Scribd
Upload
168 views40 pages

Dna Forensics

DNA evidence can be used to solve crimes by matching DNA samples found at crime scenes to suspects. DNA analysis involves collecting samples, extracting and analyzing DNA to develop a genetic profile, which is then compared against criminal DNA databases to search for matches. If a match is found, it provides strong evidence linking a suspect to a crime. DNA analysis has revolutionized forensic science and solving crimes by providing objective genetic evidence.

Uploaded by

Maybel Nieva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
168 views40 pages

Dna Forensics

DNA evidence can be used to solve crimes by matching DNA samples found at crime scenes to suspects. DNA analysis involves collecting samples, extracting and analyzing DNA to develop a genetic profile, which is then compared against criminal DNA databases to search for matches. If a match is found, it provides strong evidence linking a suspect to a crime. DNA analysis has revolutionized forensic science and solving crimes by providing objective genetic evidence.

Uploaded by

Maybel Nieva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

BIO-SCI 201

DNA
FORENSICS
PRESENTED BY: NIEVA & GACO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

Know what
Know the
exactly DNA
history
Forensics all
of DNA
Understand the about
Explore the
importance of history of
DNA in solving Forensic Science
crimes
HISTORY
OF DNA
WHO
DISCOVERED
DNA?
DNA was first identified in the
late 1860s by Swiss chemist

-who was originally trying to study the


composition of lymphoid cells (white blood
cells).
Instead, he isolated a new molecule he
called nuclein (DNA with associated proteins)
from a cell nucleus.

Johann Friedrich Miescher


WHAT
DOES DNA
STANDS
FOR?
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
ACID
It contains genetic information.
It codes for the proteins our bodies make
that are necessary for survival.
It is a code for making proteins
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
ACID
some common proteins are:
HEMOGLOBIN- carries oxygen from lungs to cells
INSULIN- regulates metabolism
MANY TYPES OF ENZYMES- catalyze reactions in
the body, such as the breakdown of sugar for
energy.

DNA also determines how much of these proteins each


cell makes.
WHAT
DOES DNA
LOOKS
LIKE ?
DOUBLE HELIX
Like a twisted ladder.

NITROGENOUS BASE
(rungs of ladder)
SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
(sides of ladder)
WHAT
DOES
DNA
MADE OF?
NUCLEOTIDES
The DNA ladder is made up of building blocks called
nucleotides.

A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either


ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached
to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing
base.
THE FOUR BASES
The bases used
in DNA are
adenine (A),
cytosine (C),
guanine (G) and
thymine (T).
Among humans, most of the 3 billion bases in the DNA
sequence are exactly the same.
Our Human DNA is 99.8% to each other, but the 0.2%
difference is more than enough to distinguish us from
one another.
Human DNA is even 98% similar to chimpanzees.
NO TWO PEOPLE HAVE IDENTICAL DNA except
identical twins
WHERE
IS DNA
LOCATED?
DNA is found in the cells in our body.

NUCLEUS

DNA
WHAT IS
FORENSICS?
TRACING THE ROOTS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF
FORENSIC SCIENCE IN ANCIENT TIMES

The history of forensic science awaits exploration as forensic science as a


discipline was not much spoken about until recently. On increasing the cognizance
of the subtle importance of
forensic science in the past, one cannot but amp up the
reverence for this field of science.

The definition of “forensic” is an argument or discussion used for a legal matter in a


Court of Law. Therefore, forensic science is a dialogue about, or debate of, scientific
theories in a judicial setting.
FORENSICS

The word forensic has its origin from the Latin word “forensis”
which stands for a forum.
In a nutshell, forensic science is the application of scientific
methods and principles to questions of law or in layman’s
terms, forensic science is a discipline used by a forensic
investigator to solve crimes.

The establishment of DNA analysis within the criminal justice


system in the mid-1980s revolutionized the field of forensic
science.
WHY AND WHEN IS DNA
EVIDENCE EXAMINED?

DNA evidence is especially valuable for investigating


violent crimes such as homicides or sexual assaults and
etc. Because blood, semen or saliva may be left behind
by the perpetrator or victim.
SOURCES OF DNA AT THE
CRIME SCENE
DNA CAN BE RECOVERED FROM ANY SUBSTANCE THAT CONTAINS CELLS.
All types of cells in our body contain a copy of the same
DNA.

Some cells important to forensic science are:

WHITE BLOOD SPERM CELL


CHEEK CELL
CELL
SAMPLES THAT
MAY BE USED
Investigators collect items that could have been touched
or worn by persons involved in a crime.
HOW
DOES DNA
DIFFER
AMONG
HUMANS?
DNA is a sequence of 4 possible letters.

Out of the 3 billion


letters,99.8% of the
sequence in all humans
is identical,

There are several


ways to know
the sequence of
difference.
HOW DNA DIFFER
AMONG INDIVIDUALS?

#1
One of the bases(letters) can be
different.
#2 & #3
Bases(letters) can be
added or removed
#4
Regions of DNA can be repeated a
diffrent number of times
FORENSIC
DNA
ANALYSIS
COLLECTION EVIDENCE

Types of Unknown samples:


blood, semen, saliva, urine, feces, hair, teeth, bone,
tissue and cells.

Types of Known samples:


Blood or buccal swabs from suspect or victim or other
known person
Contamination occurs when DNA from another source
gets mixed in with the sample being collected.

An Investigator touches, sneezes, bleeds on a


sample.
Wear gloves and use disposable instruments
Package items separately
Especially,do not mix known samples (from victim
or suspect) with unknown samples.

BEWARE OF CONTAMINATION
PACKAGING
EVIDENCE
Package each item individually.
Put evidence into paper bags, not plastic.
Moistures degrades DNA; air dry samples.
Keep samples at room temperature and out of sun
WHO CONDUCTS DNA
ANALYSIS?
The specialists who conduct DNA analysis in the laboratory are referred to by
several different titles, including: Crime Laboratory Analyst, Forensic Examiner,
Forensic Scientist and Forensic Laboratory Analyst.
DNA analysts working in laboratories that participate in the FBI’s National DNA
Index System (NDIS) and/or are
accredited by a recognized organization must meet specific educational and
training requirements.
HOW AND WHERE
DNA TESTING IS PERFORMED?

DNA testing must be conducted in a laboratory with dedicated facilities and


equipment that meet the FBI’s stringent QAS requirements.

HOW THE RESULTS ARE


INTERPRETED?
The DNA analysis process provides the analyst with a chart called an
electropherogram, which displays the genetic material present at each loci tested.

Extraction ,Quantitation, Amplification


Separation ,Analysis & Interpretation and
,Quality Assurance
COMPARING PROFILES
AGAINST A CENTRAL
DATABASE
To enable profiles to be searched against a large, national database,
the FBI created the National DNA Index System (NDIS) in 1998. This
national database is part of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
that enables law enforcement agencies throughout the nation to share
and compare DNA profiles to help investigate cases. As of 2012, there
are more than 10 million DNA profiles in the system and CODIS has
produced leads that have assisted in almost 170,000
investigations.
IMPORTANCE OF DNA TO THE
FORENSIC SCIENCE

Forensic scientists can use DNA profiles to identify criminals


or determine parentage. A DNA profile is like a genetic
fingerprint. Every person has a unique DNA profile, making it
very useful for identifying people involved in a crime.
LINKS
THANK
YOU FOR
LISTENING!

You might also like