Low

Level
= Design
- Kapil Yadav

- OOPs concepts

- Design Principles

- Design Patterns
 Kapil Yadav
-

INDEX

1 .
Classes and
objects .

2- Access Modifiers in Ctt .

→
public
→
Private (friend class and
friend fume] .

→ Protected

3 . Constructor
→
•
Default
→
Parameterized
→
copy
4. static
keyword
5 .
This keyword
6 .

New keyword
7. Const
keyword
8- Final
keyword
9.
Explicit keyword

10 .
Inheritance
Inheritance
single
→

Multiple
→
Inheritance
→ Inheritance
Multilevel
→
Hierarchical Inheritance
→

Hybrid Inheritance .

11 "

Polymorphism
→
Compile Time
Polymorphism
Function
overloading
•

•
operator overloading
 Kapil Yadav

polymorphism
→ Run time
•
virtual Functions

12 .
Encapsulation

13 .
Data Abstraction

1. OOPS DESIGN PRINCIPLES

•
DRY
• KISS
• YAGNI

2. COHESION & COUPLING

3. CQS
4. SOLID

OOPS DESIGN PATTERN

Pattern :
17
Factory Method
Design
-

2. SINGLETON DESIGN PATTERN : -

Builder
3.
Design Pattern
Design Pattern
4. Observer
5 Abstract
.

Factory Design

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-

class : -

Blueprint
↓
→ state /Property /field/data member
design / type
*m⑦ behaviour / function / data function .

Humans hand

→§ }→
Ex - 2
state /properties
Leg
2

↓ 2
eyes
behaviour → walk eat
, speak , .

Architect class ,
gives Blueprint
→ is the
using
Blueprint ,
we make the house is object .

memory / space
takes class does 't
Object
→
.
,

Object is an implementation / seal

entity/
instance of class .

→ class is a
logical component .

→
Object takes
memory from heap .

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Access Modifiers in C++ : -

One of the main features of 00ps is data

Hiding .

Data
Hiding
: -
Data
hiding refers to
restricting access

to data members of a class .

This is to prevent other

functions and classes from tampering with the class

data .

→ The access modifiers of C++ allows us to determine

which class members are accessible to other classes and

functions ,
and which are not .

→ There are 3
types of access modifiers available in
C++ .

I. Public

2 .
Private
3. Protected
→
By default ,
The access modifier of the members will be Private .

1. Public :
keyword used create
The
public is to
public
-

members (data and functions] .

accessible
The
public members from part of the
•
are
any
program .

The public members be accessed from the

anywhere in
•
can
program
using
direct
memory
access
operator C.) with the
object
of that class .

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Private Access Modifier : -

The
private keyword is used to create
private members
•

(data and
functions ] .

•
The private members can
only be accessed from
within the class .

•
However , friend classes and friend functions can access

private members .

data members of class

we the
private
•
can access a

indirectly using the public member functions of the

class .

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Friend class ? -
A friend class can access private and
class it
protected members of other in which is

defined as friend .
It is sometimes used to allow
a
particular class to access
private members of
other class .

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Friend Function : -

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Protected Access Modifier : -

→ Protected Access Modifier is similar to

private access modifier ,

→ But the difference is

protected members can be access

within the class and from the desired class as well .

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CONSTRUCTOR.com/stnectoris a special method that is invoked

automatically
at the time
of object creation .

initialize data
objects
→
It is used to the members new
of .

return
Constructors don't have
type
→

any
.

Constructor have class

itself
→ the
same name as .

→
don't
If we
specify a constructor, C++
compiler generates
a default constructor for object .

→
It should be placed in public section
of
class .

→ It can be overloaded .

Constructors in C++

Default Parameterized copy

→
we can do constructor private .
But what will

happen ?

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☆

→ Do constructor returns
any
value ?
No constructor does not return value
,
any
.
 Kapil Yadav

STATIC KEYWORD : -

↳ static variables : variables in a

function ,

variables in a class

class and functions

static Members of class : -

objects
in a class .

class static member is accessed class

In
using
→
, ,

not
object .

class Human {

static ént count ;

Human C)
{ count tt ;

y
3; 11 initialize static member of class Human

int Human : : count -0

;

int main C)
E coat <<
Human : : count -
Lendl ;

ng

Q ? Can static data member

I access without
creating an

object ?
Anis .
Yes .

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Static function → can

change static Data Member .
.

Cannot static Data Member

change the value
of non -
.
 Kapil Yadav

NOTE : -
A non
-
static member function can
modify
a static data member as
long as the data member 's

visibility allows it .

keyword method
→
we cannot use this in static .

Q? why main function in Java is static ?

And

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THIS
keyword :
-

→
Object Pointer A pointer contains address
of
-

called Pointer
an
object is
object .

local
this
object pointer in every
→ is a

instance member
function containing address
of the caller
object .

→ this
pointer cannot be
modify .

caller
→ 9T is used to refer object in member

function .

Friend functions do not have this pointer

→
,

because
friends are not members of a class .

Only member
functions have a this
pointer .

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NEW KEYWORD : -

→ The new is a
memory
allocation operator ,

which is used to allocate at the

memory
runtime .

→ The
memory initialized by
the new operator is

allocated in a
heap .

returns
It the
starting address of the
→
memory,
variable
which
get assigned to the .

Syntax type variable new

type (parameter list) ;
-
=
-

variable
Type datatype of
• -

a .

•
variable -
name of the variable .

parameter - list -

is the list of values that are

initialized to a variable .

int *
pts =
new int ;

WHAT IS MALLOC ?
→ Malbec ) is function that allocates at
a
memory
the runtime .

→
Syntax
-

type variable name -

-

Ctypetamalloclsizeofctype));
variable
type it és the
datatype of
•
: the .

•
variable -
name : it defines the name of the variable

that points to the

memory .

(type *) for that

typecasting
• : It is used so we can

get the
pointer of specified type
a that

to the
points memory
.

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NOTE :
-
The mallocc ) function returns the void pointer ,

$0
typecasting is
required to
assign a different
type to the
pointer The sizeof
.
operator is

required in the mallee function as the Malbec)

function returns the raw

memory ,
so the
sizeofc)
operator will tell the Malloch) function ,
how

much
memory
is
required for the allocation .

Allocation New
→ Memory using

delete p ;

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Allocation mallee
Memory using
: -

→
If the sufficient memory is not available ,
mallee function returns the NULL
pointer .

→
de allocate
using free
Allocated can be
memory
function .

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Difference between New and Maller

EW MALLOC

1. New
operator construct 1 . Mallee is a
function ,
it does

(it calls the constructor

an
object not call the .

constructor to
initialize
an
object .

2. delete operator to
destroy
2.
free function to deallocate
the
the
object .

memory .

3. new is an
operator 3 . It is predefined function
a

in stdlib.tn header file .

4. new can be overloaded . 4 . Mallock ) cannot be overloaded .

5-
If sufficient memory is not 5 . Malloch ) will seteem a NULL

available , new will throw pointers .

an
exception

6. we need to
specify 6
. We need to
specify number
allocated
number of objects .

of bytes
to be .

7. allocated be reallocated
memory by new 7 . It can
using
cannot be resized .
ocallocc)
function .

8. Execution time of new is 8 . E T

-
is more than new .

less than mallee

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FINAL
keyword : _

→ a-+11 allows built-in

facility to
prevent
overriding of virtual function using final specifier .

overriding final
'
error -

functions
'

'

derive
error : -
cannot
from
'
final
' '
base '
Base in
' '
derived Derived
type

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CONST KEYWORD ! -

→ Const
keywords used to define the constant
value that cannot
change during program
execution .

Use of const
keyword with different parameters : -

•
Use const variable

const with
Use
pointers
•

Use const with variables

pointer
•

•
Use const with function arguments
•
Use const with class member functions

class data members

•
Use const with .

Use class
objects
•
const with .

1. Consent variable
const int a- 20 ;

a -_ at 105
OUTPUT : -
error .

2. Const pointer
cannot address of const
we
change the the
→

pointer after its

initialization ,
which means the

pointer will
alwaysis point to the same address

once the pointer initialized as the const

pointer .

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3. Pointer to constant variable

→ It means pointer points to the value of

a const variable that cannot
change .

Const into a;
]→ both pointer
are
to

char constant variable

constancy ;
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4. Constant function Arguments

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5. Const
pointer pointing to a const variable : _

const
Syntax const datatypes varname ;
-
 Kapil Yadav

6. Pass const
argument value to a non const
parameter of
- -

a function cause error : -

'
→ •
into ?
from
'
error : -
invalid conversion const intro to

For return Tetum

7. const
type : the
type of
-

the function is const and so it returns a

const value to
integer us .

→ There will be no issue whether

we
pass const or non
-

const
variable to the
function because
the value will be oeteerned

by the
function will be

constant
automatically .

As the
the
argument of
function is non
-
const .

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8. For return
const
type and const
parameter : -

→ Here ,
both const and non -
const values can be

passed as the const

parameter to the
function ,

but not allowed to

we are then
change the
value
of
a
passed variable because the
parameter
is const .

Otherwise
,
we will face the error .

"

y is a const war its value can't be

changed .

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Inheritance ? -

In C++, there are 5

types of Inheritance .

1.
Single
2. Multilevel
3. Hierarchical
4.
Multiple 3- Not in Java
5-
Hybrid
17 Base class
Single : -
→

↓
☒ → derived class

output : 35 60

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2) Multilevel 1-

Car

t
Toyota

↓
Innova

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37 Hierarchical ?

Employee

< ]

Intern FTE

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Multiples speaks speaks .

MOM DAD

cH%D
classes
There Be
ambiguity the Base
→
can ,
when

functions have same name to soothe this : -

use
scope resolution operator .

scope
g→ oesolution
operator
 Kapil Yadav

Hybrid ?
-

Vehicle

car derived from Vehicle

Car
Racing
Ferrari derived from Cart
*
Racing
Ferrari

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ADVANTAGES : -

Reusability
→
code .

→ don't
Improves code
readability as we need to

rewrite the code code 100k$ Cleaner and

same
again ,
Treatable .

Inheritance classes
supports extensibility
→ as new can

classes
be
easily added to
existing
.

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POLYMORPHISM : _

POLY MORPH
↓ ↓

Forms
Many .

→ In Ctt
, polymorphism is
mainly divided into two
types : -

→
Compile-time polymorphism .

→
Runtime Polymorphism .

Polymorphism

N
L

Compile Time Run Time

✓ ☒ ✓
Virtual
Function Operator
Functions
Overloading Overloading
1. Compile-time polymorphism : -
This
type of polymorphism
is achieved
by function overloading or
operator
overloading .

Function
Overloading
• : -

→ when there are

multiple functions with the same name

but different parameters ,

then the functions are said to be

overloaded .

Functions be overloaded
by
→ •
can .

changing the number of arguments

•

OR / AND
 Kapil Yadav

changing the
type of arguments
•
.

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Q) Can we overload main method ?

To overload main() function in C++, it is necessary to use class and declare the
main as member function. Note that main is not reserved word in programming
languages like C, C++, Java and C#. For example, we can declare a variable
whose name is main, try below example:

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Operator Overloading : -

with
C++ has
ability
the to
provide the operators a

special meaning for a data

type, this
ability is known

as operator overloading
.

How to overload theoperator :-

→
To overload an
operator a operator function
,
is defined
inside a class .

class class

{
-
name

% "ᵗ" Pⁿʰ " "

return
type operator Cargs)

:
3;

Kapil Yadav
 Kapil Yadav

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R-ntmeymrp.cm?-
→
It is achieved
by function overriding .

Function
Overriding :
•
-

derived class
Function
overriding has
→
occurs when a a

definition for one

of the member functions of the base

class . That base function is said to te overrides .

Rules →
Must do inheritance .

→ same
function name / same
parameter .

⑦7 can we override static method ?

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Function ?
Virtual A virtual function is member
-

function ,
which is declare within a base class and

is overridden derived class

by a .

→ when refer to a derived class object using a

we

reference to the base class can call

pointer a or
, we

a virtual function for that object and execute

the desired class 's version of the function .

Run-time
They mainly use to achieve
→ are

polymorphism The resolving

. of function call is done at
runtime .

Functions declared virtual

with
keyword
→ are a

in the base class .

Points to remember ? -

1. virtual functions cannot be static .

2. Virtual function can be a friend function of

another class .

3 .

They are
always defined in the base class and

class (
may / maynot
overridden in a derived . we

override in the derived class , optional ) .

4. A class have virtual destructor, but it

may
cannot have a virtual constructor .

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OUTPUT -
This is call to
parent class area

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OUTPUT : 25
Square area :
-
.

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Use of Virtual Function ?
→
It allows us to create a list
of base class pointers
and call methods derived class without
of any
even

knowing the kind of derived class

object .

→
working of virtual functions (concepts of VTABZE and

VPTR) .

If a class contains a virtual function then the

compiler itself does two

things .

If the class is created then

1 .

object of a

virtual pointer CVPTR) is inserted as a data

member of the class to point to VTABLE of
that class .

For each new

object created , a new virtual

pointer is inserted as a data member of that

virtual
class .

pointer is inherited
by derived
classes . .

Irrespective of not ,
2 .

object is created or

class contains as member static

array
a a

of function pointers called VTABLE .

Virtual Table -
A table created at compile time for
derived
every single class
containing the most versions

of virtual function only .

A virtual table contains

entry for
→
one

each virtual
function that can be
 class
called
by objects of the .

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Virtual Destructor :-

Deleting a derived class

object using a
pointer of base class
type
that
has a non -
virtual destructor oesults in undefined
behaviour .

OUTPUT
constructing
: -
base

constructing derived

Destructing base

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class used make

NOTE :
-
The base
pointer was to
class
the derived
object .

Destructor has to be made virtual otherwise

,

Derive Destructor will not call .

OUTPUT ? -

constructing base

derived
constructing
derived
Destructing
Destructing base
 Kapil Yadav

⑦7 what about virtual constructor ?

Because when constructor of
It is not possible .
a

a class is executed there is no virtual table

in the
memory , means no virtual pointer defined
yet .

,
so constructor should
always be non -
virtual .

Because not
the
object created virtual
→
is
,

construction is impossible .

→
The compiler must know the type of object
before creating it .

Constructors
'
Error -

cannot be declared virtual ?

 Kapil Yadav

Encapsulation : -

Encapsulation is defined as
wrapping up
of data and information under single
a unit .

Role of access
specifiers in encapsulation : -

The
process of implementing encapsulation can be scut divided
-

into two
steps : -

1. The data members should be labeled the

as
private using
private access specifiers .
 Kapil Yadav

2. The member function which manipulates the data members

should be labeled as
public using the public access specifier .

→ Data encapsulation led to the important OOP

concept of
data
hiding .

tread " " "

→ we can write
only or write
only methods
data
to
implement hiding .

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Abstraction ? Date abstraction is

process of providing
-
a

only the essential details to the outside world

details
and
hiding the internal

C++
provides great level of abstraction for
•
a . ex -

pow function is used to calculate the power of

a number without
knowing the
algorithm the function
follows .

Data Abstraction be achieved in two :

can
ways
-

••
Abstraction classes
using .

•
Abstraction in header files .

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not allowed
directly
→ to
we are access
my,z
however them member
function
using
, we can access

of the class .

Advantages of Data Abstraction 2-

→ A does not need to write the low level

programmer
code .

→ Data abstraction avoids code duplication .

→ Increases Zeus
ability .

→
Implementation details class
of the are
protected from
the inadvertent user level errors .

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OOPS DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Clean code ? →
easily readable
by other
developers .

Why ?
How ?
→
meaningful variable name
, function ,
class etc .

→ comments .

→ Modular
→
functions
→
short,

→ structured , readable , simple .

DESIGN PRINCIPLES : _

DRY Don't
repeat yourself
→ :
.

→ Kiss
keep it simple stupid
:
.

→
Abstraction :

Curly 's law

→ :

Boy Scout law ÷

→
Do better code
quality than what it was
-
.

Features of ?
Good
Design
-

l . Code Reuse : -

'

is
2.
Extensibility
:
change the
only constant
thing
_

in
programmer
's life ?

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Naming Intension
revealing
→ -
names .

→
descriptive names .

-
int ✗
int getsumc ) ; a

~ ✗
b
int
getanswe.ro ; int

② lines]
Verb
Function Name dedicate
single
→ -
short to task
, ,
.

•
should have fewer arg cements ( Use Helper function ) .

• sort , several
, swap, pow .

→
Ward 's principle
-

Class Name
-

Noun
→
descriptive
meaningful
→

→
intent
revealing
-

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DRY PRINCIPLE ( Don't repeat Yourself)

law variable should

Curly 's → A mean one
thing ,
and

one
thing only .

② KISS ( Keep it
simple stupid)

if (a)
{ if (b)
{ ifcc)
{ if (d)
{ 3
else {3
3
}
3

→
if (a && 6 && c && d) is
simple .

Benefits ? -

easy
to read
/ understand .

•
less time to code .

Bugs chances less

•

are .

debug / modify / update

•

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③ YAGNI : -
You ain't
gonna
need it .

"

Always implement things which are

actually
needed
just foresee
"
not the ones
, you .

→
Don't
engineering
Do over .

Benefits : -

•
Slave time .

•
concise code .

the root of all Evils

→
Preoptimisalin is .

Boy -
Scout Law ? -
The code
quality tends to
degrade
with each
change .
-

(tech debt .

'
→
leave behind better state
Always the code in a

found
"
than it
you .

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COHESION & COUPLING : _

Cohesion related &

: -
It is the
degree of how
strongly
focused are the various responsibilities of a module .

→ Maximum cohesion .

Coupling
: -
It is the degree to which each module depend
on other modules .

HUMAN → CAR

→
Required low
coupling .

Command -

Query separation :(CQS)

Command the state but doesn't return

→
changes any
value .

Query return the stale without

changing the state
→ .

CQS → It states that method should be

every
a

command that performs an action, or a

query
that returns data to the caller, but not both .

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Is there
exception of CQS ?
any

SOLID -
a set of principles .

S
single responsibility principle
-
.

0
Open closed
principle
-
-
.

L -
Liskov Substitution Principle
I Interface Segregation Principle
-

D-
Dependency Inversion Principle .

Single Responsibility principle :

-

class should have

A
just one reason to
change .

→ module ( module set functions class

Any of
means a
, ,

code ) should
package ,
source have a reason to
change by
only one actor .

have class have

Let's
say
we a
Employee ,
some

function calculate
salary ,
calculate hours , savec-mpdate.CI .

Calculates
alary C) CFO
-

calculatehours C) -

Technical
savec-mpdato.CI HR
-

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used and it
If calculates
alanya by
→ is CFO
acquired
a method
getRegularHours O and make a
change in

will also calculate

getregulartloursc] ,
it
change in

Hours C) ,
which is
managed by someone else .

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 Kapil Yadav

here class
→ what
happened was ,
one
exposed two or three

different methods ,
which were
corresponding to different
stakeholders of the software .

One Actor doesn't have to know about the other

actor, but still

change in the one them is
ofthe
reflected the other .

It is
voélating Single
Responsibility Principle .

Single Responsibility that

'

principle the code

→
means
, you
writing
code
are
, if that
requested change in one

stakeholder ,
which
fulfill one business
Requirement ,

till then it is
fine .

class have
That means ou r can more than one
public
method as
long as the
change in those
public method
is
requested by one stakeholder / group of stakeholders .

→ Create 3
different class ,
the calculation
of salary
doesn't
depend
need to know about / doesn't need on method
,
any
which is used in calculate hours .
→
By decomposing one class into multiple classes, we

can
actually adhere
single
sits in
oesponsiblity ,
where
the business
requirement one
particular
class , and request to
change those
logics comes from
one actor
only .

OPEN -
CLOSED PRINCIPLE
"
→
software entities such as classes, modules , functions etc ,
.

should be
open for extension
,
but closed for modification .

functionality should be
by
→

Any new implemented

classes, of
adding new attributes and methods, instead

changing the current ones or

existing ones .

Meyer originated
→
Bertrand the term OCP .

→ Robert c. Martin considered this as most important

principle .

Implementation Guidelines : -

→ The
simplest way to apply OCP is to
implement the

new
functionality on new derived classes .

→ Allow clients to class

access the
original with

abstract interface .

WHY OCP ?

Not
If followed
→

End
testing the entire
functionality
→
up
QA need test flow
→
Team to the entire .

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 →
Costly Process for the
Organization
Breaks well
single roesponsibility
→
the as .

→ Maintenance overheads increase the classes

on .

1-

doesn't
It 's
design allow behaviour
→
to extend the unless

we
change the code .
for ex -

if we want to add new

sensormodel , we have to
change distance sensor class to

accommodate the new

functionality ,

by defining
→
we start what we want a distancesensor to

do below
in
general .
In code ,
Distance sensor is
generic, it

doesn't have a model

, therefore it doesn't make
any
sense

to concrete instance it
of
a .

Therefore we defined , Distance sensor as a

pure
abstract

class or in
javea we can
say interface .
→ when we create
specializations of
the interface for
,
each

Distance sensor model that need,

the
everytime
we
of
we want to add new sensor
,
we can create a new

child class ,
that implements the distance sensors interface
without
changing any existing code .

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 LISKOV SUBSTITUTION PRINCIPLE ( LSP)
for
"
must substitutable their base
subtypes be
→

types ?
"

subtype of T objects of typet

→ s is then
a ,

"

may
be
replaced with objects of type
S

Derived substitutable
types be
completely
→
must

for their base

types .

→ LSP is a
particular definition of a
subtyping
relation , called C. ) behavioral
strong subtyping .

Introduced
by Barbara Leskov
→
.

→ Extension
of the
Open close principle .

Implementation Guidelines

No
exceptions be
by the
subtype
→ new can thrown .

→ clients should not know which specific subtype

they are
calling .

derived
New classes
just extend without
replacing
→

the
functionality of old classes .

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Kapil Yadav
 Kapil Yadav

ISP Interface Segregation Principle

-

"

Dependency of one class to another should be on

smallest possible interface ?

→
clients should not be
forced to
implement interface
don't
they use .

fat interface
→
one need to be
split to
many
smaller and relevant interfaces so that clients can

know about the interfaces that are relevant

to them .

→
The ISP was first used and
formulated by
Robert for
c. Martin while
consulting Xerox

Case
Study
Problem ? -

had created
printer system that
→ Xerox a new

could perform a
variety of tasks such as

stapling and
faxing along with the
regular
printing task .

→ The
software for this
system was created

from the ground up .

→
Modifications and
Deployment to the
system
became more
complex .
 SOLUTION
→ One
large Job class is
segregated to multiple
interfaces depending on the
requirement .

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 public Animal
Dog
:

Animal
{ feed C);
{ feed :

Pete] ;
pet ; 3
3;

Lion :
public Animal

{ feed C) ;
pete
;✗
3

→ Pet cannot be used for Lion

,
so don't add pet function
in base class .

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D-
Dependency inversion Principle .

"
(Interfaces)
"

Depend on Abstraction not on concrete classes .

→ level modules should not

depend low-level
High on
-

modules . Both should

depend on abstractions .

→
Abstractions should not depend on details . Details

should depend on
abstracl.im#- interfaces

interaction level low level

between
high and
NOTE : -
The

should be abstract
modules
thought of as an

interaction between them .

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OOPS DESIGN PATTERN

→
formalised Best practices to write clean code .

Creation Factory Abstract Factory Singleton

-

, ,

structural
Bridge Adaptive, Composite
-

,
> Behavioural
Interpreter
_

, strategy ,
observer .

7)
Factory Method
Design Pattern : -

Factory Method design pattern

that define interface abstract class
stays just an or

for let subclass

creating an
object but the decide

which class to instantiate .

→ ( subclasses are
responsible to create the instances
of
the class ?
→ This pattern is also known as Virtual constructor .
 Kapil Yadav

→ In above code, if user wants to add Tempo bus Metoo

, ,

info , he/she needs to add it in multiple if else ,

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our user doesn't want to do it .

→ Now ,
we are
going to create a
factory it will
,

creation
take care
of
entire
logic without
,

it to client/ user, client will not

exposing so

bother .
 Kapil Yadav

→ we created the function as static , so that we can

access the function without the

object of class .

will
logic factory if
→ Now , write and
we our in ,

client
any change required ,
will not bothered , we

only need to do
change in
factory .

Library to decide
→ be
should which
responsible obj type
create based
to on
input .

→ client should
just call
library's factory and
pass type
without
worrying
about actual
implementation of creation

of object .

Pattern :
Advantages of Factory Design -

Factory Design Pattern allows the sub-class to choose

the
type of objects to create .

loose
promotes the
couplingclasses
by eliminating the
•
It -

need to bind
application specific
-
into code the .

Usage of Factory Design Pattern : _

•
when a class doesn't know what sub-classes will
be required to create .

classes
when class wants that its sub
specify
•
a -

created
the
objects to be .
 Kapil Yadav

Ex-2_: -

Plan
Generate bill
rate
getRate()
calculateBill()

mainC)

extends extends extends asks

Domestic Commercial Institutional GetPlanFactory

Plan Plan Plan
creates

getRate() getRate() getRate()

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2. SINGLETON DESIGN PATTERN : -

→ New Instance Created . No .

of instances are 1

this
message
is
from user 1 .

→
New csnstance created .
No .

of instances are 2

this
message is from user 2 .

→ I don't want users to be able to create

my
logger object .

→
I want to restrict them to able to access

logger constructor .

class
1. Restrict users
from creating object of .

→
By making the constructor private , we are

oestoicting users
from creating object or

calling the constructor itself .

 Kapil Yadav

Kapil Yadav

→ code fails In
Multithreading Case .

Suppose there are two threads

working paralleling
and
they try to create a
logger Instance ,

the first will create a

logger instance because it

is well , same second thread will also do the

same
,
so total 2 instances will be created .

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Use -
Mute , Kapil Yadav
 Kapil Yadav

Our code is now safe on

multithreading but,

we don't need mutex all the time because

,

first time ,
when
logger instance = NOLL
,
and multiple
lock
threads

trying to access
loggesinstanee , we need ,
but

don't lock,
once
loggerinstance is created, we need
double
so
put check
ifcloggerinstance __=nullptD
then lock,
only
•

use
Kapil Yadav

Double checked
locking
-
: -

check for loggersrstance nullptr

= -

, if we
only
lock null,
need when
loggesirstance check
-_ =
a ,
so

this condition ,
because locks are
expensive .

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[ ]

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POINTS TO KEEP IN MIND : -

→ We want to astrict users to access the constructor

but there multiple
are
ways to access the
private
constructor

17 constructor
Make
copy as
private .

27 operator private
Make
equal to ,
overloading as .

From 01-1-11 we also need to use =delel= to

,

astrict to operations
uses
copy .

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[ T-sxstn.cl
users

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3 BUILDER DESIGN PATTERN : -

structure
→ whenever we are
building very complex
which has a lot
of configurations in it .

Builder Pattern that

"
construct
complex
says a

object from simple objects using step-by-step approach?

 Kapil Yadav

Advantages of Builder
Design Pattern : _

clear
It provides separation between the construction
•

and
srepzesentation of an
object
.

better control construction

It
provides
•
over

process .

supports to
change the internal representation of
•
It

objects .

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4. OBSERVER DESIGN PATTERN : _

"
Pattern
just define
→ observer
An that one-to-one
says
states , all its
dependency so that when one
object changes
dependents are notified and updated automatically .

Ex -

group notifications .

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 Kapil Yadav

5. Abstract
Factory Design :

→
Factory design pattern was
creating concrete classes
or
object .

create
→ Abstract
factory design pattern is
going to

factories that is
going
to coeale
object .

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