and Fall method.
Theory: The H.I. method is more rapid, less tedious and simple. However, since the check on the
calculation for intermediate sights is not available, the mistakes in their levels pass unnotified.
The Rise and Fall method though more tedious provides a full check in calculation for all sight.
However the H.I. method is more suitable in case where it is required to take more no. of reading
from the same instrument setting such as for construction work, etc.
Apparatus: Dumpy or Tilting level, folding staff, tape ranging rod, tripod stand and arrows.
Procedure:
1. Initially temporary adjustment such as setting up the level, leveling up and elimination of
parallax is performed. Parallax can be removed either by focusing the eyepiece or
focusing the objective.
2. Instrument is leveled with the help of foot screw.
3. Direct telescope to wards the object (staff). Focus it carefully to obtain clear graduations.
4. Take the readings of the central horizontal hair of diaphragm where it appears to cut the
staff ensuring that bubble is horizontal. By this method first benchmark (B.M.) is noted
down. B.M. is a point with known elevation.
5. The staff is shifted to next point at regular intervals in case of profile leveling. (In case of
fly leveling staff can be fixed anywhere.)
6. Direct the telescope, focus the point, check the bubble and note down the reading.
7. Repeat the above procedure till we reach the other end of line or required station.
Precaution:
1. In case of dumpy level it is to be fixed at a point where it can take maximum readings.
2. Instrument should be leveled properly.
3. Bubble should be in center before taking readings.
4. Staff should be held vertically.
Applications:
Leveling has wide applications in the field:
1. It is used to measure the vertical distance between two points or to mark another point
from datum point.
2. Leveling is very much used in road, canal, dam, and other construction works
Observation table and calculation: Readings are to be noted down in field book in the table:

Station Distance B.S. I.S F.S. Rise Fall R.L. Remark

Total

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |43

Arithmetic Check:

If the above check is verified then the calculations are correct.

Result: Result may be a profile level graph between two points or difference in level between
two points or elevation or unknown points .
Questions:
1. Compare between Rise / Fall and H.I. method.
2. Discuss different types of levelling operations.
3. Discuss types of Staves.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |44

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |45

Experiment No. 7

Object: To determine the elevation and distance of a point by Theodolite when the case Base is
inaccessible with same vertical plane (i) Instrument access at same level, (ii) Instrument access at
different level.
Instrument Required: Theodolite, tripod stand, tape, ranging rod, staff.
Theory: Trigonometrical leveling is the process of determining the differences of elevations of
stations from observed vertical angles and known distances, which are assumed to be either
horizontal or geodetic lengths at mean sea level.
In the geodetical observations of trigonometrical leveling, the distance between the points
measured is geodetic and is large.
In order to get the difference in elevation between the instrument station and the object under
observation, we shall consider the following cases:
Case 1: Base of the object accessible.
Case 2: Base of the object inaccessible: Instrument stations in the same vertical plane as the
elevated object.
Case 3: Base of the object inaccessible: Instrument stations not in the same vertical plane as the
elevated object.
Procedure:
1. Set up the theodolite at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude bubble.
2. Direct the telescope towards Q and bisect it accurately. Clamp both the plates. Read the
.
vertical angle 1
3. Transit the telescope so that the line of sight is reversed. Mark the second instrument
station R on the ground. Measure the distance RP accurately.
4. With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the centre of its
run, take the reading on the staff kept at the nearby B.M.

5. Shift the instrument to R and set up the theodolite there. Measure the vertical angle 2 to
Q with both face observations.
6. With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the centre of its
run, take the reading on the staff kept at the nearby B.M.

(a) Instrument axes at the same level:

Let h  QQ
1  angle of elevation from A to Q
2  angle of elevation from B to Q.
S = Staff reading on B.M., taken from both A and B, the reading being the same in both the
cases.
b = horizontal distance between the instrument stations.
D = horizontal distance between P and Q.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg
 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |46

From triangle AQQ , h Dtan 1 …(1)
From triangle BQQ, h  (b  D) tan 2 …(2)
Equating (1) and (2), we get
D tan 1  (b  D) tan 2 or D(tan1  tan 2 )  b tan 2
b tan
D 2
Or tan  1  tan 
b tan2 tan …(1.2)
h  D tan  1 2
1
 tan  tan …(1.3)
1
R.L. of Q = R.L. of B.M. + S + h.
Calculations:

Observation Table:

Staff Angle Distance

S. No. Station Vc Vd Mean (d)
Reading

Result: The height of the object (tower) is found as = _ m, where “x” is the
peak point of the tower.
(b) Instrument axes at different levels:

Procedure: When the instrument axes are at different levels. If S1 and S 2 are the corresponding
staff readings on the staff kept at B.M., the difference in levels of the instrument axes will be
  
either (S2 S1 ). Let Q be the projection of Q on horizontal line through A and Q be the
projection on horizontal line through B.
QAQ h  D 
From triangle , 1

Subtracting (2) from (1), we get

(h1  h2 )  D tan1  (b  D) tan 2
h  h    
But 1 2 difference in level of instrument axes S2 S1 s (say)
 s  D tan 1 b tan 2 D tan 2
Or D(tan1  tan )  s  b tan 2
s  b tan (b 2s cot ) tan
D 2
 2 2
tan1  tan tan  tan
Or 2 1
…[1.4 (a)]

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |47

Now h  D tan
(b  s1 cot ) tan1 tan
h1  2 1 2

 tan  tan 2 …[1.5 (a)]

1
Expression 1.4 (a) could also be obtained by producing the lines of sight BQ backwards to meet
QA B. BB QB B,
the line in 1 Drawing 1 2 as vertical to meet the horizontal line in 2 it is clear
that with the same angle of elevation if the instrument axis were at B1, the instrument axes in
both the cases would have been at the same elevation. Hence the distance at which the axes are at
the same level is AB1  b  BB2  b  s cot2.
(b  s cot2 ) tan2
D
tan  tan
1 2

R.L. of Q = R.L. of B.M. + S1 h1
Calculations:

Observation Table:

Staff Angle Distance

S. No. Station Vc Vd Mean (d)
Reading

Result: The height of the object (tower) is found as = _ m, where “x” is the
peak point of the tower.
Precautions:
1. Centering and leveling of the instrument should be done properly.
2. Distance between two instrument stations should be measured accurately.
3. Vernier scale readings should be taken carefully.
4. Instrument set up should not be disturbed in any case, while taking readings.
Questions:
1. Define principle of trigonometric leveling.
2. Derive the expression to get the difference in elevation between the instrument station
and the object for base of the object in accessible: Instrument station not in the vertical
plane.
3. What do you understand by Geodetical observations?

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |48

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3 Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab[ SubjectCode: 320362 (20) ] | 49

Experiment No. 8

Part-1

Object: Study of Digital Theodolite.

Theory: The electronic or digital theodolite consists of glass circles, which are encoded in the
incremental or absolute mode. These are read by an optical system and the reading is converted
into angles and displayed or stored by the instrument. All the instruments are provided with a n
optical plummet for centering and a compensator system to take care of the tilt of the instrument
axis. Any tilt is taken care of by the microprocessor in the theodolite and the displayed angles
and distances are previously corrected for such minor errors. The user can choose the required
accuracy of angle measurement. These theodolites are normally operated by a rechargeable
battery pack. The charged batteries can work for 40-80 hours.
Technical Abilities:
1. Angle Measurement: Horizontal and vertical angles are measured to an accuracy of 1”-5”.
2. Distance measurement: Distance measurement is done with an EDM functioning coaxially
with the telescope tube. The distance measured is the slant distance if the stations are at different
elevations. Distance measurements can be done in different modes such as standard or coarse
mode, precision mode, and fast mode. The precision and time taken vary depending upon the
mode.
3. Microprocessor and Software Operations: The onboard software in total stations can
perform various functions. The processor is preprogrammed, and in some cases can be
programmed by the user, to perform many useful functions with the measured data.
4. Automatic Target Recognition: Most of the modern total stations have the facility of
Automatic Target Recognition (ATR). In ATR, the telescope has to be roughly pointed towards
the target while the measurement key is pressed. The instrument automatically points to the
target before measurement.
5. Reflectorless distance measurement: Measurements can be taken without any prism target
through this technology. This has been made possible by a red laser, which can direct it any point
on the surface.
6. Computation of R.L.: The R.L.s are measured from slope distance and vertical angle. Data
input enables the user to input height of instrument, height of target prism, and the R.L. of the
station occupied & R.L. of target station is calculated.
7. Orientation: The instrument automatically orients to any direction specified by the user. If the
co- ordinates of two points are input, the horizontal circle will be oriented to measure the bearing
of the line automatically.
8. Automated processes: Automatic computation of coordinates of points, areas, offsets, etc. is
possible.
9. Wireless Keyboard and remote unit: Many new digital theodolites come with a separate
wireless keyboard. Data inputting becomes very handy through this process.
10. Data Management System: Data transfer to data recorders, computers or flash cards is
possible. The built in memory can store up to 10,000 blocks of data.
11. Graphic Display: With large display panels, the data can be plotted and displayed.
▄▀▄▀

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 50
 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] 51|

Part-2

AIM: Study of Auto level.

Principle-

The automatic level has a compensator mechanism that uses a combination of fixed prisms or
mirrors and a moving prism suspended on a pendulum to give a horizontal reference. When
correctly set up the compensator will ensure that the ray of light through the centre of the reticule
is exactly horizontal.

Design of the compensator mechanism varies with each manufacturer, so the diagram above is
intended to show the principle of the method, not a specific instrument.

Not shown in the diagram is a damping mechanism to stop the pendulum from continuing to
swing when the instrument moves. The quality of the damping mechanism is very important; too
little damping will give an unsteady image which may blur in windy conditions, but too much
damping may lead to errors if the pendulum does not respond to slight movements of the
instrument.
 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab [Subject Code: 101392(CE) ] | 52

The reticule is a glass plate with fine cross hairs engraved to provide the height reference. The
eye piece should be adjusted to bring the reticule into sharp focus. The internal focusing lens is
then controlled by the focusing screw on the side of the instrument to bring the staff image in to
focus on the reticule.
B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 53
B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 54
B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 55
 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 56

Part-3

Object: Study of Total Station.

Theory: A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. The total
station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to
read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point.
Fieldwork with total station: The following procedure is typically used:
1. Set up the instrument. Centre the instrument using e optical plummet. Approximately
level the instrument using a circular level and maintain a horizontal LOS using the
compensator system. Keep a prism target at other stations to which measurements are to
be taken.
2. Feed data into the total station such as units, point codes, atmospheric data, mean sea
level and corrections,. Enter both face measurements, repetition measurements of angles,
prism constant etc. into the system using an alpha numeric keypad or wireless remote.
Most stations will have consoles on both sides.
3. Once the basic data has been input, many functions can be performed with the touch of a
button. This will enable angle measurements, distance measurements, conversion of slant
distance to horizontal distance, area calculations, etc. to be performed instantly.
Operations:
Coordinate measurement: Coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can
be determined using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between
the two points.
Angle measurement: Most modern total station instruments measure angles by means of
electro-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders
or discs within the instrument.
Data processing: Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance,
horizontal angle, and vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these
measurements to an external data collector, such as a hand-held computer.
Applications:
1. Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and Civil Engineers, either to record
features as in Topographic Surveying or to set out features (such as roads, houses or
boundaries).
2. They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police, crime scene
investigators, private accident reconstructionists and insurance companies to take
measurements of scenes.

Total Station

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg

 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |59

Experiment No. 9

Part-1

Aim: To measure the horizontal angle AOB with a theodolite by giving a weightage „4‟ by
repetition method.
Apparatus Required: Ranging rods, Tripod stand, Theodolite.
Theory: Horizontal angle can be measured by a Theodolite by following two methods:
1. Repetition method
2. Reiteration method
1. Repetition method: When the angle is to be measured accurately and when many
angles are to be measured from a point, and then we use repetition method.
2. Reiteration method: When many angles are to be found and lesser accuracy
is required, reiteration method is used.

Procedure:
1. Set the Theodolite on tripod stand.
2. Level the bubble tubes by adjusting the foot screws.
3. Centering and focusing of the set is done.
4. Unclamp both the screws, perpendicular and tangential.
5. Now, set both the verniers A & B at 0-0.
6. Clamp both the plates.
7. Fix the two ranging rods between which angles are to be found and name them A
and B.
8. Loosen the lower plate for combined motion of both the plates.
9. Sight the ranging rod „A‟ and tighten the lower plate.
10. Take readings from both the verniers A & B.
11. Loosen the upper plate and tight B. Again tighten it and take readings of both
the verniers for position B. θ1 can thus be calculated.
12. Now, clamp the upper and unclamp the lower plate and rotate from B to A in
clockwise direction.
13. Again measure θ2, then θ3 and then θ4 in similar manner.
14. Now change the face and measure the angles in similar manner. The averages of
all the measured angles give the correct angle.
 B.E.3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[Subject Code:320362(20)] |60

Observation Table:
Face: Left Swing: Right
Sight
Instrument at A B Mean No. of Horizontal Angle
to
Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. repetition Deg. Min. Sec.
Q P
R
R
R

Face: Right Swing: Right

Sight
Instrument at A B Mean No. of Horizontal Angle
to
Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. repetition Deg. Min. Sec.
Q P
R

R
R

Final Reading
HorizontalAngle 
No.of Repetition

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 61

Calculations:

Result: The horizontal angle, measured by repetition method is .

Precaution:
1. Ranging rods should be erect.
2. Temporary adjustments (leveling) should be done accurately.
3. Theodolite should be set up such that the line of sight lies up to chest level.
4. Vernier scale readings should be taken carefully.
Questions:
1. What is the temporary adjustment of theodolite?
2. What does swinging of telescope mean?
3. What is the purpose of tangent screw, clamp screw and clip screw?
4. Why face left and face right observations taken.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

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B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 62

▄▀▄▀

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

Durg
 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 63

Part-2

Object: To measure the horizontal angles with the help of a theodolite by reiteration method.
Apparatus Required: Theodolite, tripod stand, ranging rod.
Theory: The Theodolite is the most intricate and accurate instrument used for measurement of
the horizontal and the vertical angles.
Theodolite may be classified as:
(i) Transit Theodolite
(ii) Non transit Theodolite.
A transit Theodolite is one in which its telescope can be revolved through a complete revolution
about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane. The least count of the Theodolite is minimum
reading, which can be measured by the instrument, which is equal to 20 seconds.
Measurement of horizontal angles by reiteration method: Reiteration is a method of
measuring horizontal angles with high precision. It is less tedious and is generally preferred
when several angles are to be measured at a station. In this method, several angles are measured
successively and finally the horizon is closed i.e., the angle between the least station and the
initial station is measured. The final reading of the leading vernier (vernier A) should be the
same as its initial reading. If not the discrepancy is equally distributed among all the measured
angles.

Procedure: It is required to measure angles AOB, BOC, COD, DOE, EOF, FOA.
1. Set up the instrument over O and level it correctly.
2. Set the vernier A at zero.
3. Direct the telescope to some well defined object P or the station point A, which is known
as the “Referring object” and bisect it accurately by using the lower clamp and lower
tangent screw. Note the vernier readings.
4. Loosen the upper plate and turn the telescope clockwise until the point B is exactly
bisected by turning the upper tangent screw. Read both verniers. The mean of the two
vernier readings will give the value of angle AOB.
5. Similarly, bisect C, D, E, F successively, reading both verniers at each bisection.
6. Finally, close the horizon by sighting the referring object (p) or the station point A.
7. The vernier A should now read 3600. If not note the reading and find the error, it may be
noted that the lower tangent screw remain untouched during the revolution of the
telescope.
8. If the error be small, it is equally distributed among the several observed angle. If large
the readings should be discarded and a new set taken.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

Durg
 B.E.3rd Semester (Civil): SurveyFieldWorkLab[SubjectCode: 320362(20)] |64

Observation Table:
Face Left

A B C D E A

Va Vb Va Vb Va Vb Va Vb Va Vb Va Vb

Face Right

A B C D E A

Va Vb Va Vb Va Vb Va Vb Va Vb Va Vb

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

Durg
 B.E.3rd Semester (Civil): SurveyFieldWorkLab[SubjectCode: 320362(20)] |65

Face Left Face Right

Angle
Va Vb Mean Va Vb Mean

3600

tot. error

error/ angle

correction

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

Durg
 B.E.3rd Semester (Civil): SurveyFieldWorkLab[SubjectCode: 320362(20)] |66

Correction Horizontal Correction Horizontal

Angle Face Left Angle Face Right Average Corrected Values for
Angle
Horizontal Angle
Mean value Mean value

Calculations:

Result: Values of angles corrected by Reiteration Method are .

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 67

Precautions:
1. The Theodolite should be turned clockwise from the back station to the forward
station.
2. Bring the cross wires into exact coincidence with the signal from left to right with
the upper tangent screw else there may be an error.
3. The mean of the vernier readings should be taken.
4. Leveling should be properly done.
5. Line of collimation should be at the chest level.
Questions:
1. What are the functions of a theodolite?
2. What are latitude and departure?
3. Difference between line of collimation, axis of telescope and axis of bubble tube.

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B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] | 68

▄▀▄▀

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

Durg
 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20)] | 69

Experiment No. 10

Part-1

Object: Case-I: To perform reduction to center for different position of satellite station when the
satellite station is to the north of main station.
Theory: In many cases triangulation station are to be selected at points which though
inaccessible, satisfy the conditions of the triangulation figure so that it is well conditioned.
however, since the instruments cannot be set up over such stations, therefore the related
observations remain pending until they are deducted from an another set of angles measured
with equal precision from a station laying as close as possible to the true station and is known as
the satellite station . The satellite station may lie to the north, south, east or west of the true
station. The use of satellite stations should always be avoided in precise survey works.
Diagram:
A b C

1 2


c S
a

B
Calculation: When the satellite station is the north of true station.
Observed distances are
a =

b =

c =

d =

(a)  observed =
(b) Byusing the formula we get  = (  - 1 - 2)

(c) By applying property of  in  ABC we get  = 180 – (  BAC +  BCA)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20)] | 70

Part-2

Object: To perform reduction to center for different position of satellite station when the
satellite station is to the left of main station.
Theory: In many cases triangulation station are to be selected at points which though
inaccessible, satisfy the conditions of the triangulation figure so that it is well conditioned.
However, since the instruments cannot be set up over such stations, therefore the related
observations remain pending until they are deducted from an another set of angles measured
with equal precision from a station laying as close as possible to the true station and is known as
the satellite station . The satellite station may lie to the north, south, east or west of the true
station. The use of satellite stations should always be avoided in precise survey works.
Figure:
A b
C

1 2

c
O a

 

(S) d B
Let A, B, C = triangulation stations
S = satellite station for B
d = BS = eccentric distance between B and S, determined by trigonometrical leveling or by
triangulation.
   ASC  observed angle at a S =
  True angle at B =
  CSB  observed angle at S =
1  SAB =

  SCB =
 2
ACB =
CAB =

AC = b, AB = c and BC = a
O = point of intersection of lines AB and CS
Calculation: When the satellite station is the left of true station.
Observed distances are
a =

b =

c =

d =

(a)  observed =
(b) Byusing the formula we get  = (  + 1 - 2)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20)] | 71

(c) By applying property of  in  ABC we get  = 180 – (  ACB + CAB)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

Durg
B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20)] | 72

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

Durg
B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20)] | 73

▄▀▄▀

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bhilai Institute of Technology,

Durg
 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey FieldWork Lab[ Subject Code: 320362 (20)] | 74

Experiment No. 11

Part-1

Case-II: To perform reduction to center for different position of satellite station when the
satellite station is to the south of main station.
Theory: In many cases triangulation station are to be selected at points which though
inaccessible, satisfy the conditions of the triangulation figure so that it is well conditioned.
however, since the instruments cannot be set up over such stations, therefore the related
observations remain pending until they are deducted from an another set of angles measured
with equal precision from a station laying as close as possible to the true station and is known as
the satellite station . The satellite station may lie to the north, south, east or west of the true
station. The use of satellite stations should always be avoided in precise survey works.
Diagram:
A b C

β1 β2

c a

d
γ
θ

S
Calculation: When the satellite station is the south of true station.
Observed and calculated distances are:
b=

d=



(a)  observed =
(b) Byusing the formula we get  = ( + 1 + 2)

(c) By applying property of  in  ABC we get  = 180 – (  BAC +  BCA)

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Part-2

Case 2: To perform reduction to center for different position of satellite station when the satellite
station is to the right of main station.
Figure:
b
A C

1 2

a
c
O

 

B d (S)
Calculation: When the satellite station is the right of true station.
Observed distances are
a =

b =

c =

d =

 observed =
1 
2 

BAC =
BCA =

Byusing the
formula we get:
 = (  - 1 + 2)

By applying property of  in  ABC we get:

 = 180 – ( BAC + BCA)

Questions:
1. State the principle of triangulation.
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 B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |76
2. Write in brief the classification of triangulation.
3. What is meant byreduction to centre.

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B.E. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey Field Work Lab [ Subject Code: 320362 (20) ] |78

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab[ Subject Code: 101392 (CE)] | 79

Experiment No. 12

Part-1

Object: To find the most probable value of angles by method of difference.

Apparatus: Theodolite, ranging rods.
Theory: A set of values is assumed for the MPV and the errors so found are added algebraically
to get the observed values to get the most probable values of the measurement.
Procedure:
1.
Let k1, k2, k3 etc. be the residential errors to the observed values.
2.
Replace the observation equations by a set of most probable value in terms of k1, k2, k3
etc. and express the discrepancy by always subtracting the second set of equation from
first. Form the normal equation in terms of k1, k2, k3 and solve to get values of k1, k2, k3
etc.
3.
Add these algebraically to get most probable values.
Figure:
A

C O
B
Observation Table:

Instrument Shifted
Vernier A Vernier B Mean
At to
0 0 0
' " ' " ' "
O

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab[ Subject Code: 101392 (CE)] | 80

Observations and Calculations:

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Result: The most probable value values of angles are:

 AOB =

 BOC =

 COA =

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab[ Subject Code: 101392 (CE)] | 82

Part-2

Object: To study a geodetic quadrilateral and find the most probable values of angles by the
method of correlates.
Principle: Method of Correlates: Correlates or correlatives are unknown multiples or
independent constants used for finding most probable values of unknowns. This method is used
for reducing the arithmetical work.
In the method of correlates all the condition equations are collected. To this to add one more
equations of condition imposed by the theory of least squares i.e. the sum of the squares of the
residual errors should be minimum.
Figure:
C
B θ4
θ3 θ5
θ2

O
θ1 θ8
θ8 θ7
A
D
Procedure:
1.
In a geodetic quadrilateral all the eight angles 1, 2 ,   8 are shown in figure are

measured independently.
2.
The Theodolite is set up only at the four station A,B,.C and D and not at the intersection of
the diagonals.
3.
The angles to the left are known as left angles and angles to the right are known as right
angles.
4.
Thus 1, 3 , 5 & 7 are the left angles.
5.  2 , 4 , 6 &  8 are the right angles.
6.
Now the conditions to be fulfilled by the adjusted values of the angles are single equations.
1   2   3   4   5   6   7 8  360
1   2   5   6
 3   4   7  8 and the fourth condition equation is
Log sin Log sin
L R
7.
If E1, E2 , E3 , E4 are discrepancies and e1, e2 , e3 , e4 , e5 , e6 , e7 , e8 are the corrections to
1, 2 ,    8
E1  360   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8 
E 2   5   6   1   2 
E3    7  8     3   4 

E4  Logsin R Log sin L

8. E1  e1  e2  e3  e4  e5  e6  e7  e8
E 2  e1  e2  e5  e6
E 3  e3  e4  e7  e8
E4  e1 f1  e2 f 2  e3 f3  e4 f 4  e5 f5  e6 f6  e7 f7  e8 f8

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9. Solving the above equations we get:

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Results: MPV of angles are  2 , 3 , 4 , 5    

Precautions:
1. Find the instrument accurately.
2. While taking reading ranging rod should be kept straight.
3. Take the readings carefully.
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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab[ Subject Code: 101392 (CE)] | 85

Part-3

Object: To determine most probable values of angles at a station when the horizon is closed with
angles of equal weights (By the method of normal equations.)
Theory & Principle:
Method of Normal Equation: A normal equation is the one which is formed by multiplying
each equation by the coefficient of the unknown whose normal equation is to be found and by
adding the equation thus formed. As the number of normal equations is the same as the number
of unknowns the most probable values of the unknowns can be found from the equations:
If all the triangles are of equal weight and angles closing the horizon are x, y and z they are
geometrically fixed by the equation
x  y  z  360  d
The error e in the round can then be obtained xzyd.
by
Procedure:
1. Set the Theodolite at the center of three pts., measure their respective angles A, B and
C (refer diagram) A  B and B  C .
0
2. Now solve these by applying condition equation A  B  C  360 .
Calculation: Observation equations are:
A 
B 
C 
AB 
B  C 
Condition equation is A  B  C 
0
360 00 Normal equations are:
3A  2B  C  …(1)
2A  4B  2C  …(2)
A  2B  3C  …(3)

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 B.Tech. 3rd Semester (Civil): Survey And Geomatics Lab[ Subject Code: 101392 (CE)] | 86

Results: By the method of normal equation the angle A, B &Cclosing a horizon are
found as:

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Experiment No. 13
Object: To determine the most probable value of two connected triangles.
Apparatus: Ranging rods, Chalk powder and theodolite.
Theory: In this we first of all take, all types of included angles and then with various methods
such as normal equation method, method of differences etc we adjust the angles of the above
mentioned two connected triangles.
Diagram:
B
C
C2
C1

D2
D1
A D
Procedure and Calculations:
First of all we set the instrument at any one point of the two connected triangles. Then we take
the desired on clouded angle at this point. Now, we go a taking the angles at all the point of the
two connected triangles till all the desired station points are covered. Once, all the angles are got,
they are then corrected for the adjustment of the measured angles.
The observed angles are as follows:
A = C1 =
B = C2 =
C =  D1 =
D =  D2 =
Using condition equations and the method of differences find MPV of angles.

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Result:

▄▀▄▀

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Experiment No. 14

Object: Setting out of a simple curve by ranging (R = 100 M; Δ = 40 0) Rankine‟s method of

tangential (or deflection) angles (R = 90 M; Δ = 450).
Apparatus: Theodolite, ranging rods, pegs and lime powder.
Theory: A deflection angle to any point on curve is the angle at P.C. between the back tangent
and chord from P.C. to any point, on a circular curve is measured by one half the angle
substended by arc from P.C. to that point. It is assumed that length of arc is approximately equal
to its chord.
Formula: Rankiness formula is given as
Sn = 1718.9 cn / R
cn is length of nth
chord
R is radius
Sn is deflection angle.

Calculations:

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