ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause describes a noun. Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the
noun that it describes.
 Function: To modify Noun
 Who -> Subject of Person
Pattern : (Person) +Who + V
 (Thing) + Which/That + (S) + V
 (Person) + Whom/Whose + S + V
 (Time) + When + S + V
 (Place) + Where S+ V
Example:
1. The people have a higher risk of diabetes
The people who consume too much sugar have a higher risk of diabetes

2. The government bans the publication of novels.

The government bans the publication of novels that are written by Prof Smith.

3. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.

Jakarta where the National Monument is located is the capital city of Indonesia.
Samples from TOEFL:

1. Alexander Fleming, ______________ , received the Nobel Prize in 1945.

(A) who discovered penicillin (C) he discovered penicillin.

(B) which discovered penicillin (D) that discovered penicillin

2. John James Audubon, who was a naturalist and an artist, wrote great work
__________ called “Birds of America”.

(A) which it is (B) which is (C) whom is (D) is

3. Immigrants _________ after 1880 settled mainly in large cities.

(A) which came to America (C) came to America

(B) they came to America (D) who came to America
4. Hawaii, which is a part of a group of islands, _______ active volcanoes.

(A) that has (B) which has (C)has (D) who has

5. In the ear, just above the cochlea, there are three small semicircular canals ________
as an organ of balance.

(A) that function together (C) are functioning together

(B) function together (D) they function together

6. Amsterdam, Holland, which is sometimes called Venice of Northern Europe

__________.
(A) which has many canals (C) with many canals
(B) it has many canals (D) has many canals

7. The Egyptians constructed walls and embankments __ marvels even today.

(A) they are considered (C) are considered
(B) which are considered (D) who are considered

8. Ernest Hemingway, a novelist and short-story writer, developed a prose style

________.
(A) who influenced an entire generation of authors
(B) influenced an entire generation of authors
(C) that influenced an entire generation of authors
(D) has influenced an entire generation of authors

1. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who _____ far-sighted.
a. had become b. they had become c. becoming d. it became

2. Marsupials, mammals ____ their young in a pouch, include opossums, koalas, and kangaroos.
a. that carry b. as carry c. that carrying d. carry

3. A gene is a biological unit who directs the activity of a cell or organism during its lifetime.
A B C D

4. Twenty thousand years ago, a sheet of ice a thousand meters thick covered the coastal region
A B
which the cities of Vancouver and Juneau now are located.
C D

5. A basic premise of humanism is that people are rational beings who possesses the capacity
A B
for truth and goodness.
C D
 How to Reduce an Adjective Clause
If you want to reduce an adjective clause, make sure that the same subject is present in both clauses, and
then follow these steps:

1. Eliminate the relative pronoun (who, that, which) of the adjective clause

2. Eliminate the Tobe if there is one.

3. Change the verb to its present participle form (–ing) for the active voice, or
leave it as the past participle (V3) for the passive voice.

More examples of reducing Adjective Clause into Adjective Phrase

Ex: 1. The people [who consume too much sugar] have a greater risk of diabetes.
S Adj. Clause V
The people consuming too much sugar have a greater risk of diabetes.
S Adj. Phrase V

2. The government released a new policy [that regulated the number of political parties.]
S V Adj. Clause
The government released a new policy regulating the number of political parties.
S V Adj. Phrase
3. The books [which are written by Gus Dur] create a lot of controversies.
S Adj. Clause V
The books written by Gus Dur create a lot of controversies.
S Adj. Phrase V

4. Louis Pasteur [who is a French Chemist and Biologist] invented the Pasteurization.
S Adj. Clause V
Louis Pasteur, a French Chemist and Biologist, invented the Pasteurization.
S Adj. Phrase V
Directions: Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.
1. Dr. Stanton, who is the president of the university, will give a speech at the commencement
ceremonies.

2. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

3. The rules that allow public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered.

4. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary.

5. There is almost no end to the problems that face a head of state.

6. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.

7. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.

8. Kuala Lumpur, which is the capital of the city of Malaysia, is a major trade center in Southeast Asia.

9. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap that contains 70 percent of the earth's fresh water.

10. When I went to Alex's house to drop off some paperwork, I met Jerry, who is his longtime partner.

11. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.
12. Two out of three people who are struck by lightning survive.

13. Simon Bolivar, who was a great South American general, led the fight for independence early in the
19th century.

14. Many of the students who hope to enter the university will be disappointed because only one-tenth of
those who apply for admission will be accepted.

15. There must exist in a modern community a sufficient number of persons who possess the technical
skill that is required to maintain the numerous devices upon which our physical comforts depend.

16. Many famous people did not enjoy immediate success in their early lives. Abraham Lincoln, who was
one of the truly great presidents of the United States, ran for public office 26 times and lost 23 of the
elections. Walt Disney, who was the creator of Mickey Mouse and the founder of his own movie
production company, once was fired by a newspaper editor because he had no good ideas. Thomas
Edison, who was the inventor of the light bulb and the phonograph, was believed by his teachers to be
too stupid to learn. Albert Einstein, who was one of the greatest scientists of all time, performed badly
in almost all of his high school courses and failed his first college entrance exam.
Samples from TOEFL:
1. Scientists are now only beginning to understand the factors …….. Cigarette addiction.
a. Cause
b. Causing
c. They cause
d. Causes
2. John Singleton Copley, ……… in Boston in 1793, built his reputation in colonial America as a
portraitist.
a. Born on
b. Was born
c. Born
d. Who born
3. Most of the mirrors _______ for scientific and technical purposes are now made by a method of
vacuum evaporation.
a. Used
b. Use
c. That use
d. Using
4. To accommodate the many immigrants ______ in the nineteenth century, St. John’s Cathedral
contained seven separate chapels.
a. into New York City came c. coming into New York City
b. they will come into New York d. were coming into New York City

5. Fireworks, combustible or explosive preparations using for entertainment, were probably first
A B C
devised in ancient china.
D

6. An entire salt-marsh complex of creeks, marshes, river mouths, and barrier

A
islands can be seen as a single community linking by the tides.
B C D