Volcanism

and
Igneous Rocks
Magnun │ Mohammad
 Volcanism
and
Igneous Rocks
Magnun │ Mohammad
Introduction
Volcanism

- Any of various processes and phenomena

associated with the surficial discharge of
molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot
water and steam.
- Is the eruption of molten rock (magma) onto
the surface of a planet. A volcano is the
vent through which magma and gases are
discharged.
Igneous rock

- Igneous rocks form from cooling and

crystallization of molten rock—magma.
- Igneous rocks form the framework for the
earth’s crust.
Melting and Formation of Magma

Magma - extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid

rock located under Earth's surface.

Magma consists of three parts:

- The liquid part called the melt.

- The solid part of minerals that have already
crystallized.
- The gaseous component called volatiles.

Lava - molten rock emerging as a liquid onto

earth’s surface.
Melting and Formation of Magma

Composition of Magma

Processes of Magma Formation

 Decompression melting (Pressure

lowering)
 Flux melting (Volatile addition)
 Heat-induced melting (Increasing
temperature)
Melting and Formation of Magma
Decompression Melting

- Occurs in divergent boundaries.

- This process occurs where hot, solid mantle
rock ascends in zone of convective upwelling.
By decreasing the pressure, magma is
generated.
Melting and Formation of Magma

Flux Melting

- Occurs in convergent boundaries.

- Addition of volatile, such as water, causes for
the rocks of the subducting plate to melt in
lower temperatures. This creates magma in
places where it originally maintained a solid
structure.
Melting and Formation of Magma

Heat-induced Melting

- Occurs at mantle plumes or hotspots.

- Heat-induced melting, transforming solid
mantle into liquid magma by simply applying
heat, is the least common process for
generating magma.
- Rising magma carries mantle heat. This raises
the temperature of the exposed surrounding
crustal rocks which causes for them to
melt.
Formation of Igneous Rocks

Igneous rock

- Derived from the Latin word “ignis” meaning

fire.

- Igneous rocks form from the cooling of

magma – molten materials in the earth’s crust.

- The rocks may be made up entirely of one

mineral or various minerals, and their sizes are
determined by the cooling process. Rapid
cooling results in smaller crystals while slow
cooling results in large crystals.

- There are two types of igneous rocks:

intrusive igneous rocks and extrusive igneous
rocks.
Formation of Igneous Rocks

Comparison of Intrusive and Extrusive

Igneous Rocks
Magma cools within Lava cools on Earth’s
Location
Earth surface

Terminology Intrusive/ plutonic Extrusive/ volcanic

Slow: surrounding rocks Rapid: heat is

Cooling rate insulate the magma exchanged with the
chamber. atmosphere.

Phaneritic (coarse-
Aphanitic (fine-
grained): individual
grained): crystals are
Texture crystals are large
too small to see
enough to see without
without magnification.
magnification.

Pumice, basalt, or
Examples Gabbro and granite
obsidian
Classfying Igneous Rocks

There are various criteria that could be used to

classify igneous rocks. Among them are:

1. Minerals Present in the Rock (the mode). The

minerals present in a rock and their relative
proportions in the rock depend largely on the
chemical composition of the magma.

2. Texture of the Rock. Rock texture depends to

a large extent on cooling history of the magma.

3. Color. Color of a rock depends on the minerals

present and on their grain size.

4. Chemical Composition. Chemical composition

of igneous rocks is the most distinguishing
feature.
Volcanic Landforms: Intrusive
Igneous
Magma is stored below the surface in reservoirs
called magma chambers. It creates and follows
paths called conduits to the surface. This network
is often referred to as the volcano's plumbing
system.

When magma cools and solidifies in these spaces,

Intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks are formed
deep beneath the Earth’s surface. Intrusive
features like laccoliths, sills, and dikes are formed.
Volcanic Landforms: Intrusive
Igneous

Batholiths - are Plutons that have been exposed

on the surface through uplift and erosion.

Idaho Batholith, Idaho, USA

Volcanic Landforms: Intrusive
Igneous

Laccoliths - are bodies of igneous rocks which

have forced itself by the intrusion, in molten
conditions between strata of sedimentary rock in
such a way as to have raised the overlying strata
in a dome shape arc above it.

Laccolith in Montana, USA

Volcanic Landforms: Intrusive
Igneous

Sills and Dikes are tabular bodies of magma that

intrude into a fracture. Sills follow bedding planes,
whereas dikes cross-cut beds.

A magmatic dike cross-cutting

horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, in
Makhtesh Ramon, Israel
Volcanic Landforms: Intrusive
Igneous

Mid-Carboniferous dolerite sill cutting

Lower Carboniferous shales and
sandstones, Horton Bluff, Minas Basin
South Shore, Nova Scotia
Volcanic Landforms: Intrusive
Igneous

Monadnocks, also called Inselbergs, are

isolated rock hills standing in a level plain.
These are often the result of softer
sedimentary rocks eroding around a hard
intrusive igneous body.

Devil’s Tower, Wyoming, USA

Volcanic Landforms: Extrusive
Igneous

Extrusive igneous landforms are the result of

magma coming from deep within the earth to the
surface, where it cools as lava. This can happen
explosively or slowly, depending on the chemical
composition of the lava and whether there is an
easy path for it to take to the surface.

Volcanic processes create many features such as:

craters, calderas, diatremes and maars, lava flows,
lava tubes, furmaroles, and geysers.
Nature of Volcanoes

Volcanoes are built by the accumulation of their

own eruptive products – lava, bombs (crusted
over ash flows, and tephra (airborne ash and
dust). A volcano is most commonly a conical hill or
mountain built around a vent that connects with
reservoirs of molten rock below the surface of the
Earth.
Types of Volcanoes

Shield volcanoes- Volcanoes ranging in size from

small to truly massive, created by steady, non-
violent outpouring of lava. Mauna Loa and Mauna
Kea in Hawaii are shield volcanoes rising nearly 9
km (5.6 mi) from the seafloor.

Mauna Kea, Hawaii

Types of Volcanoes

Stratovolcanoes - Also known as composite

volcanoes, stratovolcanoes erupt both as flows
and violently. Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier
are stratovolcanoes.

Mt. St. Helens, Skamania

County, Washington in the
Pacific Northwest region of the
United States
Types of Volcanoes

Cinder cones - Short, steep volcanoes associated

with limited eruptive events. Sunset Crater
Volcano and Capulin Volcano are cinder cones.

Paricutin, Mexico
Types of Volcanoes

Lava Domes - Lava domes form where

thick (viscous) magma erupts to the
surface forming a steep dome-shaped
landform. Lava domes can form within a
crater of large composite volcano.

Sollipulli Lava Dome, Chile

Types of Volcanoes

Maar-Diatreme Volcanoes - are formed by the

explosive result of subsurface magma coming into
contact with shallow ground water. The maar is
the crater landform produced by explosive
eruption(s) and the diatreme is the below surface
rock filled volcanic pipe or conduit.
How Volcanic Eruptions Happen?

Driven by buoyancy and gas pressure,

the molten rock, which is lighter than
the surrounding solid rock, forces its
way upward and may ultimately break
though zones of weaknesses in Earth’s
crust. If so, an eruption begins, and
the molten rock may pour from the
vent as nonexplosive lava flows, or it
may shoot violently into the air as
dense clouds of lava fragments.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Hydrothermal eruption

An eruption driven by the heat in a

hydrothermal systems. Hydrothermal
eruptions pulverise surrounding rocks and
can produce ash, but do not include magma.
These are typically very small eruptions.

Phreatic eruption

An eruption driven by the heat from magma

interacting with water. The water can be
from groundwater, hydrothermal systems,
surface runoff, a lake or the sea. Phreatic
eruptions pulverise surrounding rocks and
can produce ash, but do not include new
magma.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Phreatomagmatic eruption

An eruption resulting from the interaction of

new magma or lava with water and can be
very explosive. The water can be from
groundwater, hydrothermal systems, surface
runoff, a lake or the sea.

Strombolian and Hawaiian eruptions

These are the least violent types of

explosive eruptions. Hawaiian eruptions
have fire fountains and lava flows, whereas
Strombolian eruptions have explosions
causing a shower of lava fragments.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Vulcanian eruptions

Vulcanian eruptions are small to moderate

explosive eruptions, lasting seconds to
minutes. Ash columns can be up to 20 km in
height, and lava blocks and bombs may be
ejected from the vent.

Subplinian and Plinian eruptions

Eruptions with a high rate of magma

discharge, sustained for minutes to hours.
They form a tall, convective eruption column
of a mixture of gas and rock particles, and
can cause wide dispersion of ash.
Subplinian eruption columns are up to 20
km high, and are relatively unsteady,
whereas Plinian eruptions have 20 to 35 km
tall columns which may collapse to form
pyroclastic density currents (PDC’s). Very
rare Ultraplinian eruptions are even larger
and have a higher magma discharge rate
than Plinian eruptions.
Where does igneous activity occur?

 Intense igneous activity happens along

divergent and some convergent plate
boundaries.

 There are some sites of igneous activity

away from plate boundaries. These
places are called hot spots. Here, hot
mantle material rises and melts the base
of the plates, or as mantle material rises
its pressure drops, causing it to melt.
Hawaii and Yellowstone are both hot
spots.
Hazards of Volcanoes

Volcanoes produce a variety of hazards,

depending on the chemical composition and gas
content of the lava (as well as on other factors):

• Lava (molten rock) can erupt as fire fountains

or lava flows (when it is runny) or as steep-
sided domes (when it is viscous). Lava may
destroy buildings and infrastructure, but it
moves relatively slowly so is rarely a direct
threat to people.

• Pyroclastic flows are hot avalanches of rock,

ash, and gas that travel down volcano slopes
at high speeds. They may be very dangerous
close to a volcano.

• Phreatic explosions are explosions caused by

the interaction of water with hot rock or
magma (lava).
Hazards of Volcanoes

• Lahars are hot or cold mixtures of water and

volcanic debris that form when volcanic
materials interact with water, ice, snow, or
loose wet sediments.

• Jökulhlaups are large abrupt floods of water

from glacial lakes or from beneath glaciers.
They may be triggered when a volcano erupts
under a glacier.

• Landslides and other collapses of large parts

of a volcano may occur with or without
accompanying eruptions, and may transform
into lahars if significant water is available.
Because many volcanoes are steep and
unstable, landslides frequently pose a hazard
even when a volcano is dormant (not erupting).
Hazards of Volcanoes

• Volcanic earthquakes are caused by the

movement of magma or fluids underground,
and are often too small to detect without
instruments.

• Tsunamis are water waves that can result from

submarine eruptions or from volcanic
landslides into large bodies of water, although
submarine earthquakes are a more frequent
cause of tsunamis.

• Volcanic gases bubble out of lava or escape

through soil or vents in the ground. These
gases are irritating or poisonous, or cause
breathing problems, and the release of
Sulphur dioxide may cause acid rain to form.
Over long time periods, volcanic gases may
affect climate.
Hazards of Volcanoes

• Tephra consists of rock fragments ejected

from a volcano. Volcanic ash is tephra smaller
than 2 mm (and may be as small as
thousandths of a millimeter), while larger
fragments are called lapilli or bombs and
blocks.
Protection from Volcanic Eruption

BEFORE THE ERUPTION

 Evacuate immediately if you live or are
staying within the radius of affected
areas. Long before the explosion,
affected areas would have been given a
warning to evacuate the premises by
local government units.
 Stay tuned to national news and your
local community’s channels to be on top
of the situation and stay informed with
local safety plans and evacuation areas.
 Charge your electronics. Keep your
mobile devices and power banks
charged in case of power interruptions.
 Know disaster hotlines and other
emergency hotline .
 Prepare a go-bag in case of evacuation.
Protection from Volcanic Eruption

DURING A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

 Use an N95 dust mask to protect
yourself from pulmo-respiratory injuries
and diseases. If these are unavailable,
use a damp handkerchief or makeshift
one from an old t-shirt.
 Protect your skin and eyes with proper
clothing and glasses or goggles. Ash fall
is sharp and abrasive, so don’t rub if any
comes into contact with your skin or
eyes.
 Secure your pets inside your home. Fine,
volcanic ash is harmful for them too.
 If you are outside, seek cover
immediately in case of rock or ash falls.
Protection from Volcanic Eruption

DURING A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

 If you are inside, stay tuned to the news
to keep informed of recent
developments. Close all doors and
windows. Dampen curtains to keep fine
particles from coming through.
 If you are driving a vehicle, pull over and
stop if there is a heavy ashfall.
 Cover food and water containers to
avoid contamination wit-shirt
 Wash all utensils thoroughly before
eating. Fine ash particles may have
settled on them.
 Stay away from rivers or streams to avoid
lahar flow.
Protection from Volcanic Eruption

AFTER THE ERUPTION

 Do not leave your home or indoor
shelters until notified by the local
government that it is safe to do so.
Evacuate to safer grounds only when
notified.
 Keep a watchful eye on your kids or
loved ones who may be tempted to go
out to see what’s going on outside.
 Wear protection. Use masks,
glasses/goggles, long sleeves, pants,
and shoes when clearing out ash to
protect your lungs, skin and eyes.
 Clean your gutters and roof with water
after clearing out the ash to prevent
corrosion.
 Wait for further announcements from
LGUs or national news related to the
volcanic eruption.
Thank
you!!!