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Chapter 4 Solutions

This document discusses dispersion and diffusion concepts across multiple contexts including pollution dispersion, catalyst pulses, fermentor dispersion, marathon running times, pheromone plumes, ant communication, muskrat populations, packed bed reactors, and moraine shapes. Mathematical models involving concepts such as normal distributions, partial differential equations, and regression analysis are presented.

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tysir sarhan
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83 views3 pages

Chapter 4 Solutions

This document discusses dispersion and diffusion concepts across multiple contexts including pollution dispersion, catalyst pulses, fermentor dispersion, marathon running times, pheromone plumes, ant communication, muskrat populations, packed bed reactors, and moraine shapes. Mathematical models involving concepts such as normal distributions, partial differential equations, and regression analysis are presented.

Uploaded by

tysir sarhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4 Dispersion page 4-1

Chapter 4 Dispersion

1. Xylene pollution
M /  R2
maximum concentration =
4 E z / v 
c1 2 km  200 m

c1 200m  2 km
so
c1 2 km  
130 ppm
 41 ppm
10
2. Pulse of catalyst
17000
v0 = = 4172.5cm/s
0.83(1.25)2
rdv0 0.83*2.5*4172.5
Re = m = 0.037 = 234000 >> 2100
2.5*4172.5
From Fig. 4.4-3, E z = 0.3 = 34771.2 cm2/s = 3.48 m2/s
The peak width at the end of pipe is w = 4 z = 4 2Ezx/v0 = 13.856 m
The distance between two pulses is x = v0*(1/30) = 1.391 m
 These pulses are well overlapped and mixed.
3. Dispersion in an air-lift fermentor
This is a steady state problem. Taking mass balance at a section between z and dz,
(j 1 + c 1 v0)| z = (j 1 + c 1 v0)| z+dz
Letting dz  0, and combining with Fick's Law, we have
dc1
-E dz = -c 1 v0
(1 M)(15cm3/min)
B.C. at z = 0, c 1 = c 10 = = 0.00742 M
(0.78cm/s)(25 cm2*55%)
 c 1 = c 10 exp(v0z/E)
Where v0 = -0.78 cm/s. At z = 0.8m, c 1 = 0.00232 M,
v0 z -0.78*80
 E = ln(c /c ) = ln(0.00232/0.00742) = 53.67 cm2/s
1 10

4. Running a marathon
Assuming the running time of these 3202 runners follows a normal distribution:
1  1 t - 2
f(t) = exp- 2  
 2    
Because half of the runners finished in 3hr26min, thus  = 3*3600+26*60 = 12360 s
And since 1/4 of the runners finished in 3hr6min, or 11160 s,
Chapter 4 Dispersion page 4-2

1 11160  1 t - 123602
0.25 =  exp- 2   dt
 2 -    
(*Note: You can generate this using Excel's function NORMDIST(t, , , 1))
Thus,  = 1779.1 s.
For the finished time of 2hr54min42sec, or 10482 sec,
f(10482) = 0.145578
which is equivalent to rank 3202*0.1456 = 466, close to the actual result (= 460).
5. Dispersion of pheromone
The width of the pheromone "plume" is
y2 (8km)2
4Et = 1 = 4E(25km)
15km/hr
In this case, Q = 1.3 mol/hr, v = 15 km/h, r = 8 km, z = 25 km,
 E = 9.6 km2/hr
The standard deviation  y = 2*9.6*25/15 = 5.657 km
6. Harvest ants
2
2M  R 
At the radius of communication R, c 10 = exp- 4Et
(4Et)3/2  
2M
and, at t final , c 1 (r = 0) = c 10 =
(4Etfinal)3/2
2
2M 2M  R 
=> 3/2 = exp- 4Et
(4Etfinal) (4Et)3/2  
3 3 R2
=> 2 ln tfinal = 2 ln t + 4Et
 tfinal1/2
 R = 6Et ln t 
  
For R = 6cm, t = 32s, t final = 35s, E = 2.092 cm2/s
7. Muskrats
Based upon this model,
4Ec1 r2
E ln M  = -E ln(t) + E t - 4t
 0 
Time (yr) ln(t) Area = r2 r2/4t
0 0 0 0
4 1.386 50 0.995
6 1.792 120 1.592
10 2.302 300 2.387
15 2.708 670 3.554
22 3.091 1720 6.222
Using (Excel's) linear regression, the results are
E = 1.3583 km2/yr,  = 0.2988 yr-1
Chapter 4 Dispersion page 4-3

The regression analysis has R2 = 0.992, F = 127.08, thus this model is significant.
8. Backmixing in a packed-bed reactor
This is similar to chromatography. From eq. 4.4-31,
0 2 2
S  (z - v t0)   (t - t0) 
c1 = exp- 4Et  = c10 exp- 4ELv0 
4Et0  0   
 t 0 =16 min, 4ELv = 32 min, and v = L/t 0 = 3.3/16 = 0.206 m/min
0 0

32
 E = 4*3.3*0.206 = 11.754 m2/min

9. Shape of moraines
The differential equation becomes
z  z 2 z z
= (A + Bx) = (A + Bx) 2 + B
t x x x x
This can be solved numerically to fit experimental data, but seems to us to be curve-fitting.

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