UNIVERSITY PHYSICS
Chapter 4 MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSTION (Lecture 1)
Dr. Fatma Al Ma’Mari and Dr. Ridha Horchani
Fall 2020, PHYS2107, SQU
Motion in Two and Three
Dimensions
06/09/13
Displacement and Velocity Vectors
4-1 Position and Displacement
A position vector locates a particle in space extends from a reference
point (origin) to the particle
Example
o Position vector (-3m, 2m, 5m)
Change in position vector is a displacement
Example 4.1:
The displacement ∆𝑟Ԧ is:
The magnitude of the displacement is:
The angle the displacement makes with the x-axis is:
(In the 4th quadrant)
Average velocity is: a displacement divided by its time interval
We can write this in component form
Example
A particle moves through displacement (12 m)i + (3.0 m)k in 2.0 s:
Instantaneous velocity is
• The velocity of a particle at a single point in time
• The limit of avg. velocity as the time interval shrinks to 0
In unit-vector form
Which can also be written:
Average acceleration is a change in velocity divided by its time interval
Instantaneous acceleration is again the limit t → 0:
We can write it in unit-vector form
Example 4.4: A particle has a velocity of 𝑣Ԧ 𝑡 = 5.0𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ − 2.0𝑡 3 𝑘 𝑚/𝑠
(a) What is the acceleration function?
(b) What is the acceleration vector at t = 2.0 s? Find its magnitude and direction.
(a) We take the first derivative with respect to time of the velocity function to
find the acceleration.
(b) The direction in unit vector notation
The magnitude
Example 4.5: A particle has a position function rԦ t = ቀሺ10t −
(a) Taking the derivative with respect to time of the position function:
-
(b) Taking the derivative of the velocity function
The acceleration vector is a constant in the negative x-direction
9
Constant Acceleration 𝑎Ԧ
(1) (2) (3)
The acceleration vector in two dimension 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ
Each component of the motion has a separate set of equations
x-component y-component
(1) 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡
1
1 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
(2) 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 2
2
2 2 𝑣𝑦 2 = 𝑣0𝑦 2 +2𝑎𝑦 ሺ𝑦 − 𝑦0 )
(3) 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 +2𝑎𝑥 ሺ𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
10
Example 4.6: Figure 4.10 shows a skier moving with an acceleration of 2.1 m/s2
down a slope of 15° at t = 0. With the origin of the coordinate system at the front of
the lodge, her initial position and velocity are
rԦ 0 = 75.0 iƸ − 50.0 jƸ m
and
v 0 = 4.1 iƸ − 1.1 jƸ m/s
(a) What are the x- and y-components of the skier’s position and velocity as
functions of time?
(b) What are her position and velocity at t = 10.0 s?
11
rԦ 0 = 75.0 iƸ − 50.0 jƸ m
𝒙𝟎 𝒚𝟎
v 0 = 4.1 iƸ − 1.1 jƸ m/s
𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟓
= 𝟐 𝐦/𝒔𝟐 𝒗𝟎𝒚
𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝒂y𝒙 = −𝟐. 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟓
= −𝟎. 𝟓𝟒 𝐦/𝒔𝟐
x-component y-component
(1) 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡
𝑣𝑥 ሺ𝑡) = 𝟒. 𝟏 + 𝟐𝑡 𝑣𝑦 ሺ𝑡) = −𝟏. 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝑡
1 1
(2) 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2 2
1 1
12 2
𝑦 𝑡 =-𝟓𝟎. 𝟎 − 1.1𝑡 + ሺ−𝟎. 𝟓𝟒)𝑡
𝑥ሺ𝑡) = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟏𝑡 + ሺ𝟐)𝑡 2 2
2
(b) What are her position and velocity at t = 10.0 s?
x-component y-component
𝑣𝑥 ሺ𝑡) = 𝟒. 𝟏 + 𝟐𝑡 𝑣𝑦 ሺ𝑡) = −𝟏. 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝑡
𝑣𝑥 ሺ10) = 𝟒. 𝟏 + 𝟐ሺ𝟏𝟎) 𝑣𝑦 ሺ10) = −𝟏. 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒ሺ𝟏𝟎)
𝒗𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏 𝒎/𝒔 𝒗𝒚 =-𝟔. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
1 1
𝑥ሺ𝑡) = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟏𝑡 + ሺ𝟐)𝑡 2 𝑦 𝑡 = -𝟓𝟎. 𝟎 − 1.1𝑡 + ሺ−𝟎. 𝟓𝟒)𝑡 2
2 2 1
1
𝑥ሺ10) = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟏ሺ10) + ሺ𝟐)ሺ10) 𝑦 10 =-𝟓𝟎. 𝟎 − 1.1ሺ10) + ሺ−𝟎. 𝟓𝟒)ሺ10)2
2
2 2
𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟎 𝒎 𝒚 = −𝟖𝟖. 𝟎 𝒎
13
Free Fall Projectile Motion
vertical and horizontal motion
Only vertical
motion
1D Motion 2D Motion
A projectile is y
• A particle moving in the vertical plane x
• Under the influence of gravitational acceleration g (free-
fall acceleration)
fired
thrown
• The projectile is launched with an initial velocity 𝒗𝟎
released
𝑣0 = 0
dropped
4-4 Projectile Motion
𝒗𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒗
𝒗 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝒗𝒚
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝒚𝒉
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 −𝒗𝒚 𝒗
4-4 Projectile Motion
𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒗𝟎 𝒈
𝜃0 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝒚𝟎 𝒙
𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝜃
−𝒗𝒚
g always acting
vertically
towards
+y earth
+x
−𝒈
The horizontal motion is simple, because
ax = 0 and vx is a constant
• The velocity in the vertical
direction begins to
We analyze projectile motion by decrease as the object
breaking it into two independent rises.
one-dimensional motions along the
vertical and horizontal axes • At its highest point, the
vertical velocity is zero.
• As the object falls toward
Earth again, the vertical
velocity increases again
in magnitude but points in
The x and y motions are the opposite direction to
recombined to give the total the initial vertical velocity.
velocity at any given point
on the trajectory
18
Q: Projectile– Concept Test
4-4 Projectile
A football is kicked byMotion
a player (ignore the effects of the air) with a speed
of v0 at an angle 𝜃.
1. What happens to its horizontal
component of velocity?
(a) Constant
(b) Zero
(c) Increases
(d) Decreases
Q: Projectile– Concept Test
4-4 Projectile
A football is kicked byMotion
a player (ignore the effects of the air) with a speed
of v0 at an angle 𝜃.
1. What happens to its vertical
component of velocity?
(a) Constant
(b) Zero
(c) Increases
(d) Decreases
Q: Projectile– Concept Test
4-4 Projectile
A football is kicked byMotion
a player (ignore the effects of the air) with a speed
of v0 at an angle 𝜃.
1. What is the vertical component
of acceleration at the topmost of
its flight?
(a) Constant
(b) Zero
(c) Increases
(d) Decreases
Q: Projectile– Concept Test
4-4 Projectile
A football is kicked byMotion
a player (ignore the effects of the air) with a speed
of v0 at an angle 𝜃.
1. What is the horizontal
component of acceleration during
ascent?
(a) Constant
(b) Zero
(c) Increases
(d) Decreases
Constant acceleration equations
Projectile Motion
Horizontal motion Vertical motion
𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒚 = −𝒈
v𝑥 = v0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃0 = constant v0𝑦 = v0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0
x − x0 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 v𝑦 = v0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡
1 2
x − x0 = ሺv0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃0 )t y − 𝑦0 = ሺ𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
v𝑦 2 = ሺv0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 )2 − 2𝑔ሺy − 𝑦0 )
Example 4.7: During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of
70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0° above the horizontal, as illustrated in Figure 4.13. The fuse is
timed to ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground.
(a) Calculate the height at which the shell explodes.
𝑣0𝑦 = 70 𝑠𝑖𝑛75
= 67.6 m/𝑠
“height” means the vertical position y above the starting point.
At the highest point, vy = 0.
𝑣0𝑥 = 70 𝑐𝑜𝑠75
v𝑦 2 = v0𝑦 2 − 2𝑔ሺy − 𝑦0 ) = 18.1 𝑚/𝑠
0 = ሺ𝟔𝟕. 𝟔)2 −2ሺ9.8)ሺy − 𝑦0 )
𝒚 = 2𝟑𝟑 𝒎
24
Example 4.7: During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of
70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0° above the horizontal, as illustrated in Figure 4.13. The fuse is
timed to ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground.
(b) How much time passes between the launch of the shell and the explosion?
v𝑦 = v0𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡
0 = ሺ67.6) − ሺ9.8)ሺt)
𝑣0𝑦 = 67.6 m/𝑠 2
𝒕 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟎 𝒔
𝑣0𝑥 = 18.1 𝑚/𝑠 2
25
Example 4.7: During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of
70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0° above the horizontal, as illustrated in Figure 4.13. The fuse is
timed to ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground.
(c) What is the horizontal displacement of the shell when it explodes?
x − x0 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡
x − 0 = ሺ18.1)ሺ6.9)
𝒕 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟎 𝒔
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝑣0𝑦 = 67.6 m/𝑠 2
𝑣0𝑥 = 18.1 𝑚/𝑠 2
26
Example 4.7: During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of
70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0° above the horizontal, as illustrated in Figure 4.13. The fuse is
timed to ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground.
(d) What is the total displacement from the point of launch to the highest point?
Displacement:
Magnitude:
s
Direction:
Note that is angle is LESS than the launch angle of 75 deg.
27
Example 4.8: A tennis player wins a match at Arthur Ashe stadium (Queens, New
York) and hits a ball into the stands at 30 m/s and at an angle 45° above the
horizontal (Figure 4.14). On its way down, the ball is caught by a spectator 10 m
above the point where the ball was hit.
(a) Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the spectator.
𝑣0𝑦 = 30 𝑠𝑖𝑛45 = 21.2 m/s
𝑣0𝑥 = 30 𝑐𝑜𝑠45 = 21.2 𝑚/𝑠
1 2 1
y − 𝑦0 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 10 − 0 = ሺ𝟐𝟏. 𝟐)𝑡 − ሺ9.8)𝑡 2
2 2 4.9t2-21.2t+10=0
𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 𝒔 28
Example 4.8: A tennis player wins a match at Arthur Ashe stadium and hits a ball
into the stands at 30 m/s and at an angle 45° above the horizontal (Figure 4.14). On
its way down, the ball is caught by a spectator 10 m above the point where the ball
was hit.
(b) What are the magnitude and direction of the ball’s velocity at impact?
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 = 30 𝑐𝑜𝑠45 = 21.2 𝑚/𝑠
v𝑦 = v0𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 = 21.1 − 9.8 3.79 = −15.9 𝑚/𝑠
tan-1(-15.9/21.2)= -36.9 deg
29
Time of Flight, Trajectory, and Range
For a projectile launched on a flat horizontal surface and impacting on
the same surface.
𝒚
Trajectory
Ttof : Time of Flight
𝒙
𝑅 ሺ𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)
Applied only when
𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚
30
Time of Flight
𝒚
𝒙
𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒚=𝟎
1 2
y − 𝑦0 = ሺ𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 = 0
2
𝑔
𝒕ሺ𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 − 𝑡) = 0
2
2ሺ𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 )
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑓 =
𝑔
The projectile's trajectory is
o Its path through space (traces a parabola; 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 )
o Found by eliminating time between the following equations
t= x/(v0cos q0)
1 2
x − x0 = ሺv0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃0 )t y − 𝑦0 = ሺ𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
Parabolic path
𝒚
x0 = 0
𝒙
𝑦0 = 0
The horizontal range R is:
o The maximum horizontal distance from initial point x0 to
final point 𝑥 1 2
y − 𝑦0 = ሺ𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
𝒚 2
𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚
1 2
0 = ሺ𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
𝒙 2
𝒙𝟎 𝒙
𝑅 ሺ𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒) 2𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0
𝑡= Tof
𝑔
Substitute t in: x − x0 = ሺv0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃0 )t
𝑣0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃0
x − x0 = =𝑅
𝑔
𝒚
70𝑜𝑜 Applied only when
45𝑜
30 𝒙
𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚
𝑅 ሺ𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)
Example 𝑣0 = 1 m/s
𝑅 𝜃0 = 30𝑜 = 0.088 𝑚
𝑅 𝜃0 = 45𝑜 = 0.102 𝑚
𝑅 𝜃0 = 70𝑜 = 0.066 𝑚
𝑅 𝜃0 = 90𝑜 = 0 𝑚
Example 4.9: A golfer finds himself in two different situations on different holes.
On the second hole he is 120 m from the green (hole in the ground) and wants to hit
the ball 90 m and let it run onto the green. He angles the shot low to the ground at
30° to the horizontal to let the ball roll after impact. On the fourth hole he is 90 m
from the green and wants to let the ball drop with a minimum amount of rolling after
impact. Here, he angles the shot at 70° to the horizontal to minimize rolling after
impact. Both shots are hit and impacted on a level surface.
(a) What is the initial speed of the ball at the second hole?
(b) What is the initial speed of the ball at the fourth hole?
𝑣0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃0
𝑅=
𝑔
4th hole
2nd hole
35
Example 4.9: A golfer finds himself in two different situations on different holes.
On the second hole he is 120 m from the green and wants to hit the ball 90 m and let
it run onto the green. He angles the shot low to the ground at 30° to the horizontal to
let the ball roll after impact. On the fourth hole he is 90 m from the green and wants
to let the ball drop with a minimum amount of rolling after impact. Here, he angles
the shot at 70° to the horizontal to minimize rolling after impact. Both shots are hit
and impacted on a level surface.
(c) Write the trajectory equation for both cases.
4th hole
2nd hole
36
Example 4.9: A golfer finds himself in two different situations on different holes.
On the second hole he is 120 m from the green and wants to hit the ball 90 m and let
it run onto the green. He angles the shot low to the ground at 30° to the horizontal to
let the ball roll after impact. On the fourth hole he is 90 m from the green and wants
to let the ball drop with a minimum amount of rolling after impact. Here, he angles
the shot at 70° to the horizontal to minimize rolling after impact. Both shots are hit
and impacted on a level surface.
(d) Graph the trajectories.
Questions: 4th hole
Can you calculate the maximum
heights in the two cases?
Do they agree with the graphs?
H=(v0 sin q0)2/2g
H=13 m (2nd hole) 2nd hole
H=61.7 m (4th hole)
37
0=
H=(y-y0)= (v0 sin q0)2/2g
38
